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Risks In Foods - What To Do About Them, Charlotte Brennand

All Current Publications

No abstract provided.

Bats: Wildlife Damage Management Series, V Depaepe, Terry A. Messmer, Michael R. Conover, B. B. Blackwell

Wildland Resources Faculty Publications

Bats belong to the order Chiroptera which means "hand-wing." They are the only mammal capable of true flight. There are approximately 950 species of bats in the world, making up over 20% of all mammals. Of the 44 species of bats found in the United States, 18 occur in Utah during some time of the year. The big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) is the most common bat in Utah, and is one of the most widely distributed species in North America (Figure 1).

New Applications Of The Nuclear Microprobe For Biological Samples, Jan Pallon, Klas Malmqvist

Scanning Microscopy

The continuing development of the Nuclear Microprobe (NMP) has opened up new fields of applications in biology and medicine. Quantitative multielemental analysis in small sections of samples can be performed routinely. The use of techniques such as scanning transmission ion microscopy makes imaging as well as mass normalization possible at submicron resolution. Recent medical applications include studies on thin cryosections prepared from autopsies and biopsies, as well as single cells grown directly on the backing foil used in the NMP analyses. The purpose of the single cell analysis is often pharmacological, e.g., testing of new drugs, their uptake and distribution. …

Application Of Lawn Fertilizers And Pesticides In Salt Lake Valley Recharge Areas, Ghassan R. Musharrafieh, Larry Sager, Howard M. Deer, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Homeowners, chemical applicators, and commercial lawncare companies apply chemicals to lawns and ornamentals overlying the recharge zone of Salt Lake Valley's principal aquifer. These applied fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides can potentially leach far enough to contaminate ground water. This report summarizes a study conducted in 1993-1994 to determine the type, rate, and frequency of applying chemicals to lawns and ornamentals in the recharge zone. Surveyed are lawncare companies, chemical applicators, schools, churches, hospitals, parks, homeowners, and government documents and community and state regulations. Results will help assess the potential impact of these applications on future ground water quality.

Formation And Structure Of Dentine In The Rat Incisor After Chronic Exposure To Sodium Fluoride, J. Appleton

Scanning Microscopy

Weanling rats were chronically exposed to sodium fluoride by feeding them for eight weeks with a standard powdered diet incorporating sodium fluoride at 0.025% , 0.05% and 0.1% by weight. After eight weeks blood was removed by cardiac puncture and the levels of plasma calcium and phosphate determined. The incisor teeth were removed and their structure examined in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) using backscattered electron imaging to determine the relative concentration and distribution of the mineral phase in the dentine. There was no significant alteration to the normal serum calcium and phosphate levels. Small scattered interglobular spaces were seen …

Cryo-Jet Preservation Of Calcium In The Rat Spinal Cord, William B. Greene, Lyle G. Walsh

Scanning Microscopy

In order to determine the distribution of diffusible ions, especially calcium, in rat spinal cord axons before and after trauma, sham, 6 hours post 6 gm/cm and 20 gm/cm trauma cords were cryo-jet frozen in situ and cryo-sections were subjected to electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The results confirm part of the Ca hypothesis, i.e., some spinal cord axons accumulate intracellular Ca after traumatic injury. In addition, 6 hours after trauma, Ca is only accumulated by axons that have also lost homeostasis. Thus, it is likely that observations of the continual rise of Ca in the traumatized spinal cord are due …

Morphologic Changes Of Apoptosis Induced In Human Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia "Blast" Cells By Sc41661a (Searle), A Selective Inhibitor Of 5-Lipoxygenase, K. M. Anderson, T. M. Seed, J. Peng, A. Jajeh, J. Meng, J. E. Harris

Scanning Microscopy

Several inhibitors of the arachidonic acid-metabolizing enzyme, 5-lipoxygenase reduce proliferation of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and cell lines and some cells undergo limited differentiation. Cells were cultured from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in "blast" crisis with the selective inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase,SC41661A[3-{3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl}hiol]-N-methyl-N-[2-(2-phridinyl-propanamide)]. Cells cultured for 3 to 5 days with 40 μM SC41661A exhibited reduced cellular numbers along with ultrastructural changes and DNA laddering characteristic of apoptosis. Similar culture conditions reduced proliferation of U937 monoblastoid cells. In U937 cells, the ultrastructural features of apoptosis were not observed at 72 hours, when DNA laddering was present and cell numbers were reduced, …

Distribution Of Sodium, Magnesium, Chlorine, Calcium, Potassium, Phosphorus And Sulphur In Z-, I- And A-Bands In Mammalian Striated Muscle, Romuald Wróblewski, Lars Edström

Scanning Microscopy

The regularity of the striation of skeletal muscle offers a unique possibility to analyze different bands of the sarcomere in longitudinally cut semithin cryosections. The aim of the present study was to investigate the elemental content of the Z-, I- and A-bands within the sarcomere which may be related to the affinity of an element to different contractile elements and the water content in different bands. The highest potassium levels were found in the Z-band {802 mmol/kg dry weight (d.w.)} as compared to the I-band (697 mmol/kg d.w.) and the A-band (731 mmol/kg d.w.). The difference between A-band and Z-band, …

The Identification, Distribution, Impacts, Biology And Management Of Noxious Rangeland Weeds, Roger L. Sheley

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This document provides a discussion of the biology and management of exotic rangeland weeds which are a threat to native ecosystems of the western United States. Chapter 1 describes a generalized approach for managing noxious weed infested rangeland, while Chapter 2 focuses on preventing noxious weed invasion. In some cases, noxious weeds readily invade riparian areas, and because of the sensitive nature of these ecosystems Chapter 3 is devoted to riparian weed management. The following 13 chapters describe the identification, origin, history, distribution, potential invasion, impacts, biology and ecology, and management of specific noxious rangeland weeds.

Effects Of Modulated Microwave And X-Ray Irradiation On The Activity And Distribution Of Ca2+-Atpase In Small Intestine Epithelial Cells, Z. Somosy, G. Thuróczy, G. J. Köteles, J. Kovács

Scanning Microscopy

The distribution and activity of Ca²⁺-ATPase were investigated by histochemical methods in small intestine epithelial cells of mice following total body 2450 MHz low frequency (16 Hz) microwave and X-ray irradiation. In the control animals, enzyme activities were found in the brush border and on lateral membranes, including junctional areas of the cells. The enzyme activity of lateral membranes was inhibited by quercetin, a specific inhibitor of Ca²⁺-ATPase.

Immediately after square modulated (16 Hz) 2450 MHz microwave irradiation at 1 mW/cm² power densities, we observed a decreased activity of Ca²⁺-ATPase on the lateral …

Investigation Of Touch-Sensitive Responses By Hyphae Of The Human Pathogenic Fungus Candida Albicans, N. A. R. Gow, T. H. S. Perera, J. Sherwood-Higham, G. W. Gooday, D. W. Gregory, D. Marshall

Scanning Microscopy

Candida albicans is a fungus that commonly infects the mucosal surface of humans. The hyphal growth form of this fungus may initiate the primary invasion of the host. Here we show that hyphae respond thigmotropically and morphologically to cues such as the presence of a surface, pores, grooves and ridges. Growth on some firm surfaces elicits a helical growth response. Hyphae follow grooves and ridges of inert substrates and penetrate pores of filtration membranes. Our in vitro experiments suggest that thigmotropism may enhance the ability of a hypha to invade epithelia of a host at sites of weakened integrity.

Community Environmental Response, Facilitation Act Report For Tooele Army Depot - North Area, Tooele, Utah, Final, Ageiss Environmental, Inc.

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This report presents the results of the Community Environmental Response Facilitation Act (CERFA) investigation conducted by AGEISS Environmental, Inc. (AGEISS) at the Tooele Army Depot - North Area (TEAD-N), a U.S. Government property selected for closure by the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Commission under Public Laws 100-526 and 101-510. The primary objective of this investigation as required under CERFA (Public Law 102-426), is for Federal agencies to expeditiously identify real property offering the greatest opportunity for immediate reuse and redevelopment. Satisfying this objective requires the identification of real property where no Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) …

Utah Science Vol. 55 No. 3 & 4, Fall 1994

Utah Science

2 CROPS FIELD DAY It was a dry year but there was a deluge of ideas at research plots.

12 TH E PLANT CANCER CONNECTION A look at some new wrinkles in the relationship between vegetables and Cancer.

13 DESERT SOILS Desert regions may have a larger role in the global climate than once thought.

14 ALTERNATIVE FORAGES The high yields and quality of alternative forages have renewed these sheep producers' faith in the industry,

20 PUBLIC LAND RANCHERS Survey results show few ranchers are ready for possible Changes in grazing permits.

21 ORIGINS OF FLAVOR IN CHEESE USU researchers …

Proceedings From The 31st Annual Italian And Specialty Cheese Seminar, Various Authors

Cheese Industry Conference

The impact of mixer temperature and mixer screw speeds on fat recovery, protein recovery, and yield of Mozzarella cheese was determined. In the first trial three different cheese temperatures were achieved: 130·F (54.C); 140•F (60.C); and 150.F (66·q. In the mixer temperature trial, a screw speed of 12 rpm (revolutions per minute) was used at all mixer temperatures. In the second trial, three different mixer screw speeds were used for stretching: 5 rpm, slow; 12 rpm, medium (ca. 50o/o of mixer full speed); 19 rpm, fast. Three vats of cheese were made per day. The two trials were conducted at …

Urinary Citrate, Bone Resorption And Intestinal Alkali Absorption In Stone Formers With Fasting Hypercalciuria, Piergiorgio Messa, Giuseppe Mioni, L. Paganin, A. Cruciatti, P. Lo Greco, D. Turrin

Scanning Microscopy

Reduced citrate in urine and increased fasting excretion of calcium are abnormalities frequently reported in stone forming (SF) patients. Increased dietary acid (or reduced alkali) introduction or absorption may be a potential cause of both these pathological findings. To test this hypothesis, we studied 64 SF patients {32 with fasting hypercalciuria (FH) and 32 without FH (NFH)}. After a basal evaluation for nephrolithiasis, while on a 500 mg calcium diet, they were evaluated for: (1) daily intestinal alkali absorption (IAA), by urinary electrolyte excretion; (2) basal concentrations of PTH, calcitonin (CT) and 1,25(OH)2-VitD; (3) oral calcium load for evaluation of …

Diluted And Undiluted Mercox Severely Destroy Unfixed Endothelial Cells. A Light And Electron Microscopic Study Using Cultured Endothelial Cells And Tadpole Tail Fin Vessels, J. Gassner, A. Lametschwandtner, T. Weiger, H. C. Bauer

Scanning Microscopy

Mercox is a methylmethacrylate-based resin which is widely used for vascular corrosion casting with subsequent scanning electron microscopic analysis. In the present study the effect of undiluted and diluted Mercox (4+1; volume + volume; Mercox: monomeric methylmethacrylate (MMA); 0.02 g catalyst MA/ml Mercox) and methylmethacrylate with and without catalyst MA (0.625 g/10 ml MMA) on fixed and unfixed endothelial cells was studied. Light microscopy (LM) of cultured capillary endothelial cells (ECs), which were replicated with diluted or undiluted Mercox shows degranulation and membrane perturbation of ECs, while no morphological changes occur in glutaraldehyde-prefixed ECs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of replicas …

Miniaturization Methods For Deep Space Microspacecraft, Lilac Muller

Small Satellite Conference

Due to the shrinking NASA budget, future scientific spacecraft programs will be driven by their "life-cycle" cost. This cost figure, which includes development integration, launch, and operation, can be reduced by making spacecraft smaller and more autonomous. Such miniature spacecraft allow the launch of several microspacecraft on a single launch vehicle or the launch of a single microspacecraft as a "piggy-back" rider on top a primary payload. Although each of these small spacecraft will not be capable of conducting the diversified science that is accomplished by such grand vehicles as Voyager and Cassini, a group of microspacecraft can conduct a …

Etiology Of Experimental Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Nephrolithiasis In Rats, W. C. De Bruijn, E. R. Boevé, P. R. W. A. Van Run, P. P. M. C. Van Miert, J. C. Romijn, C. F. Verkoelen, L. C. Cao, F. H. Schröder

Scanning Microscopy

In a rat-model system, tubular crystal retention as a possible mechanism for the etiology of nephrolithiasis in man, was studied by conventional transmission electron microscopy. The animals were supplied for nine days with a crystal-inducing diet, with ethylene glycol plus NH₄Cl in their drinking-water. After this induction period, a two day regime with fresh drinking-water was included, to allow crystals to be removed by spontaneous crystalluria. After aldehyde fixation of the rat kidneys, large crystals were seen inside the tubular lumen. The crystals were attached to cell surfaces and covered by neighboring epithelial cells. Some crystals were overgrown …

Methodological Aspects Of Spontaneous Crystalluria Studies In Calcium Stone Formers, C. A. Bader, A. Chevalier, C. Hennequin, P. Jungers, M. Daudon, O. Beaugendre, M. P. Hoarau

Scanning Microscopy

Despite nearly a half-century of study, the clinical value of spontaneous crystalluria (Cx) examinations in calcium stone formers (CaSF) is still uncertain. The analytical complexity of urine particle study is largely responsible for this situation. As a result, there is no consensus regarding technical methods in Cx with several techniques for urine sampling and three different instruments currently used for particle study, namely, particle counting (PC), light microscopy (LM) and petrographic microscopy (PM). In this work, we first examined urine sampling and instrument methods regarding their appropriateness for Cx studies. Then we performed a comparative analysis of Cx studies in …

Arrangement Of Elastic Fibres In The Integument Of Domesticated Mammals, W. Meyer, K. Neurand, R. Schwarz, T. Bartels, H. Althoff

Scanning Microscopy

The hairy skin of important domesticated mammals (12 species) was studied with scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, laser scanning microscopy, and several light microscopical methods, to obtain more information about three-dimensional elastic fibre arrangement. It was obvious that there is a basic construction scheme of the elastic fibre meshwork as present in the upper and mid-dermis, with special regard to the size, number, and grouping of hair follicles. In the densely-haired species, in particular, a typical elastic mat with horizontal fibres is formed. In many of the sparsely-haired animals, the upper and mid-dermis show a sponge-like elastic system. In …

General Pattern And Morphological Specializations Of The Avian Cochlea, Franz Peter Fischer

Scanning Microscopy

In different bird species, there is a common pattern in the hair-cell morphology and innervation of the basilar papilla; the absolute values, however, are species-specific. In the barn-owl papilla, an extreme being case, the basal high-frequency part of the papilla is greatly expanded. In this behaviorally most important frequency range of the barn owl, the number of afferent nerve terminals to neural hair cells is extensively increased. Instead of about 2 afferent terminals as in other species, up to 20 afferents are present. In the bird species studied (chicken, starling, emu, barn owl), the area of the afferent nerve terminals …

Ultrastructural Patterns Of Cell Damage And Death Following Gamma Radiation Exposure Of Murine Erythroleukemia Cells, R. Di Pietro, E. Falcieri, L. Centurione, M. A. Centurione, G. Mazzotti, R. Rana

Scanning Microscopy

Radiation causes damage to cell surface membranes, cytoplasmic organelles, and the nuclear process of DNA synthesis and repair, and this eventually results in different modes of cell death. In this study we examined murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells, exposed to 15 and 60 Gy of 10 MeV photonic energy, and left in culture for up to 96 hours. Electron microscopical analysis was performed on conventionally embedded samples and freeze-fracture replicas, in order to detect ultrastructural patterns of cell damage and death. Of interest was the observation of chromatin condensates, nuclear membrane associations and nuclear pore redistribution during early apoptosis. Pronounced rearrangements …

Glycol Methacrylate Embedding And Microwave Staining For Light Microscopy Of The Mouse Cochlea, Bharti Katbamna, Atha Ralston

Scanning Microscopy

This study examined the utility of a methacrylate-based embedding medium and microwave staining for light microscopic quantification of hair cells and spiral ganglion cells in the mouse cochlea. The most important phase of the preparation process involved slowing down the polymerization process. The tissue molecules so locked within the plastic matrix produced excellent preservation of the organ of Corti and adjacent structures including the spiral ganglion, as well as tissue ionic charges. Excitable by microwaves, these ionic charges accelerated the movement of the basic dye (hematoxylin) into the tissue, reducing the time for this segment of the staining process from …

Microvascular Corrosion Casting Of The Rat Mandibular Joint: A Technical Approach, Etienne Piette, Alois Lametschwandtner

Scanning Microscopy

The rat mandibular joint is a ginglymoarthrodial joint deeply hidden under the zygomatic process of the squamosal bone. This joint was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of microvascular corrosion casts in 47 adult rats. Six additional rats were injected with India ink and thick sections of the joint area were examined by light microscopy. The small size of the joint (2.5 mm x 1.5 mm in occlusion), the existence of two slit-like joint compartments, the close proximity of bones and soft tissues in a mobile structure, and the intimate relationships of the joint with adjacent skeletal muscles made the …

Ultrastructural Features Of Apoptosis, Elisabetta Falcieri, Pietro Gobbi, Loris Zamai, Marco Vitale

Scanning Microscopy

Apoptosis is a gene-directed physiological and programmed process of cell deletion aimed at the regulation of tissue and organ development. It affects different cell types and is triggered by a variety of stimuli all inducing closely comparable structural changes. Despite the deeply different morphology and metabolism of the cell models and the various inducers and their initial effects, a convergence seems to take place in a common metabolic pathway that, in most cases, involves the activation of a Ca²⁺ dependent endonuclease. A growing body of data is now available on the molecular events that lead to DNA damage. DNA …

Scanning Electron Microscopy And Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis Studies Of Several Human Calculi Containing Calcium Phosphate Crystals, Tetsuo Kodaka, Kazuhiro Debari, Tsuneyoshi Sano, Masayuki Yamada

Scanning Microscopy

Human calcium phosphate calculi: two sialoliths, a urolith, a rhinolith, and a tonsillolith were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The sialoliths and urolith had appositional shells with thick cortices, respectively, around several nuclei composed of calcospherulites and a rubber-film fragment. The rhinolith had a thin cortex with appositional laminations around a glomerulus-like mass of calcified cotton-like strings. The tonsillolith had a rough cortex with appositional laminations. Its porous interior was composed of numerous calcified conglomerates with microorganisms and calcified masses with fine appositional laminations around the conglomerates. The major crystals were identified as biological …

An X-Ray Microanalytical Study On The Effects Of Ouabain And N-Ethyl Maleimide On The Elemental Concentrations In Malpighian Tubule Cells Of Locusta, Natalia Pivovarova, John H. Anstee, Ken Bowler

Scanning Microscopy

X-ray microanalysis was used to study elemental distribution in Malpighian tubule cells of Locusta migratoria and how these are affected by the replacement of bathing medium K⁺ with Rb⁺ and by inclusion of the transport inhibitors ouabain and n-ethyl maleimide (NEM) in standard (K⁺-containing) and Rb⁺-Ringer (K⁺-free) solutions. Incubation of tubules in standard Ringer containing 1 mM ouabain dramatically affected the intracellular levels of K and Na. The intracellular K concentration fell and Na concentration increased in all regions studied. Despite this, a gradient of increasing K concentration from basal to apical …

Utah Science Vol. 55 No. 2, Summer 1994

Utah Science

No abstract provided.

Collagen Fiber Arrangement In Temporo-Mandibular Joint (Tmj) Disks From Human Subjects With Functional Diseases. Scanning Electron Microscopy Investigations, C. Piacentini, C. Marchetti, G. Bernasconi, P. Menghini, U. Baciliero, C. Brusotti

Scanning Microscopy

Twelve articular disks from patients with temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) arthropathy were studied and compared with two normal disks. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of the surfaces and of longitudinal and cross-sections of the disks allowed the observation of the arrangement of the collagen fiber component in different parts of the disk. The superficial part of the articular disks appears to be formed by rather compact fibers. The internal portion is usually formed by bundles of collagen fibers in sheets, alternating with isolated fibers arranged in a parallel or irregular way.

In some samples, blood vessels were observed. Our investigations suggested …

Different Forms Of Corrosion Casts, Seyedhossein Aharinejad, Peter Böck

Scanning Microscopy

We have previously described artifacts in corrosion casts prepared with Mercox®, diluted with methylmethacrylic acid (MMA). Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of casts and light microscopy (LM) of tissue sections, we found new forms of artifacts in casts prepared with both undiluted and MMA-diluted Mercox®. When undiluted Mercox® was used, most of the casts did not show artifacts. Artifacts were rarely seen and comprised empty casts consisting of a rim, while endothelial cell nuclear imprints and other vascular wall structures were replicated. Other casts sometimes showed vessels with a fine granular surface or some with conglomerates in their internal structure, …