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Department Of Energy Programmatic Spent Nuclear Fuel Management And Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Environmental Restoration And Waste Management Programs Final Environmental Impact Statement, Volume 1, Appendix B, United States Department Of Energy

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This Appendix B to Volume 1 considers the impacts on the INEL environment of the implementation of various DOE-wide spent nuclear fuel management alternatives. The Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program, which is a joint Navy/DOE program, is responsible for spent naval nuclear fuel examiniation at the INEL. For this appendix, naval fuel that has been examined at the Naval Reactors Facility and turned over to DOE for storage is termed naval-type fuel. This appendix evaluates the management of DOE spent nuclear fuel including naval-type fuel. Naval spent nuclear fuel examination is addressed in Appendix D; Section 5.16 of this appendix includes …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Studies Of Ceramic Layers And Interfacial Regions For Calcium Phosphate-Coated Titanium Dental Implants, W. A. Brantley, E. Tufecki, J. C. Mitchell, D. W. Foreman, E. A. Mcglumphy

Cells and Materials

The surface and cross-section characteristics of the plasma-sprayed calcium phosphate coatings, along with the microstructures and elemental compositions near the titanium alloy interface, were investigated by scanning electron microscopy for two different dental implants of proprietary compositions: Integra!® (Calcitek) and BioVent ® (Dentsply). Elemental concentrations (Ca, P, Ti, AI, and V) near the interfaces were obtained by X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Coating surfaces exhibited a splat deposition topography of greatly differing microstructural scale for the two implants, along with other features characteristic of the plasma-spraying process; cross-sections of the coatings revealed minimal porosity. Some interdiffusion of principally titanium and calcium was …

Department Of Energy Programmatic Spent Nuclear Fuel Management And Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Environmental Restoration And Waste Management Programs Final Environmental Impact Statement, Summary, United States Department Of Energy

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This document analyzes (at a programmatic level) the potential environmental consequences over the next 40 years of alternatives related to the transportation, receipt, processing, and storage of spent nuclear fuel under the responsibility of the U.S. Department of Energy. It also analyzes the site-specific consequences of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory sitewide actions anticipated over the next 10 years for waste and spent nuclear fuel management and environmental restoration. For programmatic spent nuclear fuel management, this document analyzes alternatives of no action, decentralization, regionalization, centralization and the use of the plans that existed in 1992 and 1993 for the managment …

Department Of Energy Programmatic Spent Nuclear Fuel Management And Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Environmental Restoration And Waste Management Programs Final Environmental Impact Statement, Volume 3, Part A, United States Department Of Energy

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This document analyzes at a programmatic level the potential environmental consequences over the next 40 years of alternatives related to the transportation, receipt, processing, and storage of spent nuclear fuel under the responsibility of the U.S. Department of Energy. It also analyzes the site-specific consequences of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory sitewide actions anticipated over the next 10 years for waste and spent nuclear fuel management and environmental restoration. For programmatic spent nuclear fuel management, this document analyzes alternatives of no action, decentralization, regionalization, centralization and the use of the plans that existed in 1992/1993 for the management of these …

Department Of Energy Programmatic Spent Nuclear Fuel Management And Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Environmental Restoration And Waste Management Programs Final Environmental Impact Statement, Volume 1, United States Department Of Energy

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is evaluating its options for two separate but related sets of decisions pertinent to the mangement of the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) for which the DOE is responsible. As a result, this Environmental Impact Statemt (EIS) is divided into two parts. Volume 1 involves programmatic (DOE-wide) approaches to the management of DOE's SNF. Volume 2 discusses site-specific approaches for environmental restoration and waste management activities at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, including SNF management. This EIS has been prepared in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act and its applicable implementing regulations (40 CFR …

Department Of Energy Programmatic Spent Nuclear Fuel Management And Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Environmental Restoration And Waste Management Programs Final Environmental Impact Statement, Volume 2, Part A, United States Department Of Energy

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This document analyzes at a programmatic level the potential environmental consequences over the next 40 years of alternatives related to the transportation, receipt, processing, and storage of spent nuclear fuel under the responsibility of the U.S. Department of Energy. It also analyzes the site-specific consequences of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory sitewide actions anticipated over the next 10 years for waste and spent nuclear fuel management and environmental restoration. For programmatic spent nuclear fuel management, this document analyzes alternatives of no action, decentralization, regionalization, centralization and the use of the plans that existed in 1992/1993 for the management of these …

Use Of Sulfometuron In Hybrid Popular Energy Plantations, Daniel A. Netzer

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Strain Relaxation In Compositionally Graded Ingaas/Gaas Heterostructures, Karen L. Kavanagh, Rachel S. Goldman, Jessica C. P. Chang

Scanning Microscopy

Epilayer strain relaxation in the InGaAs/GaAs system occurs via two mechanisms, plastic deformation and/or surface roughening. Under conditions of two-dimensional growth, we find that compositionally graded InGaAs/GaAs (001) multi-layer buffer structures will plastically deform with < 110 > misfit dislocations approaching 100% strain relaxation. At higher growth temperatures, large-amplitude roughening is observed preferentially along the [110] direction, and the strain relaxation becomes asymmetric in the < 110 > directions. In single epilayers, the symmetry of the strain relaxation is dependent on the magnitude of the substrate offcut angle. In all cases, the epilayers develop a tilt about an in-plane axis in proportion to and opposite in …

Mapping Metal Distributions In Thin Cryosections Without Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope With The Philips Electron Beam And Image Deflection (Ebid) Unit, A. J. Morgan, J. M. Brock, C. Winters, G. H. J. Lewis

Scanning Microscopy

The purpose of the present paper was to describe the use of a commercially-available, and relatively inexpensive, beam and image deflection unit that can facilitate digital X-ray (element) mapping in a standard transmission electron microscope not furnished with a STEM attachment. The test specimen was a thin freeze-dried section of the metal-sequestering chloragogenous tissue from the earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus, inhabiting a soil naturally contaminated with Pb, Zn and Cd. Qualitative maps obtained from this material confirmed the efficacy of the deflection unit, and revealed the presence of three compositionally distinct metal-accumulating compartments within the chloragocytes: (i) ovoid, electron-dense, phosphate-bearing and …

Dislocation Nucleation And Propagation In Semiconductor Heterostructures, D. Cherns, S. Mylonas, C. T. Chou, J. Wu, D. E. Ashenford, B. Lunn

Scanning Microscopy

This paper considers misfit dislocation nucleation and propagation in dilute magnetic semiconductor heterostructures in the CdTe-ZnTe-MnTe system. It is shown that, where the deposit is in tension, 1/2 < 110 > dislocations with inclined Burgers vectors propagate by glide along interfacial < 110 > directions and may dissociate giving intrinsic stacking faults. In cases where the deposit is in compression, 1/2 < 110 > dislocations show no evidence of dissociation and propagate by extensive cross-slip to give networks of dislocations close to interfacial < 100 > directions.

Evidence for dislocation sources in ZnTe/GaSb films is presented. ZnTe films contained stacking fault pyramids, single Frank faults and a new type of "diamond defect" …

Surface Stress, Morphological Development, And Dislocation Nucleation During Sixge1-X Epitaxy, D. E. Jesson, S. J. Pennycook, J. -M. Baribeau, D. C. Houghton

Scanning Microscopy

Utilizing Ge marker layer experiments combined with atomic number contrast (Z-contrast) imaging, we have studied the evolving surface morphology of Si_xGe_1-x alloys during growth by molecular beam epitaxy. The marker layers map out the instability transition between planar two-dimensional (2D) growth and three-dimensional (3D) growth. The transition occurs via the gradual formation of a surface ripple as anticipated from instability theory. However, these undulations rapidly develop into crack-like surface instabilities which we simulate and explain by the mechanism of stress-driven surface diffusion. Finally, we model the large stresses associated with these features within a fracture mechanics formalism. …

Interfacial Studies In Semiconductor Heterostructures By X-Ray Diffraction Techniques, J. -M. Baribeau, R. L. Headrick, P. Maigné

Scanning Microscopy

X-ray radiation is a non-destructive probe well suited to assess structural perfection of semiconductor material. Three techniques are used to study the interfacial roughness, period fluctuations and annealing-induced interdiffusion in various superlattice structures. Reflectivity of long period Si/Si_1-xGe_x multiple quantum wells reveals an asymmetry oriented along the direction of miscut in the interface roughness with the Si_1-xGe_x to Si interfaces being about twice as rough (0.5 versus 0.3 nm) as the Si to Si_1-xGe_x interfaces. For Si-Si_0.65Ge_0.35 multiple quantum wells, diffuse scattering is minimal for a growth temperature …

Znse Heteroepitaxial Growth On Si (100) And Gaas (100), D. K. Biegelsen, R. D. Bringans, J. E. Northrup, L. -E. Swartz

Scanning Microscopy

The early stages of ZnSe heteroepitaxy on Si(100), Si(100):As and GaAs(100) are compared and contrasted, based on results of scanning tunneling microscopy and photoemission spectroscopy. High Se reactivity with the substrate constituents leads to bulk phase formation which is detrimental to heteroepitaxy. As-termination of Si(100) not only passivates the surface, but also provides an ideal buffer for ZnSe overgrowth. Lacking a similar buffer layer, stoichiometric control of the GaAs(100) surface is investigated to find a means for controlled heteroepitaxy.

Application Of Lawn Fertilizers And Pesticides In Salt Lake Valley Recharge Areas, Ghassan R. Musharrafieh, Larry Sager, Howard M. Deer, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Homeowners, chemical applicators, and commercial lawncare companies apply chemicals to lawns and ornamentals overlying the recharge zone of Salt Lake Valley's principal aquifer. These applied fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides can potentially leach far enough to contaminate ground water. This report summarizes a study conducted in 1993-1994 to determine the type, rate, and frequency of applying chemicals to lawns and ornamentals in the recharge zone. Surveyed are lawncare companies, chemical applicators, schools, churches, hospitals, parks, homeowners, and government documents and community and state regulations. Results will help assess the potential impact of these applications on future ground water quality.

Morphologic Changes Of Apoptosis Induced In Human Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia "Blast" Cells By Sc41661a (Searle), A Selective Inhibitor Of 5-Lipoxygenase, K. M. Anderson, T. M. Seed, J. Peng, A. Jajeh, J. Meng, J. E. Harris

Scanning Microscopy

Several inhibitors of the arachidonic acid-metabolizing enzyme, 5-lipoxygenase reduce proliferation of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and cell lines and some cells undergo limited differentiation. Cells were cultured from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in "blast" crisis with the selective inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase,SC41661A[3-{3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl}hiol]-N-methyl-N-[2-(2-phridinyl-propanamide)]. Cells cultured for 3 to 5 days with 40 μM SC41661A exhibited reduced cellular numbers along with ultrastructural changes and DNA laddering characteristic of apoptosis. Similar culture conditions reduced proliferation of U937 monoblastoid cells. In U937 cells, the ultrastructural features of apoptosis were not observed at 72 hours, when DNA laddering was present and cell numbers were reduced, …

Investigation Of Touch-Sensitive Responses By Hyphae Of The Human Pathogenic Fungus Candida Albicans, N. A. R. Gow, T. H. S. Perera, J. Sherwood-Higham, G. W. Gooday, D. W. Gregory, D. Marshall

Scanning Microscopy

Candida albicans is a fungus that commonly infects the mucosal surface of humans. The hyphal growth form of this fungus may initiate the primary invasion of the host. Here we show that hyphae respond thigmotropically and morphologically to cues such as the presence of a surface, pores, grooves and ridges. Growth on some firm surfaces elicits a helical growth response. Hyphae follow grooves and ridges of inert substrates and penetrate pores of filtration membranes. Our in vitro experiments suggest that thigmotropism may enhance the ability of a hypha to invade epithelia of a host at sites of weakened integrity.

Electron Spectroscopy And Atomic Force Microscopy Studies Of Dna Adsorption On Mica, Carol E. Rabke, Lisa A. Wenzler, Thomas P. Beebe Jr.

Scanning Microscopy

Various methods for the deposition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules on mica are investigated to determine their reproducibility, and to quantify their ability to bind DNA. The use of these deposition methods for sample preparation for biological scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies is discussed. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) were used to investigate the quantity of DNA adsorbed. AFM images of DNA deposited using the methods investigated are presented. The combination of AFM results with AES and ESCA results provides a basic understanding of the deposition techniques studied and …

High Resolution Electron Beam Induced Current Measurements In An Scanning Tunneling Microscope On Gaas-Mesfet, P. Koschinski, V. Dworak, L. J. Balk

Scanning Microscopy

Recently, the first results of electron beam induced current (EBIC) measurements in a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) have been reported. Although the acquired results match with those obtained in conventional EBIC investigations, the interpretation of the obtained results is still restricted solely to a qualitative discussion. In this paper, a quantitative approach is used for two-dimensional numerical simulations of induced currents in GaAs-MESFET leading to a first starting point for a sophisticated interpretation of the dependence of induced currents on experimental and device parameters.

The Forte Receiver And Sub-Band Triggering Unit, Donald Enemark, Martin Shipley

Small Satellite Conference

The FORTE payload receiver and trigger unit represent a significant advance over the currently flying BLACKBEARD payload aboard the ALEXIS satellite. Not only is the polarization sensitive antenna array massive compared to the BLACKBEARD monopole, but the event triggering scheme is completely different. Electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) are dispersed when they pass through the ionosphere creating a chirped frequency signal which can be helpful in discriminating between natural and man-made signals. Payloads designed to digitize and store the RF signatures of these signals must include sophisticated triggering circuitry to select events of interest and prevent false alarms from wasting the available …

Small Deep Space Mission Telecommunications, G.K. Noreen, A.L. Riley, V.M. Pollmeier

Small Satellite Conference

Unique requirements imposed on deep space telecommunications, such as operation at extreme ranges, have historically led to high cost, one-of-a-kind spacecraft telecommunications systems. Yet future deep space missions must fit within severe cost, mass and power constraints. JPL recently completed a study to find ways of reducing telecommunications cost for future deep space missions. Study team members surveyed designers of proposed deep space missions to characterize their telecommunications needs and design constraints. They identified and evaluated alternative telecommunications systems architectures capable of satisfying these needs and constraints. They traded spacecraft capabilities against DSN capabilities to determine optimal flight/ground combinations. The …

Global Rate Allocation And Control, Robert Rice

Small Satellite Conference

The Galileo mission to Jupiter is now faced with extreme limitations in its communication downlink capability as a result of the inability of ground controllers to open its main antenna. Consequently, the rate that the Galileo spacecraft will be able to acquire data will exceed its capability to transmit it back by several orders of magnitude. Several proposed lowcost missions to go to the outer planets are faced with similar constraints. Because of the very large disparity between collection data rate and downlink data rate for such missions, data must be accumulated in mass memory for later transmission. This paper …

Lossless Compression And Rate Control For The Galileo Nims Instrument, Robert Rice, Robert Mehlman

Small Satellite Conference

The Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) is a sophisticated multispectral instrument which was developed to study both geological and the spatial compositional aspects of atmospheres at Jupiter. Since its original development, the communication capability of the Galileo spacecraft has been severely reduced as the result of a failure of ground controllers to open the main antenna. The data rate which will be available for all instruments at the first Jupiter encounter in 1995 has been reduced by several orders of magnitude (even after recent numerous improvements to data link efficiency. ) Because of this severe limitation, real-time return of science …

Ccsds Spacecraft Uplink Protocol In A Space-Qualified Asic, S.H. Wood, G.S. Bolotin, J.A. Donaldson

Small Satellite Conference

This paper describes the capabilities of the Hardware Command Decode (HCD) application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) developed for the Cassini spacecraft. The ASIC is used on the spacecraft in the Command and Data Subsystem computer to receive and decode uplink commands. The ASIC receives a serial, digital data stream of uplink data from the antenna receiver electronics. Implemented in the ASIC is the "receiving end coding layer" specified in the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) Telecommand standard. The CCSDS Telecommand standard is a widely used, international standard. The ASIC also supports direct ground control of up to 32 …

Chemical And Electric Propulsion Options For Small Satellites, Roger Myers, Steven Oleson, Francis Currant, Steven Schneider

Small Satellite Conference

Advanced chemical and low power electric propulsion systems offer attractive options for near-term small satellite propulsion. Applications include orbit raising, orbit maintenance, attitude control, repositioning, and deorbit of both Earth-space and planetary spacecraft. Potential propulsion technologies for these functions include high pressure Ir/Re bipropellant engines, very low power arcjets, Hall thrusters, and pulsed plasma thrusters, all of which have been shown to operate in manners consistent with currently planned small satellites. The broad range of small satellite missions, capabilities, and constraints dictates that multiple technologies be considered for these spacecraft. Arcjets, Hall thrusters, and pulsed plasma thrusters have been used …

Spacecraft Environment And Systems Monitoring Instrumentation For Small Satellites, Prakash Joshi, David Brinza

Small Satellite Conference

Physical Sciences Ins. (PSI) has developed compact, lightweight, low power instrumentation for in-situ monitoring of the orbital environment of spacecraft/payload systems and the effects of this environment on long-term degradation of specific materials and solar photovoltaic arrays. This instrumentation, which will be flown on STEP-3 mission in October 1994, is especially suited for applications on small satellites. It is being developed under a BMDO-sponsored program called space-Active Modular Materials ExperimentS (SAMMES). SAMMES consists of four sensor modules, called Test Modules (TMs), and a controller, called the System Control Module (SCM). The TMs are 15x16x14 cm high, weigh 2.6-3.2 kg, and …

Toms-Ep Spacecraft, Art Azarbarzin, Boris Dobrotin, Al Fleming

Small Satellite Conference

The TOMS-EP spacecraft is a part of NASA’s Mission to Plant Earth, sponsored by NASA/GSFC for an ozone mapping/surveillance mission. The mission requires a single instrument in a sun synchronous, noon, low earth orbit. The spacecraft must provide the mission capabilities and robustness of larger spacecraft within the weight and volume capabilities of the Pegasus LN, and at a relatively low cost, allowing the spacecraft carry a single instrument. Autonomy is provided for both deployment and safe hold modes, using the full functional redundancy provided. Contamination control is designed to protect the payload instrument. The subsystems were optimized to provide …

A Student Spacecraft For In-Orbit Test Of Nasa Tracking Programs, Joel Smith, Steve Johnson, Robert Clauss, Rex Ridenoure

Small Satellite Conference

The spacecraft SURFSAT-1, now being designed, built, tested, and integrated by undergraduate college students, is to be launched as a secondary payload on a NASA rocket in the spring of 1995. The spacecraft consists of two boxes, roughly 12" x 12" x 16", mounted permanently to the avionics bay structure of the second stage of a Delta II launch vehicle which will carry the Canadian RADARSAT Base. The boxes are powered by their own solar cells with no electrical connection to the second stage structure other then grounding. When in orbit the spacecraft, which will cost less than $2.5M, including …

Development Of The Ørsted Satellite Project, W.R. Baron, M. Hougbton-Larsenand, P.L. Thomsen

Small Satellite Conference

The Danish Ørsted satellite will carry four science experiments into an elliptical, polar, low earth orbit. Objectives are to map the Earth’s magnetic field, measure the charged particle environment and collect occultation data. The science data from the 14 month mission will improve geomagnetic models study the auroral phenomena and obtain atmospheric profiles. 75 scientific groups in 17 countries have responded to an announcement of opportunity to analyze the Ørsted data. A triaxial fluxgate magnetometer aligned with a star imager and an Overhauser magnetometer are mounted on an 8 meter long deployable boom. The science payload also includes six charged …

Msti-3 Calibration And Characterization, Richard Gobel, Anthony Ratkowski

Small Satellite Conference

The objective of the Miniature Sensor Technology Integration - 3 (MSTI-3) calibration is to generate calibration equations for each of the payload sensors and fully characterize all spacecraft components. The calibration equations relate scene radiate flux to sensor output values. The parameters integrated into the calibration equations for the system include gain and integration normalization, linearity correction, dark offset, and non-uniformity correction. The absolute responsively, spectral out-of-band sensor response, and non-ideal performance of the mid-wave infrared (MWIR), short-wave infrared (SWIR), and visible imaging spectrometer (VIS) sensors will be measured. The calibration will include estimates of measurement uncertainties generated with descriptions …

Reliable Application Of Plastic Encapsulated Microcircuits For Small Satellites, William Ash Iii, Eric Hoffman

Small Satellite Conference

Advances in electronics technology - more than in any other field - have enabled small satellites to perform important missions. But electronics (and its associated software) still represents the principal cost driver for many satellites. A key to reducing the cost of flight electronics - as well as improving reliability is to fly the most recent, most capable integrated circuits (ICs). The most desirable, state-of-the-art ICs for lightsat applications usually appear first in plastic, non-hermetic packages. Use of these plastic-encapsulated microcircuits (PEMs) for high reliability space hardware has traditionally been forbidden because of the perceived reliability risk due to moisture …