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Emulsifiers As Additives In Fats: Effect On Polymorphic Transformations And Crystal Properties Of Fatty Acids And Triglycerides, J. Aronhime, S. Sarig, N. Garti

Food Structure

The role of emulsifiers in polymorphic transformations of fats and fatty acids is treated in this paper. Their effect as crystal modifiers in solution-mediated transformations (in fatty acids) is compared to that of a dynamic controller of polymorphic transformations in triglycerides. The importance of chemical structure both in the hydrophilic and in the hydrophobic moieties of the emulsifier for an inhibitory effect on phase transitions has been emphasized. The emulsifier solubility and crystallization behavior in different solvents are probably the main factors affecting its ability to interfere with the kinetics of solution-mediated transformations. On the other hand, certain requirements for …

Characteristics Of Granulation Tissue Which Promote Hypertrophic Scarring, C. Ward Kischer, Jana Pindur, Peggy Krasovitch, Eric Kischer

Scanning Microscopy

Hyper trophic scars and keloids are characterized by nodules of collagen that originate in granulation tissue arising from full thickness or deep 2° injuries to the skin. Fifty-six granulation tissues of varying ages post-injury were examined morphologically for evidences of how the nodules and, thus, the scar form. New microvessels grow in ascension towards the free surface in a milieu of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. Collagen deposition increases with time from the base of the wound to the free surface and begins to concentrate between lateral branching of the new microvessels. Computer derived serial reconstructions of hypertrophic scar nodules indicate …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Of The Celloidin-Embedded Inner Ear Sections, Kunihiro Mizuta, Tomoyuki Hoshino, Hirofumi Morita

Scanning Microscopy

The nerve fibers running inside the organ of Corti were studied in cats by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fixed temporal bones were decalcified and embedded in celloidin according to the conventional method. Thick serial sections (100-150 μm) were cut parallel to the basilar membrane. After removing the celloidin, the sections were freeze-dried in t-butyl alcohol. Though some outer hair cells had been deformed, the nerve fibers were well preserved for analysis.

Some new findings were observed in the present SEM study. The tunnel spiral bundle in a kitten took an atypical course on the floor of Corti's tunnel apart …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Vascular Corrosion Casts - Technique And Applications: Updated Review, A. Lametschwandtner, U. Lametschwandtner, T. Weiger

Scanning Microscopy

The present paper states very briefly the main steps leading to the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts. From the terms presently used (injection method, microcorrosion cast, injection replica, vascular corrosion cast, vascular cast) the use of "vascular corrosion cast" for lymphatic and blood vessels is recommended. Specification and pretreatment (kind, volume, dosage of anticoagulants, vasoactive substances and spasmolytica used) of the animals examined are referenced as they are available from the literature. The recommendation is given to pay more attention to these parameters than done so far. The steps necessary for producing reasonable and suitable …

Proceedings From The 27th Annual Marschall Italian Cheese Seminar, Various Authors

Cheese Industry Conference

No abstract provided.

Ultrastructural Investigations Of The Bone And Fibrous Connective Tissue Interface With Endosteal Dental Implants, David E. Steflik, Ralph V. Mckinney, Allen L. Sisk, David L. Koth, Baldev B. Singh, Gregory R. Parr

Scanning Microscopy

The interface between the tissues of the oral cavity and ceramic and titanium cylindrical endosteal dental implants was investigated with correlated light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. This study suggested that mandibular bone can directly interface and form an intimate association with one-stage endosteal dental implants. This potential attachment matrix is composed of a composite of calcified bone, and an osteoid unmineralized matrix in association with an apparent osteogenic connective tissue. Further, results from this study suggested that at a level inferior to the junctional epithelium, and superior to the level of crestal bone, fibrous connective tissue …

Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies Of The Oral Tissue Responses To Dental Implants, David E. Steflik, Ralph V. Mckinney, Allen L. Sisk, Gregory R. Parr, David L. Koth

Scanning Microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy ( SEM) and its associated technologies have proven invaluable in elucidating the interfacial oral tissue responses to dental implants. Since the dental implant must extend from the mandibular or maxillary jaw, through the oral mucosa, and into the oral cavity, these tissue responses include epithelium, connective tissue and bone. The continual occlusal forces acting upon these tissues reinforce the dynamic character of these tissue responses. Immediately upon implantation, a healing phase begins as a response to the implanted biomaterial. Following this immediate response a longer healing phase occurs, beginning approximately 1 week after implantation, resulting in the …

Kidney Structure Investigations Using Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Corrosion Casts - A State Of The Art Review, H. Ditrich, H. Splechtna

Scanning Microscopy

The corrosion casting technique using acrylic resins in the scanning electron microscope (SEM), was originally developed to investigate renal microvascular structure and is now also successfully used in studies on various other organs. However, in the last two decades nearly 100 papers have been published on the renal vascular anatomy of various taxa of vertebrates or on pathomorphological structures of kidneys, using this technique. Analyzing these works, trends and developments in this field can be summed up as follows: The majority of studies are anatomical works on the vascular system of kidneys from all vertebrate classes. In addition, experimental pathological …

Cryo-Preparation And Planar Magnetron Sputtering For Low Temperature Scanning Electron Microscopy, T. Müller, P. Walther, C. Scheidegger, R. Reichelt, S. Müller, R. Guggenheim

Scanning Microscopy

Cryo-preparation is a reliable technique for the structural investigation of food products in low temperature scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Artifacts, such as, the segregation of water/non-water ingredients, occur during the freezing process by the crystallization of ice; they can be helpful for correct interpretation of visualized details, e.g., the detection of water containing compartments. The size of the segregation structures depends on water concentration and specimen thickness. The condensation of water vapor (ice contamination) is influenced by the specimen temperature and the partial pressure of the water inside the vacuum system. Furthermore, the evaporation (sublimation, etching) of specimen water can …

The Morphology Of Synovial Lining Of Various Structures In Several Species As Observed With Scanning Electron Microscopy, Peter J. Steinberg, Kees C. Hodde

Scanning Microscopy

Data concerning surface morphology of synovial lining of tendons, tendon sheaths, cruciate ligaments, infra-patellar fat pads and peripatellar synovial ridges in various species (rat, rabbit, dwarf goat, sheep, pig, dog, human) are reported on. Supportive studies with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and light microscopy were performed.

Three principal morphological appearances of the synovium are evident. On structures with a dense fibrous architecture like tendons, tendon sheaths and cruciate ligaments the intimal cells and processes are mostly slender and may tend to orientation in the length-axis of the structure. On the peri- and infrapatellar adipose tissues two principal 'extremes' are seen: …

The Microvasculature Of The Guinea Pig Ureter. A Scanning Electron Microscopic Investigation, S. Aharinejad, A. Lametschwandtner, W. Höltl, W. Firbas

Scanning Microscopy

In 24 albinotic guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) the gross vasculature and the microvascular architecture of the ureter were studied by light microscopy of tissue blocks and by scanning electron microscopy of vascular casts. The guinea pig ureter is supplied by the renal artery proximally, by the aorta and the internal iliac artery in its mid-segment, and by the uterine and prostatic as well as by the vesical arteries distally. The main arterial trunks run alongside the ureter before they branch to send perforating arterioles to the muscular coat and the mucosal lining. The draining venules are found on …

Histomorphometric Analysis Of The Rat Proximal Tibial Metaphysis By “Linear Scanning”, R. G. Erben, B. Kohn, W. A. Rambeck, H. Zucker

Scanning Microscopy

Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats (10 weeks old, 200g BW) were either sham-operated (n = 6) or ovariectomized (ovx). Ovx rats were divided into 3 groups (n = 6 each) : ovx; ovx + 1,25(OH) ₂D₃; ovx + l,25(OH)₂D₃ + 1,24,25(OH)₃D₃. The vitamin D metabolites were fed orally starting the day after surgery. After 7 weeks all rats were sacrificed and the proximal tibiae were processed undecalcified for quantitative histomorphometry. Conventional histomorphometric analysis of the distal zone (> 1 mm from the growth cartilage) of the tibial metaphysis revealed a dramatic …

Morphological Abnormalities In Vitamin B6 Deficient Tarsometatarsal Chick Cartilage, P. G. Masse, V. E. Colombo, F. Gerber, D. S. Howell, H. Weiser

Scanning Microscopy

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that deficiency of vitamin B₆ would produce morphological characteristics of osteochondral lathyrism. To accomplish this goal, morphological characteristics of chick cartilage in which lathyrism was produced by two separate dietary regimens was compared to morphological changes encountered in vitamin B₆ deficiency. Vitamin B₆ deficiency should reduce activity of lysyloxidase needed for producing intermolecular cross-links. The question to be addressed was: would this latter deficiency impair collagen morphological features and secondarily other structures indirectly by reducing collagen molecular assembly? Failure of cross-linking of collagen in the positive controls …

Incorporation And Degradation Of Hydroxyapatite Implants Of Different Surface Roughness And Surface Structure In Bone, C. M. Müller-Mai, C. Voigt, U. Gross

Scanning Microscopy

The interface of dense hydroxyapatite (HA) implants with different surface roughnesses was investigated after implantation into the spongy bone of the distal femur of rabbits by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) following transverse fractures in the interface. Each implant displayed considerable changes in surface morphology caused by leaching (increasing pore diameter), corrosion (particulate disintegration), and active resorption by osteoclasts. Macrophages were involved in "cleaning" the surface via phagocytosis of loose implant particles. Newly formed surface elevations provided adhesion points for fibers and fibrils. Subsequent mineralization of these areas stabilized the interdigitation of surface elevations and extracellular …

From Hela Cell Division To Infectious Diarrhoea, J. Stephen, M. P. Osborne, A. J. Spencer, A. Warley

Scanning Microscopy

Hela 83 cells were grown in suspension both randomly and, synchronously using hydroxyurea which blocks cells at the Gl/8 interface. Cryosections were prepared, freeze-dried and analyzed by X-ray microanalysis. As cells moved into S and through M phases [Na] and [Cl] increased; both returned to normal levels upon re-entering Gl phase. The Na/K ratio was 1:1 in Gl phase. Infection of HeLa 83 cells in Gl phase with vaccinia virus resulted in no change in intracellular [Na].

Infection of neonatal mice with murine rotavirus was localized to villus tip enterocytes and gave rise to diarrhoea which was maximal at 72h …

Tumor-Like Growth Of Antlers In Castrated Fallow Deer: An Electron Microscopic Study, Richard J. Goss

Scanning Microscopy

Male deer regenerate new sets of antlers each year. When fully grown, rising levels of testosterone promote antler ossification, cutting off the blood flow and causing the velvet integument to be shed. After the mating season, the old antlers fall off to be replaced by new ones.

When the adult fallow deer is castrated in autumn or winter, its bony antlers are shed and replaced by usually shorter regenerates that remain permanently viable and in velvet. If prevented from winter freezing, these antlers continue to grow thicker each year, eventually giving rise to amorphous outgrowths, or antleromas, from their sides. …

Superfund Record Of Decision: Monticello Mill Tailings (Doe), Ut First Remedial Action, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office Of Emergency And Remedial Response

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The 300-acre Monticello Mill Tailings site is comprised of a 7S-acre inactive uranium and vanadium milling operation and affected peripheral properties in Monticello, San Juan County, Utah. Surrounding land use is rural residential and agricultural. The site overlies a shallow alluvial aquifer, and part of the site lies within the floodplain of Montezuma Creek. Approximately IS-acres of wetlands adjacent to Montezuma Creek also have been contaminated by tailings. In 1940, the site was operated as a vanadium ore-buying station. Milling of ore began in 1942, and a vanadium/uranium sludge product was produced onsite from 1943 to 1944. Onsite uranium milling …

Advances In Corrosion Casting Methods, K. C. Hodde, D. A. Steeber, R. M. Albrecht

Scanning Microscopy

This paper briefly discusses the concept of corrosion cast preparation (primarily of blood vessels), the use of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to study these casts and the observations which can be made, together with the merits and the limitations in various applications. A number of reviews and surveys are quoted in which the different injection media, injection methods, animal preparations and corrosion procedures are described. A new procedure of cleaning the corrosion casts with sodium hydroxide and Triton X-100 is described. The observations which can be made are listed and illustrated both on the cellular level as well as …

Crystal Morphology Of Shortenings And Margarines, P. Chawla, J. M. Deman, A. K. Smith

Food Structure

An improved method is proposed for isolation of fat crystals with isobutanol, followed by fixation using osmium tetroxide vapours or cryo-fixation and visualization in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The cryo-fixation method revealed the presence of well defined needle-shaped or rod-shaped fat crystals. The osmium fixed crystals did not appear as distinct. The crystals existed as single crystals, platelets and spherulites. Polarized light micrographs did not show the details of the crystal morphology that were observed in the SEM.

Radiation Cataractogenesis Induced By Neutron Or Gamma Irradiation In The Rat Lens Is Reduced By Vitamin E, W. M. Ross, M. O. Creighton, J. R. Trevithick

Scanning Microscopy

Although cataract of the eye lens is a known late effect of ionizing radiation exposure, most of the experimental work to date has concentrated on single, acute high doses or multiple, fractionated, chronic exposures. Many papers have dealt with biochemical alterations in metabolism and cellular components, with microscopic and electron microscopic lesions to the epithelial and cortical layers, and with clinical cataract formation. However, the minimum cataractogenic dose for rats has for many years been considered to be about 2 Gy for a single, acute dose of low LET radiation.

Our purpose in designing this pilot study was three fold: …

Utah Science Vol. 51 No. 2, Summer 1990

Utah Science

55 IPM Contribute Solution a Agriculture Approaches an Impasse on Pesticides

60 Rangeland Herbicide Doesn’t Appear to Move Far

61 Turning Insect Against Weeds

62 Monitoring a Biological Nemesis of Grasshoppers

64 IPM Results Convince Fruit Growers

66 Arrival of Africanized Bees will be Unwelcome but not a Catastrophe

69 Targeting Herbicides to Control Brush A Rust to Stop a Weed

70 Orchard Ground Covers that Favor Beneficial Mites and Insects

71 Research in Brief

75 Forecasting Fire Blight

76 Field Test Monitors Changes in Insecticide Resistance

78 Translating a Plant Self-Defense Vocabulary

80 Nematodes: Suppressed but ever Vanquished

82 …

Morphological Changes Of Hair Cell Stereocilia And Tectorial Membrane In Guinea Pigs With Experimentally Induced Hydrops, Sven Rydmarker, K. C. Horner

Scanning Microscopy

Endolymphatic hydrops was surgically induced in guinea pigs. Atrophy of middle and short stereocilia on the outer hair cells in the upper 13 mm of the cochlea was systematically observed by scanning electron microscopy in guinea pigs with hydrops between 5-22 months. Light microscope and scanning electron microscope observations indicated that the tectorial membrane in the apical three turns was often abnormally elevated, and could be vertically positioned in longstanding hydrops. The atrophy of outer hair cell middle and short stereocilia and the elevation of the tectorial membrane certainly contribute to the pathophysiology of experimental hydrops and might be implicated …

Micro-Pixe (Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission) Study Of The Effects Of Fluoride On Mineral Distribution Patterns In Enamel And Dentin In The Developing Hamster Tooth Germ, D. M. Lyaruu, G. H. J. Tros, A. L. J. J. Bronckers, J. H. M. Wöltgens

Scanning Microscopy

Micro-PIXE (proton-induced X-ray emission) analysis was performed on unfixed and anhydrously prepared sections from developing enamel and dentin from hamsters injected with a single dose of 20 mg NaF /kg body weight. Fluoride, apart from inducing the formation of the characteristic paired response in the enamel (i.e., a hyper- followed by a hypomineralized band in the secretory enamel), also induces the formation of sub-ameloblastic cystic lesions under the transitional and early secretory enamel accompanied by relatively intense hypermineralization of the underlying cystic enamel surface. These cystic lesions, however, were only found to be associated with certain isolated populations of these …

Intracellular Penetration And Accumulation Of Radiographic Contrast Media In The Rat Kidney, A. Nordby, K. E. Tvedt, J. Halgunset, O. A. Haugen

Scanning Microscopy

Radiographic iodine-containing contrast media (meglumine calcium metrizoate, iohexol and meglumine sodium ioxaglate) were injected intravenously in rats. At various intervals after exposure, in situ cryofixation of kidneys was performed. Thin, freeze-dried cryosections were examined by electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. In endothelial cells, erythrocytes and tubular cells high dry weight concentrations of iodine were found. Twenty-four hours after iohexol was injected, no trace of iodine was found in the plasma, microvilli or the nuclei of the tubular cells. Small organelle-like compartments in the cytoplasm of the proximal tubular cells contained high concentrations of iodine, whereas no iodine was found in …

Involvement Of Interferon-System In The Regulation Of Cell Growth And Differentiation, Samuel Salzberg, Dalia Hacohen, Sasson David, Sara Dovrat, Sharon Ahwan, Haim Gamliel, Miriam Birnbaum

Scanning Microscopy

In this report we review the current knowledge on the involvement of the interferon (IFN) system in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. We also summarize our own data which provide evidence for the strong correlation between IFN-mediated growth-arrest of transformed cells and the elevated enzymatic activity of an IFN-induced protein. Similarly, it is demonstrated that elevated levels of IFN-induced proteins accompany the early phases of in-vitro cell differentiation. IFN-treatment of NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts transformed by Moloney-murine sarcoma virus ( MSV) resulted in a significant reduction in the rates of cell growth, protein synthesis and cloning efficiency. In parallel, …

A Three-Dimensional Study Of The Morphology And Topography Of Pericytes In The Microvascular Bed Of Skeletal Muscle, E. Gaudio, L. Pannarale, A. Caggiati, G. Marinozzi

Scanning Microscopy

Digested tissue specimens and corrosion casts of rat soleus and tibialis anterior muscles were employed for this Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) study. The shape, morphology, and position of pericytes were compared to corresponding imprints on the cast surfaces. Pericytes, observed in digested tissue specimens, showed a typical morphological pattern: a central body with two primary processes that run along the capillary in opposite directions. From these primary processes, secondary ones arise and often encircle the vessel almost completely.

On the surface of corrosion casts, roundish imprints were found in the microvascular tree at the same level where digested tissue specimens …

The State Of Potassium In Skeletal Muscle And In Non-Muscle Cells, Carlton F. Hazlewood, Miklos Kellermayer

Scanning Microscopy

The relationship between ions, water, and the electrical properties are fundamental to our understanding of cellular function. This paper is primarily directed at reviewing the theoretical explanations for the changes in cellular potential and ionic composition which are associated with early postnatal development of skeletal muscle. The findings are: (a) a two-fold reduction in tissue hydration and a significant reduction of the diffusive motion of cellular water; (b) ten-fold decrease in cellular sodium; (c) six-fold decrease in tissue chloride; (d) the concentrations of intracellular potassium, and of extracellular sodium, potassium and chloride were constant; and (e) the cellular potential changed …

Perceptions Of The Honors Program, Andrea Price

Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects

The purpose of this project was to measure how aware the students and faculty of Utah State University are of the Honors Program and its offerings. Questionnaires were sent to a random selection of faculty, students, and Honors students.

The Microstructure Of Raw Meat Batters Prepared With Monovalent And Divalent Chloride Salts, Andre Gordon, Shai Barbut

Food Structure

Cold stage scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and light microscopy (LM) were used to examine the effect of NaCl (2.5%), MgC1₂ , CaC1₂ , KCl, LiCl (calculated ionic strength, IS = 0.43) and 1.5% NaCl (IS = 0.26) on the microstructure of comminuted raw meat batters (fat added) and comminuted meat mixes (no fat added). Cryo-SEM revealed that comminuting the lean meat with different chloride salts resulted in the formation of different types of gel structures. Differences were mainly in gel strand thickness, the degree of interlinking between strands and the size of pores within …

Healing Of Prosthetic Arterial Grafts, G. Pasquinelli, A. Freyrie, P. Preda, T. Curti, M. D'Addato, R. Laschi

Scanning Microscopy

Numerous synthetic biomaterials have been developed as vascular substitutes. In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies have demonstrated that in animals, selected materials, i.e., Dacron and ePTFE (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene) grafts, are successfully incorporated in both the large and the small caliber host arteries through a process which is generally referred to as graft healing. Morphologically, this process consists of a series of complex events including fibrin deposition and degradation, monocyte-macrophage recruitment and flow-oriented cell-layer generation, this last event being the complete endothelialization of the arterial substitute.

In contrast to experimental animals, the flow surface of synthetic vascular grafts remains …