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Effect Of Chemical Modifications On The Microstructure Of Raw Meat Batters, Andre Gordon, Shai Barbut

Food Structure

The microstructure and stability of raw meat batters treated with five chemical agents were investigated by electron and light microscopy. Six batters were made with NaCI (2.5%). five of which were treated with either hydrogen peroxide (H,O,), B- mercaptoethanol (B-ME), ethylenediamine- tetraacetic acid (EDTA), urea or Tween 80. The Tween 80 treatment produced a highly unstable raw batter with significant (P > 0.05) fat and water losses. None of the other treatments produced an unstable raw batter.

Microstructural examination revealed that, except for Tween 80, the chemically-treated raw batters were stable and showed some similarity to the control in their microstructure …

Ultrastructural Evidence For Temperature-Dependent Ca2+ Release From Fish Sarcoplasmic Reticulum During Rigor Mortis, Hideki Ushio, Shugo Watabe, Muneaki Iwamoto, Kanehisa Hashimoto

Food Structure

The release or leakage of ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) during rigor mortis of fish muscle was investigated by transmission electron microscopy using pyroantimonate and related biochemical changes.

Ca2+ -pyroantimonate deposits were observed in the SR immediately after spiking the fish. At the onset of rigor for fish stored at 0°C, no deposits were found in the SR; however, fish stored for the same period at woe which were still in the pre-rigor state, clearly showed Ca2+ deposits in the SR.

In association with the Ca2+ translocation, ATP degraded faster at 0 c than at 10 °C, probably due …

Effect Of Irradiation And Dielectric Heating On Soybean Ultrastructure, Trypsin Inhibitor, And Lipoxygenase Activities, E. Kovacs, N. D. Lam, J. Beczner, I. Kiss

Food Structure

Scanning electron microscopy ( SEM) was used to observe the protein bodies of soybeans after irradiation (0 - 10 kGy dose range) , dielectric heating and storage . Microbiological changes , lip oxygenase and trypsin inhibit or activities and biological value were also studied after different treatments and storaee . There were no differences in the ultrastructure of control and irradiated ( 3, 6 and 10 kGy) soybeans immediately after irradiation . The effect of storage depended on whether whole or milled soybeans had been stored . There was no direct effect of dielectric he ating on soybeans ultrastruc ture …

The Effect Of Processing Temperatures On The Microstructure And Firmness Of Labneh Made From Cow's Milk By The Traditional Method Or By Ultrafiltration, A. Y. Tamime, M. Kalab, G. Davies

Food Structure

The types of Labneh were made from full-fat cow's milk: (a) traditional Labneh was produced by straining cold yoghurt at 7°C in a cloth bag, and (b) UF Labnehs were produced by ultrafiltration (UF) of warm yoghurt at 35°, 40°, 45°, 50°, and 55°C. The UF Labnehs contained 22.7- 23.9% total solids, 7.8-8.3% protein, and 10.6-11.3% fat as compared to 25.3%, 9.1 %, and 11.9%, respectively, intraditional Labneh. Homogenization of the experimental Labneh samples in an ALM homogenizer using the D-170 or D-280 ,heads made the products smoother than unhomogenized Labnebs. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the largest and least …

Structure And Rheology Of Dairy Products: A Compilation Of References With Subject And Author Indexes, David N. Holcomb

Food Structure

No abstract provided.

Immunohistochemical Techniques Applied To Raw And Mildly Heat Treated Meat Systems, B. Egelansdal, S. Kidman, A.-M. Hermansson

Food Structure

Immunohistology was performed with six commercially available antibodies directed against myosins, actins and collagens. The corresponding antigens, appearing on the surface of cryo-sections from meat and meat products heat treated to different end temperatures, were visualized using these antibodies. The meat and meat products were heated from 20 °C to 80 °C. At 80 °C the meat systems were devoid of thermal transitions as judged from differential scanning calorimetric measurements. Our results showed that although reduced binding was the case for systems heated above 60 °C, the signals from the antibody labelling was still sufficiently strong to provide information about …

Composition And Structure Of Demineralized Spray-Dried Milk Permeate Powder, Miloslav Kalab, Marijana Caric, Spasenija Milanovic

Food Structure

Permeates obtained by the ultrafiltration of milk were demineralized by electrodialysis to demineralization rates (DR, expressed in %) varying from 51 to 93. The demineralized permeates were then concentrated to 55% total solids, cooled to l2°C to crystallize lactose, and spraydried. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that the resulting powders consisted partly of globular and partly of sharp-edged particles. The proportion of the globular particles was highest at DR of 51 and was lowest at DR of 93. The sharp-edged particles were lactose crystals covered with dried collapsed foam consisting of the mother liquor. The globular particles were …

A Comparative Study Of Bovine Pericardium Mineralization: A Basic And Practical Approach, Branko B. Tomazic, Chakwan Siew, Walter E. Brown

Cells and Materials

The biomineralization of bovine pericardium (BP) heart valve bioprostheses was investigated by simulation of the process under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The nature and composition of calcific deposits that formed in human heart valve bioprostheses were compared with the mineral formed on BP discs immersed in a calcifying medium or subcutaneously implanted into Sprague-Dawley rats. The early stage of experimental biomineralization in vitro took place on the surface only, while in vivo deposition appeared to be intrinsic, as documented by histological cross sections. The chemical composition of the initial mineral phase formed under in vitro conditions had a …

Relationship Between Microstructure And In Vitro Digestibility Of Starch In Precooked Leguminous Seed Flours, Juscelino Tovar, Alicia De Francisco, Inger Bjorck, Nils-Georg Asp

Food Structure

Precooked flours (PCFs) were prepared by milling boiled and freeze-dried red kidney beans, white beans and lentils. As demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy, PCFs were rich in relatively large particles which contained cell structures filled with starch. In contrast, flours from raw seeds contained a large number of free starch granules. The in vitro a-amylolysis rate ofPCFs was remarkably low, but increased after physical and chemical treatments of the flours. Homogenization resulted in the largest increase of hydrolysis rate. The susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis was also enhanced when PCFs were preincubated with pepsin or submitted to additional boiling. These treatments …

Natural Systems For Preventing Contamination And Growth Of Microorganisms In Foods, King-Thom Chung, Chris A. Murdock

Food Structure

Food-borne illness is a vast and costly worldwide problem. Although complex, it may be divided into two major types of animal and human disease: intoxication caused by toxic substances in food and secondly, infection, caused by microorganisms. Toxic substances may be already present in foods, or they may be produced by microorganisms through contamination and proliferation in food. Prevention of the invasion of foods by microorganisms may be achieved by effective use of intrinsic factors found in plants and animals. These factors include pH, moisture content, oxidationreduction potential, nutrient content, biological structures, and antimicrobial constituents. A second type of natural …

Utah Water Quality- Utah Ground Water, Howard Deer, Richard C. Peralta, Robert W. Hill

All Archived Publications

Ground water is important to the economic and physical well-being of the people of Utah. About 95% of Utah's fresh water is ground water. It provides more than 70% of the state's drinking water and is a major source of water for agriculture and irrigation.

Studies Related To Nutrients Entering Groundwater From The Heber Valley Sewer Farm And Dairies, Roland W. Jeppson, Joan Mclean, Calvin G. Clyde, Scott Korom

Reports

Foreword: This report includes the results from a two year study in the Heber Valley to determine amounts of nutrients that are entering the groundwaters of the Heber Valley, and might ultimately enter Deer Creek Reservoir. Since Deer Creek Reservoir in Heber Valley, Utah supplies approximately 65 percent of the water distributed to Salt Lake County, the maintenance of its quality is of considerable importance. To maintain the quality of this reservoir and limit its eutrophication "best management" practices for surface water have been implemented gradually during the past decade in Heber Valley. These practices have significantly improved the qualities …

Practical Methods For Identification Of Rice Endosperm Protein Bodies And Fecal Protein Particles In Light Microscopy, D. L. Barber, J. N. A. Lott, D. A. Harris

Food Structure

Indigestible 1-3 ~m protein 'cores', particles that originate from protein bodies of rice endosperm, were examined in bright-field and fluorescence microscopy, using a variety of histological and histochemical procedures. Our application of histological, histochemical and chemical approaches to a study of the feces of aoimals fed rice-containing diets has resulted in the development of methods for routine identification of insoluble rice fecal protein particles. For the specific identification of rice endosperm storage protein, whether protein bodies, cores or fecal protein particles, aqueous eosin Y stain in conjunction with fluorescence microscopy, and a combination of orange G + aniline blue in …

Extrusion-Cooking Of Pea Flour: Structural And Immunocytochemical Aspects, Hassane Ben-Hdech, Daniel J. Gallant, Brigitte Bouchet, Jacques Gueguen, Jean-Pierre Melcion

Food Structure

Pea flour was submitted to extrusion-cooking under various conditions. The progressive structural transformation was investigated by light microscopy and immuno- gold transmission electron microscopy. Each of the three major compounds, i.e., starch granules, protein bodies, and cell wall fragments, develop a specific, independent structure. Protein bodies aggregate and fuse giving a protein matrix. Starch granules swell, deform, come into contact with each other, and ultimately also fuse together. The resulting gel expands giving a honeycombed structure. Consequently, the protein matrix is arranged into dense strata, i.e,. protein fibers in cross or longitudinal sections, disrupted by the expanded starch gel. Cell …

Pathology Of Turkey Skeletal Muscle: Implications For The Poultry Industry, Andrzej A. Sosnicki, Barry W. Wilson

Food Structure

Processed turkey meat is one of the fastest growing procucts of the food industry. However, recently there have been some problems associated with the texture, cohesiveness, and juiciness of turkey meat. These changes in quality may be due to growth related alterations in he turkey musculoskeletal system. Abnormalities sue as leg weakness and edema, deep pectoral myopathy ar.d focal myopathy may be associated with the rapid increase in body weight brought about by years of intensive genetic selection. More studies are necessary to understand the hereditary and environmental factors influenc:ng turkey muscle differentiation and growth, abnormalities and, consequently, meat quality.

Wildlife And Pesticides - A Practical Guide To Reducing The Risk, Terry A. Messmer, G. Dahl

Wildland Resources Faculty Publications

Pesticides are widely used in agriculture today. Producers use pesticides because they are effective and generally reasonably priced. The benefits include reduced yield losses and time savings to the producer, and lower food and fiber costs for consumer.

Assessing Pesticide Contamination To Groundwater: A Rapid Approach, Majid Ehteshami, Richard C. Peralta, Hubert Eisele, Howard M. Deer, Terry Tindall

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

A methodology has been developed for identifying hazardous pesticides/site combinations threatening ground-water contamination. Screening methodologies are required to determine which locations and pesticides now in use should receive the greatest attention to safeguard the public health. The presented method uses a hazard to ground-water hydrogeological screening model (DRASTIC) and employs a one-dimensional pesticide transport model ( CMLS). The method is an efficient and practical technique to identify where particular combinations of pesticides, water management practices, soils, and geology result in the greatest potential hazard to ground-water contamination. Use of the presented approach can reduce sampling needs and expense.

Life History And Demography Of The Common Mud Turtle, Kinosternon Subrubrum, In South Carolina, Nat B. Frazer, J. W. Gibbons, J. L. Greene

Environment and Society Faculty Publications

This paper presents a life table for the common mud turtle, Kinosternon subrubrum, in a fluctuating aquatic habitat on the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina, USA, using data gathered in a 20-yr mark-recapture study. Data on survivorship and fecundity (clutch size, per capita clutch frequency) were assessed and compared to previously published life table statistics for the slider turtle, Trachemys scripta, in the same body of water and for the yellow mud turtle, K. flavescens, in Nebraska.

The annual survival rate for adult female Kinosternon (87.6%) is significantly higher than that of adult female Trachemys (77.4%). Similarly, male Kinosternon …

Cytology Of Pollutant Metals In Marine Invertebrates: A Review Of Microanalytical Applications, J. A. Nott

Scanning Microscopy

X-ray microanalysis (XRMA) is customized for investigations of the metabolic and detoxification strategies of heavy metals taken by marine organisms from polluted environments. Sites of uptake, intracellular accumulation, transport and excretion are visualized, analysed and quantified . Cryopreparation techniques are required to prevent the translocation or loss from specimens of soluble metal species.

In marine invertebrates, metals are detoxified by systems of chemical binding and intracellular compartmentalization. XRMA investigations have concentrated on marine molluscs and crustaceans and even within these restricted groups there are marked inter-species differences in the biochemical and cytological processes which reduce metal bioavailability. Some detoxification systems …

Phenotypic Subpopulations Of Macrophages And Dendritic Cells In Human Spleen, Patrick J. Buckley

Scanning Microscopy

Using immunohistochemical techniques and a large number of monoclonal antibodies, the presence and distribution of phenotypic subpopulations of macrophages (Mθs) and dendritic cells in human spleen were assessed. The results of this study show that different subsets of Mθs and dendritic cells are present in the spleen and that some of these occupy discrete microanatomic locations . In the red pulp (RP) certain antigens are expressed by different proportions of uniformly distributed Mθs in the cords . On the other hand, some antigens are present on Mθs that form clusters of variable size within the red pulp . These include …

Innervation And Vascular Pharmacodynamics Of The Mouse Spleen, Frank D. Reilly

Scanning Microscopy

Neurohistochemical and in vivo and electron microscopic methods demonstrated α-and ,β-adrenergic receptors and adrenergic innervation in arterioles and "arterial" capillaries of the mouse spleen. Such innervation and receptors in venules and channels within the red pulp were sparse. Cholinergic innervation and receptors were judged to be absent in the microvasculature. Histamine elicited arteriolar dilation which was blocked by metiamide suggesting the presence of H₂ receptors. However , following blockade of H₂ receptors, histamine produced arteriolar constriction. Serotonin elicited only venular constriction. Lactic acid caused arteriolar constriction; bradykinin and prostaglandins (PG) E₂ and PGF_2α triggered arteriolar constriction, …

Ultrastructural Effects Of Ionizing Radiation On Plant Cells, Á. Keresztes, E. Kovács

Scanning Microscopy

Ultrastructural effects of ionizing irradiation were investigated on the specific constituents of plant cells, primarily in fruits, with reference to mushroom cells and comparable data in the literature. In the cell wall the dissolution of the middle lamellae, probably due to radiation damage of pectin, and irregular thickenings were found. In the vacuole the quantity of inclusions changed, or unusual aggregations appeared, presumably in connection with altered phenolic biosynthesis . In chloroplasts the senescence was inhibited, and dedifferentiation occurred into agranal state. In amyloplasts starch hydrolysis was hind ere d. These platidial effects are considered as visible signs of inhibition …

The Role Of Polar Pili In The Adherence Of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa To Injured Canine Tracheal Cells: A Semiquantitative Morphologic Study, D. E. Zoutman, W. C. Hulbert, B. L. Pasloske, A. M. Joffe, K. Volpel, M. K. Trebilcock, W. Paranchych

Scanning Microscopy

Pseudomonas aeruginosa adheres to respiratory epithelial cells in a highly specific fashion. In order to study the role of P. aeruginosa polar pili in the adherence process we conducted a quantitative morphological electron microscopic examination of P. aeruginosa adherence to SO₂ injured canine tracheal cells in vitro. A pilin lacking background strain of P. aeruginosa PAK (BLP2) was constructed using a gene replacement and it in turn was engineered to express either the pilin gene of P. aeruginosa PAO, PAK , or no pilin gene . After 30 minutes incubation of these bacterial strains with injured canine tracheal …

Diapause In The Earthworm, Aporrectodea Longa: Morphological And Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis Of Cryosectioned Chloragogenous Tissue, A. J. Morgan, C. Winters

Scanning Microscopy

The earthworm, Aporrectodea longa, which experiences an apparent obligatory physiological resting state (“diapause”) in the temperate Summer, was collected monthly from February through to October. Morphological examination of the chloragocytes, and quantitative electron probe X-ray microanalysis of their constituent chloragosome granules prepared by cryoultramicrotomy and air-dried/smearing, were undertaken over this period. Worms entered diapause in May, and emerged from it between August and September. The long-term energy stores in the form of lipid, in addition to the more usual polysaccharide (glycogen) reserves, were accumulated by early diapause; the lipid was gradually consumed during diapause. In addition, the structure and composition …

Aids: Implications To Society And Approaches To Control, Robert W. Sidwell

Faculty Honor Lectures

It is perhaps a measure of today's society that a new disease of potentially world-wide implication does not gain national or international attention until a famous person contracts it. This was particularly seen with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) when it became known that Rock Hudson of movie and TV acclaim was dying of it. By the time the celebrated pianist and entertainer Liberace died of AIDS, the various public health agencies around the world had begun to focus on the problem, and enormous sums of money were being committed toward its control. Today, more U.s. dollars are budgeted for AIDS …

Changes In Sodium Concentration In Cardiac Myocytes From Diabetic Rats, Alice Warley

Scanning Microscopy

The effects of streptozotocin induced diabetes on rats were studied. The animals showed an increase in blood glucose concentration and a loss of weight from both the body and the heart. Loss of weight from the heart was less severe leading to an increased heart to body weight ratio. Study of element concentrations by X-ray microanalysis showed that there was an increase in intracellular Na concentration in cardiac myocytes from the diabetic animals, but no change in Mg. These results agree with studies which show changes in Na/K ATPase after the onset of diabetes.

Microcirculatory Pathways And Blood Flow In Spleen: New Insights From Washout Kinetics, Corrosion Casts, And Quantitative Intravital Videomicroscopy, A. C. Groom, E. E. Schmidt, I. C. Macdonald

Scanning Microscopy

The dynamics of splenic microcirculatory blood flow and the role of the spleen with respect to red blood cells (RBCs) have been elucidated by means of several different experimental approaches. First, the organ was treated as a 'black box' and input/output relationships were studied, such as the kinetics of RBC and plasma washout during Ringer perfusion. Second, micro-corrosion casts were prepared from minimal amounts of injected material, such that 'fast' pathways for flow were selectively identified. Third, high-resolution video-microscopy was carried out in rat and mouse spleens transilluminated in vivo, with subsequent quantitative analysis of the data. New insights were …

Microprobe Analyses Of The Potassium-Calcium Distribution Relationship In Predentine, H. J. Höhling, H. Mishima, Y. Kozawa, T. Daimon, R. H. Barckhaus, K. -D. Richter

Scanning Microscopy

Apex regions of continuously growing incisors of Wistar rats were quickly dissected, shock-frozen in liquid nitrogen-cooled propane, freeze-dried at -80 °C and infiltrated with Spurr's resin . 400nm thick dry sections were cut with a diamond knife on an ultramicrotome . Relatively flat sections were transferred with an eye lash onto collodium coated aluminum grids. They were flattened with a glass stick and by placing another collodi um coated aluminum grid just on top of the first one, exerting a uniform pressure . After carbon coating the sections were observed using the backscattered and secondary electron signals in a scanning …

The Hall Method In The Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis Of Biological Specimens: A Review, Godfried M. Roomans

Scanning Microscopy

In the two decades since its inception by T.A. Hall, the continuum theory of quantification has become the general method for quantitative analysis of biological specimens. Although the method was originally developed for thin specimens, its use has been extended to thicker specimens, and it has also been used in quantitative determinations of local water content. The single most important difficulty in the application of the "Hall method" is the accurate calculation of the extraneous continuum, i.e., the continuum due to non-specimen sources. The different variations in methods for quantitative analysis of local water content are critically compared and a …

Making Games And Equipment For Young Children, Claudia Eliason

All Archived Publications

Many opportunities for enjoyment, learning, and interaction can be provided through the child's use of homemade games and equipment. Children love games and parents usually like to provide as many as they can. However, not only does the family budget often limit the quantity and quality of pieces of equipment that can be purchased, but in addition many store toys are limited in terms of their learning potential for children and parents. It is the intent of this booklet to suggest games that can be made from easily accessible and inexpensive materials.