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Utah Science Vol. 51 No. 4, Winter 1990

Utah Science

130 USU Researcher Help Mink Producers

133 Parasite Target of USU Research

136 Unraveling the Origin of Animal Appetites

144 Riding in Balance

147 Grain-Rich Diet Can Cripple Young Horses

148 Tracking the Causes of Airborne Cancer

150 ‘Octopus’ May Carry Genome-Free Vaccines

151 New Faculty

152 Birth Defects and Retinoic Acid

153 Scrapie: Cause Unkown But Control Possible

156 Food Safety and Chemical Contamination: Facts vs. Fantasy

162 Food Safety Then and Now

165 Food Safety and the Consumer: Making Informed Decisions

169 Allan Adam Receives USU Land Grant Hall of Fame A ward

170 Recent Grant and Contract …

Food Microstructure

Food Structure

No abstract provided.

Food Microstructure

Food Structure

No abstract provided.

Microstructure And Firmness Of Processed Cheese Manufactured From Cheddar Cheese And Skim Milk Powder Cheese Base, A. Y. Tamime, M. Kalab, G. Davies, M. F. Younis

Food Structure

Processed cheese (10 different types) was made from Cheddar cheese and a cheese base produced from reconstituted skim milk powder by blending and melting with commercial emulsifying salts at 9Q<>C. In one experiment, the cheese base was subjected 10 accelerated cheese ripening by added enzyme. The finished products had 50.1- 53.5% total solids, 18.2-19.3% protein, 47.4-49.7% fat in dry matter, and 2.7-3.0% salt in water; pH was 5.3-5.4 after three months of storage at 10 C and 30 C.

The experimental cheeses were markedly firmer than the control cheeses. All processed cheeses exhibited a similar pattern of firmness whereby …

General Catalog 1990-1992, Utah State University

University Catalogs

Contains course descriptions, University college calendar, and college administration.

The Wildlife Project Idea Book, Terry A. Messmer

Wildland Resources Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Reconnaissance-Level Alternative Optimal Groundwater Use Strategies, Richard C. Peralta, Bithin Datta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

This study develops regionally optimal ground-water extraction strategies. Alternative explicit planning objectives arc: (1) Maximize total pumping from the underlying aquifer while causing the evolution of a steady potentiometric: surface: and (2) maintain a prespecified target potentiometric surface. Implicit objectives involve controlling stream/aquifer interflow and water flow across a state boundary, and attempting to avoid poss disruption of current cropping patterns. Models, bounds, constraints, and data arc: formulated. Alternative optimal strategies and the rationale for preferring one strategy arc: presented for a region in Arkansas. The objective of maintaining the relatively unstressed target potentiometric: surl1ce yields politically and socially unacceptable …

Microbial Production And Consumption Of Nitrate In An Annual Grassland, John M. Stark, E. A. Davidson, M. K. Firestone

Biology Faculty Publications

Gross nitrification rates (calculated by 15N pool dilution) ranged from 12 to 46% of gross mineralization rates during the growing season of annual grasses. Pools of NH4+ and NO3 (measured as N) remained below 7 and 4 ,ug/g soil, respectively, but turned over about once a day. Microbial assimilation of NO3- occurred at rates similar to previous estimates of plant uptake. Hence two common assumptions, that nitrifying bac-teria are poor competitors for NH4+ and that microbial immobilization of NO3- is insig-nificant, are not correct for this grassland system. Soil heterogeneity probably results in NH4+ availability to NH4+ oxidizers at some …

Backscattered Electron Imaging Of Partially-Demineralized Enamel, D. G. A. Nelson

Scanning Microscopy

Backscattered electron (BE) microscopy is being used increasingly as a technique to study the dissolution of dental enamel because of its high resolution and relatively easy sample preparation. Subsurface details such as striae of Retzius, cross-striations and prism microstructure have been observed with a resolution better than 0.1 micrometers using this technique. Since BE images of demineralized enamel appear very similar to microradiography images, it is tempting to interpret them in a similar fashion. We attempt to show that the interpretation of BE images is not straightforward because enamel is not a homogeneous one-phase material, but a two-component composite material …

Achilles Tendon Replacement By A Collagen Fiber Prosthesis: Morphological Evaluation Of Neotendon Formation., Arthur J. Wasserman, Y. Pedro Kato, David Christiansen, Michael G. Dunn, Frederick H. Silver

Scanning Microscopy

Reconstituted type I collagen was processed into fibers which were subsequently severely dehydrated and cyanamide cross-linked. Fibers prepared by this method were stronger and more resistant to degradation than uncrosslinked fibers. When used as a tendon replacement prosthesis, morphological events occurred which were observed by light, scanning, transmission electron microscopy and electron histochemistry.

Resorption was the initial host response to the prosthesis and involved gradual biodegradation. Formation of a host-replacement tendon was the second response. Increased collagen fibril diameters and a transition in the proteoglycan/collagen fibril interactions occurred in the newly developing connective tissue between 3 and 10 weeks post-implantation. …

International Competitiveness In Wheat Production, Jay C. Andersen, Frank A. Condie

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

The future competitiveness of U.S. wheat producers who have exported more than half their crop in recent years was analyzed. Trends in production and trade, and enterprise accounts and budgeting were used to assess the comparative costs of various competing U.S. and foreign producers. The future success of U.S. wheat producers is dependent on their own efficiency, government agricultural programs, weather, and many factors pertaining to general government policies. Relative currency values, success of development programs in foreign countries and administered pricing programs throughout the world are important concerns.. In spite of all the exogenous factors, it is believed that …

Data Acquisition And Presentation In Scanning Nuclear Microprobe Analysis, K. G. Malmqvist, N. E. G. Lövestam, J. Pallon, U. A. S. Tapper

Scanning Microscopy

The data acquisition is a very important part of the scanning nuclear microprobe instrument. To make full use of the potential of the technique an adequate system for acquiring, storing, processing and presenting the data is a prerequisite. Various principles applied are presented including the list mode approach, which facilitates flexible off-line data processing. As in the case of the electron probe the beam-induced effects in the sample may be substantial and the list mode acquisition can then also be used to monitor and correct for any such effects. A comprehensive system for scanning nuclear microprobe control and data acquisition, …

Utah Science Vol. 50 No. 3, Fall 1989

Utah Science

134 FARM WORK AND FAMILY: MAJOR SOURCES OF SATISFACTIO FOR FARM FAMILIES N. Ackerman, G. Jen on and D. Bailey Result of a survey indicate that husband may have a more difficult time adapting to change than wives.

143 MIGRA TIO IN ONMETROPOLIT AN UTAH DURING THE 1970S AND THE 1980S W.F. Stinner and I. Al-Masarweh In recent year, nonmetropolitan areas of Utah have experienced widespread net migration los e a dramatic reversal of trend that characterized the previous decade.

150 FORAGE PRODUCTION BY COOL-SEASO PLANTS N.J. Chatterton P.A. Harrison, J.H. Bennett, W.R. Thornley and K.H. Asay A better understanding …

Commercial Space Opportunities From The Soviet Union, William Wirin

Small Satellite Conference

The Space Commerce Corporation and GLAVKOSMOS began a joint venture on January 1, 1989. This agreement makes available to the entire world the vast array of goods and services in the Soviet space program. Businessmen, corporations, and civil space agencies now have access to the robust space capability and infrastructure of the U.S.S.R. This historic development in the commercialization of space activities is made even more dramatic by the commitment to make these services and products available under the terms and conditions specified by the buyer. We do it your way. The primary capabilities available are: launch service; communications satellites; …

Packaging Multiple Small Satellites On A Single Launch Vehicle, Donald Gibbons, Walter Holemans

Small Satellite Conference

This paper presents a survey of packaging methods applied to multiple satellites launched on a single launch vehicle. The launch vehicle is a significant expense in most satellite programs and can equal or exceed the payload costs. Efficiency is achieved by fully utilizing launch vehicle payload capacity and by using larger, lower cost per mass to orbit boosters. A single launcher placing several satellites on orbit saves time and money. The economies of scale gained by launching several payloads from a single launch vehicle creates a need for innovative packaging and separation methods which are reliable, adaptable, and lightweight. A …

Solid Rocket Propulsion For Small-Satellite Applications, C.E. Carr, Ii, D.W. Walstrum

Small Satellite Conference

Thiokol Corporation has been a leading producer of space motors for more than 25 years. During this time, more than 2000 motors have successfully flown, representing a 0.998 reliability. These motors have ranged in size from 5 to 63 in. in diameter with propellant loadings of 4 to 7167 Ibm and were designed to allow performance tailoring in order to meet specific customer requirements. Thiokol offers many mature small motor designs that offer high reliability at a low cost for small-satellite applications. Motors used for small-satellite applications in the past generally had mass fractions of less than 0.89 and effective …

Compendium Of Small Class Elv Capabilities, Costs, And Constraints, Karen Poniatowski

Small Satellite Conference

The small class of expendable launch vehicles (ELV's) is the most dynamic and has experienced the largest entry of commercial entrepreneurial activity both in the United States and abroad over the past few years. Small class ELV's can deliver payloads weighing up to approximately 1,000 Ibs. to low earth orbit. Until 1989, the only flight demonstrated vehicles in this class were the US. Scout, the Japanese MU IIS, and the Chinese Long March I. All of these vehicles were developed under government contracts to meet specific government requirements. The Scout vehicle leads tile pack with an impressive history of 112 …

Titan Ii Small Multisatellite Mission Approach, Aubrey Butts, David Giere, Bruce French, John Kusnierek

Small Satellite Conference

At the present time, small satellite programs are faced with the dilemma that they are sometimes so small that they cannot afford the expense of a dedicated Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV) and. therefore, must attempt to find a way to get into orbit as a secondary payload. This paper discusses another alternative, the use of a Titan II as a dedicated launch vehicle for a group of small satellites. Launches could be scheduled on a periodic basis as a function of predicted need. The Titan II has the capability of inserting total payload weight of 3,000 to 4,000 lbs. into …

Payload Interface Guide For The Pegasus Air-Launched Space Booster, Marty Mosier, Gary Harris

Small Satellite Conference

The Pegasus(tm) Air-Launched Space Booster combines an innovative approach to satellite launch operations with the latest in proven launch vehicle technology. Pegasus provides small satellite users with an exceptionally flexible and cost effective means of placing payloads into a wide variety of orbital altitudes and inclinations. Vehicle ground processing techniques and payload integration methods have been designed to provide small payload users with flexibility in satellite design and integration. This paper describes the Pegasus vehicle, provides information pertinent to payload design and outlines the steps involved in using Pegasus to launch a typical small payload.

Small Satellite Design For Inner Solar System Exploration, Walter Daniel, Commander Vernon Gordon

Small Satellite Conference

This paper describes a study that examined using the Pegasus launch vehicle and small spacecraft for missions to the atmospheres of Venus and Mars. The launch vehicle can deliver approximately 820 lb (371.9 kg) into a 0° inclination circular orbit of 200 nm (370.4 km) altitude. With convential solid propellant rocket motors, a spacecraft of 73.8 kg (162.7 lb) would be delivered to Venus or Mars. A spacecraft using a currently existing 10 kW xenon-ion engine system with specific impulse of 3500 sec would deliver 143.4 kg (316.2 lb) to Venus or Mars. The spacecraft can fit inside the Pegasus …

Small Spacecraft For Low-Cost Planetary Missions, K.J. Cole, H. Feingold, J. Mcadams, M.L. Stancati, J.R. French

Small Satellite Conference

Small low-cost spacecraft offer the opportunity to carry out a variety of planetary exploration missions at modest cost as part of a sustained program. This study identifies scientifically valuable missions of modest cost that can be carried out by modifications of a single spacecraft design. These missions lend themselves to a continuing program of essentially constant funding level. Such a program could involve several launches spread over a period of 10 to 15 years at roughly two-year intervals. The stability offered by relatively constant funding, frequent launches, and the return of data in a more nearly constant fashion than is …

Distributed Aperture Radar Using Small Satellites, Ken Molz

Small Satellite Conference

Recent work on key technological problems of self-cohering and high speed processing has led to a concept for distributed space based radar. Experimentally demonstrated self-cohering techniques allows a duster of small satellites to form a coherent aperture even though the position of each satellite in the cluster is not precisely known. The signal processing of the receive beams has been sized and the architecture of spaceborne VLSI processor outlined and shown to the practical in size, weight and power consumption. Clutter is reduced by the extremely narrow receive beams so that small targets can he detected and tracked. The goal …

Electric Propulsion For Small Spacecraft, Ralph Lorenz

Small Satellite Conference

Electric Propulsion (EP) is that in which electrical energy, rather than chemical energy, is used to accelerate a propellant to produce thrust. This paper surveys the EP technologies applicable for use on small spacecraft, paying attention to the unique constraints imposed by this application. The very high specific impulse that can be generated by an EP system offers the potential of greatly expanding the scope of missions that can be achieved by small spacecraft. The paper considers the various missions already identified, and outlines a promising small deep space probe using ion propulsion.

Remote Access Observatories In Low Earth Orbit -A Low-Cost Concept For A Small Scientific Spacecraft, Kenneth Kissell, Russell Genet, Donald Hayes, Francois Martel, Bruce Rafert

Small Satellite Conference

In parallel with the evolution of large observatory spacecraft such as the Einstein, Copernicus, and IUE, and the yet-to-be-Iaunched Hubble Space Telescope and Gamma Ray Observatory, Increasingly large ground telescopes are in construction which will allow ground astronomy to compete favorably with elaborate and expensive space systems in the quest for new discoveries. Sometimes overlooked in this pursuit of new discoveries, with the limited observational time on the space Instruments, or the oversubscribed large ground Instruments, Is the recent development of smaller, low-cost robotic ground observatories designed for routine - but vital - collection of synoptic data. High-quality stellar observations …

Vibration Testing For Small Satellites, Delbert Wilson

Small Satellite Conference

Most people involved in the design and construction of small satellites are unfamiliar with vibration testing. Yet most satellites undergo vibration testing to qualify them for flight. Some familiarity with the basic aspects of vibration testing is needed to insure that a vibration test on a satellite is valid. This paper sets forth the basic equipment, practices and concepts of vibration testing. It provides guidelines for specifying a vibration test, designing fixtures, attaching instrumentation, acquiring data and data interpretation for a satellite vibration test.

High Quality Image Compression For Rockets And Satellites, Richard Harris, Scott E. Budge, Paul Israelson, William Roark, Jan Sojka

Small Satellite Conference

Installed communication systems for the more recent imagery rockets and satellites generally do not have sufficient data link bandwidth to allow imagery transmission. High quality image compression can alleviate this problem since 5 to 10 times more image data can be transmitted over existing communication systems. Researchers at Utah State University have developed a high quality image compression algorithm which has been denoted as "Statistically Lossless". This algorithm combines the good features of the well known vector quantization (VQ) compression and lossless compression. Results are presented in this paper in which different scientific imagery collection systems have been processed using …

Qrm, Packet Satellites And Spread Spectrum, Stewart Cobb

Small Satellite Conference

Digital messaging satellites designed for general use may attract considerable user interest. High interest will mean heavy interference on the satellite uplink channels, which could make the satellite useless. This paper discusses the characteristics of this interference, and proposes a solution using spread-spectrum technology.

A Power-Efficient Bpsk Communications System For Small Satellites, Don Lefevre

Small Satellite Conference

Many of the small satellites which have been launched or designed to date have used Frequency Shift Keyed (FSK) modulation for the communications link. FSK necessarily suffers a best-case signal to-noise ratio (SNR) loss of 3 dB for coherent demodulation. Many, if not most, of the FSK systems in use today employ non coherent demodulation which suffers additional SNR loss. This means that small satellites using FSK must use two or more times the minimum power required for the communications link. A small satellite using two watts for an FSK communications link could save at least 1 watt by using …

Development Of The Naval Postgraduate School Solid State Data Recorder Project, Capt James O'Donnell, Ronald Phelps

Small Satellite Conference

Tile Naval Postgraduate School Solid State Data Recorder for space applications has been an ongoing project for the Space Systems Academic Group. Tile current status of the project is discussed, including developments in the software, redesign of the enclosure and test plans to flight certify the device. The proposed mission to test tile experiment as a Get Away Special payload aboard the Space Shuttle is also discussed.

Performance Of Lips Iii Attitude Control System, Robert Conway, Robert Burdett

Small Satellite Conference

The LIPS III satellite is a spin stabilized sun tracking space platform who's primary mission is to test new space power sources. The attitude control system has two modes of operation, hydrazine gas jet for large attitude errors and an electromagnetic torque rod for nominal operations. The control law will be discussed and examples of inflight data will be given.