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Large Scale Production Of Spider Silk Protein In E. Coli, Paula F. Oliveira, David Christiansen, Amir Ghazi, Justin Jones, Randolph V. Lewis Mar 2017

Large Scale Production Of Spider Silk Protein In E. Coli, Paula F. Oliveira, David Christiansen, Amir Ghazi, Justin Jones, Randolph V. Lewis

Biology Posters

Spider silks have long been a focus of research due to their remarkable mechanical properties including strength, toughness and elasticity. Moreover, biodegradability and biocompatibility of spider silks make them beneficial to use in biomedical applications. Spiders cannot be farmed because of their territorial and cannibalistic nature. Hence, production of recombinant spider silks is the only feasible solution for large scale production Large scale production is still challenging due to the small recombinant protein size, low yield and low water solubility of bio-synthetic spider silk. The current study reports our progress as well as evolution of effective protocol for large scale …


Restoration Of Young Ovarian Function In Post-Reproductive Female Mice Significantly Improves Quality Of Life And Lifespan, Steve Gawrys, Jeffrey Mason Mar 2017

Restoration Of Young Ovarian Function In Post-Reproductive Female Mice Significantly Improves Quality Of Life And Lifespan, Steve Gawrys, Jeffrey Mason

Biology Posters

These studies were designed to elucidate the role of ovarian senescence in the increased susceptibility for postmenopausal females to become subject to disease when compared to premenopausal females. Current dogma hypothesizes that the inability of the senescent ovaries to produce hormones for the reproductively senescent female is responsible for the increase in disease. Preliminary lab work has shown that depletion of germ cells from the ovaries of a young mouse, then a transplanting the germ cell depleted ovaries to a postreproductive mouse produced improved health shown through increased life span and decreased cardiovascular and orthopedic diseases.


Use Of 5-(Perylen-3-Yl)Ethynyl-Arabino-Uridine (Auy11) To Inactivate Rift Valley Fever Virus And Preserve Neutralization Epitopes, Kolton Williams, Brady Hickerson, Brian B. Gowen Mar 2017

Use Of 5-(Perylen-3-Yl)Ethynyl-Arabino-Uridine (Auy11) To Inactivate Rift Valley Fever Virus And Preserve Neutralization Epitopes, Kolton Williams, Brady Hickerson, Brian B. Gowen

Biology Posters

Rift Valley fever (RFV) is a mosquito-borne disease, endemic to Africa, and known to cause abortion in animals and hemorrhagic fever in humans. All enveloped viruses require the fusion of viral membranes with cellular membranes to enter into and replicate inside the host cell. These viruses have a universal objective: find the cell receptors that match the viral attachment proteins and use those to gain access to the cell membrane. The use of aUY11, a monosaccharide (sugar)-based compound, has previously shown to effectively use a biophysical approach in the inhibition of viral fusion of other enveloped viruses1. In this study, …


Internship At Cache Meadow Veterinary Clinic, Andrea Nelson Mar 2017

Internship At Cache Meadow Veterinary Clinic, Andrea Nelson

Biology Posters

I was able to assist on multiple emergency surgeries, some including: an abdominal exploratory and a caesarean section. These procedures allowed me to learn proper surgical techniques as well as radiography techniques.


Life History Differences Across A Latitudinal Gradient In Side-Blotched Lizards (Uta Stansburiana), G. D. Smith, P. A. Zani, S. S. French Mar 2017

Life History Differences Across A Latitudinal Gradient In Side-Blotched Lizards (Uta Stansburiana), G. D. Smith, P. A. Zani, S. S. French

Biology Posters

Latitudinal variation has long been known to affect life history. Bergmann and Allen made latitudinal “rules” for mammalian anatomy and Lack, Skutch, and Moreau described differences in life history in birds. Trade-offs occur between important life history processes, like self maintenance (immunity) and other expensive but necessary processes. It is likely that trade-offs occur mostly when resources are limited. Side-blotched lizards have a wide geographic range, and more northerly lizards have been observed to have longer lifespans than their southern conspecifics. We hypothesized that northern sideblotched lizards would invest more energy into self-maintenance compared to shorter-lived southern animals.


Got Bugs In Your Kefir?, Julienne Henrie Mar 2017

Got Bugs In Your Kefir?, Julienne Henrie

Biology Posters

What is Kefir ? Kefir is a type of fermented milk that is cultured with Kefir grains. Kefir grains make up the probiotic culture used to produce Kefir. These cauliflower-like grains contain mostly lactobacilli bacteria and yeasts held together by Kefiran, an exopolysaccharide structure. (Korsak et al. 2014). Kefir grains are Mesophilic. Mesophilic starters are cultured at room temperature, which allows the probiotics to remain active when consumed. Properties of mesophilic starters also give Kefir the liquid consistency it is known for. (Sarah, 2016). Kefir originated in the Caucasus Mountains thousands of years ago, the name coming from the Turkish …


Culturing Viruses From Wild Deer In Utah, Brennan Winkler, Justin Moscon, Eric Dewart, Annette Roug, Bart Tarbet Mar 2017

Culturing Viruses From Wild Deer In Utah, Brennan Winkler, Justin Moscon, Eric Dewart, Annette Roug, Bart Tarbet

Biology Posters

In the Spring of 2016, two deer showing clinical signs of neurological illness were reported to the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. The animals were euthanized and post-mortem tissues collected for identification of any disease causing agents. Brain and spleen samples were sent to Dr. Eric Delwart, University of California-San Francisco for metagenomics evaluation. Mobukvirus (described once) and novel picornavirus and bovine parvovirus were tentatively identified. However, cell culture of the viruses is necessary for further characterization and genomic sequencing. If these novel viruses can be cultured, it may be possible to develop serologic tests for additional field investigations in …


The Utah Statesman, March 30, 2017, Utah State University Mar 2017

The Utah Statesman, March 30, 2017, Utah State University

The Utah Statesman

Weekly student newspaper of Utah State University in Logan.


Estimation Of The Trichomonad Concentration In Beef Bull Preputial Samples And Resultant Population Effect Of Pooling On Detection Of Tritrichomonas Foetus Using Qpcr, David J. Wilson, Thomas J. Baldwin, Amanda Wilhelm, Chelsea H. Whitehouse, Jennifer L. Bunnell, Kerry A. Rood, Arnaud Van Wettere Mar 2017

Estimation Of The Trichomonad Concentration In Beef Bull Preputial Samples And Resultant Population Effect Of Pooling On Detection Of Tritrichomonas Foetus Using Qpcr, David J. Wilson, Thomas J. Baldwin, Amanda Wilhelm, Chelsea H. Whitehouse, Jennifer L. Bunnell, Kerry A. Rood, Arnaud Van Wettere

Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

The primary objective was assessment of effect of sample pooling on Tritrichomonas foetus detection using qPCR in beef bulls within 5 logs of trichomonad concentration in spiked preputial samples. The secondary objective was to use qPCR Ct values to estimate the percentage of beef bulls in the field population within each log of trichomonad concentration. Solutions containing none, 1,10,100,1000 and 10,000 trichomonads (T)/ml were made and tested by qPCR. Test sensitivities for single positive samples were: 1 T/ml, 20/40 (50%); 10 T/ml, 40/40 (100%); 100 T/ml, 40/40 (100%); 1000 T/ml, 40/40 (100%); 10,000 T/ml, 40/40 (100%). For 5-sample pools (1 …


Patterns In Greater Sage-Grouse Population Dynamics Correspond With Public Grazing Records At Broad Scales, Adrian P. Monroe, Cameron L. Aldridge, Timothy J. Assal, Kari E. Veblen, David A. Pyke, Michael L. Casazza Mar 2017

Patterns In Greater Sage-Grouse Population Dynamics Correspond With Public Grazing Records At Broad Scales, Adrian P. Monroe, Cameron L. Aldridge, Timothy J. Assal, Kari E. Veblen, David A. Pyke, Michael L. Casazza

Wildland Resources Faculty Publications

Human land use, such as livestock grazing, can have profound yet varied effects on wildlife interacting within common ecosystems, yet our understanding of land-use effects is often generalized from short-term, local studies that may not correspond with trends at broader scales. Here we used public land records to characterize livestock grazing across Wyoming, USA, and we used Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) as a model organism to evaluate responses to livestock management. With annual counts of male Sage-grouse from 743 leks (breeding display sites) during 2004-2014, we modeled population trends in response to grazing level (represented by a relative grazing index) …


The Utah Statesman, March 20, 2017, Utah State University Mar 2017

The Utah Statesman, March 20, 2017, Utah State University

The Utah Statesman

Weekly student newspaper of Utah State University in Logan.


The Utah Statesman, March 16, 2017, Utah State University Mar 2017

The Utah Statesman, March 16, 2017, Utah State University

The Utah Statesman

Weekly student newspaper of Utah State University in Logan.


Fire Disturbance Disrupts An Acacia Ant–Plant Mutualism In Favor Of A Subordinate Ant Species, Ryan L. Sensenig, Duncan K. Kimuyu, Juan C. Ruiz Guajardo, Kari E. Veblen, Corinna Riginos, Truman P. Young Mar 2017

Fire Disturbance Disrupts An Acacia Ant–Plant Mutualism In Favor Of A Subordinate Ant Species, Ryan L. Sensenig, Duncan K. Kimuyu, Juan C. Ruiz Guajardo, Kari E. Veblen, Corinna Riginos, Truman P. Young

Wildland Resources Faculty Publications

Although disturbance theory has been recognized as a useful framework in examining the stability of ant–plant mutualisms, very few studies have examined the effects of fire disturbance on these mutualisms. In myrmecophyte-dominated savannas, fire and herbivory are key drivers that could influence ant–plant mutualisms by causing complete colony mortality and/or decreasing colony size, which potentially could alter dominance hierarchies if subordinate species are more fire resilient. We used a large-scale, replicated fire experiment to examine long-term effects of fire on acacia–ant community composition. To determine if fire shifted ant occupancy from a competitive dominant to a subordinate ant species, we …


Foraging Behavior Of Red-Winged Blackbirds (Agelaius Phoeniceus) On Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus) With Varying Coverage Of Anthraquinone-Based Repellent, Branson A. Kaiser, Mike Ostlie, Page E. Klug Mar 2017

Foraging Behavior Of Red-Winged Blackbirds (Agelaius Phoeniceus) On Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus) With Varying Coverage Of Anthraquinone-Based Repellent, Branson A. Kaiser, Mike Ostlie, Page E. Klug

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Animals attempt to maximize foraging efforts by making strategic foraging decisions. Foraging efforts can be influenced by chemically defended food. Food resources that are chemically defended force foragers to balance the nutritional gain with the toxic costs of foraging on a defended food resource. Chemical defense, in this case sunflower treated with chemical repellent, may be capable of deterring birds from foraging on treated crops. Blackbirds (Icteridae) cause significant damage to sunflower (Helianthus annuus) with damage estimates of $3.5 million annually in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota, the largest sunflower producing state. Chemical repellents may be a cost-effective …


Field Evaluation Of Two External Attachment Location Of Radio Transmitters On Non-Venomous Rat Snakes (Elaphe Obsolete), Daryon Smith, Mckenzie Weisser, Danielle Creamer, Rebecca J. Mclarty, George R. Gallagher Mar 2017

Field Evaluation Of Two External Attachment Location Of Radio Transmitters On Non-Venomous Rat Snakes (Elaphe Obsolete), Daryon Smith, Mckenzie Weisser, Danielle Creamer, Rebecca J. Mclarty, George R. Gallagher

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of external attachment of radio transmitters at one of two locations on mature rat snakes (Elaphe obsolete). Transmitters were attached to mature snakes (n = 10; 136.7cm ± 6.4) on either the ventral surface (n = 5) or dorsal-lateral surface of the rib cage (n = 5), approximately 25cm cranially to the cloaca. Transmitters (18mm × 8mm × 2mm) were attached by one drop of acrylamide gel glue to the adhering side of camouflage duct tape (20cm × 30mm), a single drop of glue on the exposed side of the …


Anatomy Of A Snake Fence Intended To Prevent Escape Of Non-Venomous Rat Snakes (Elaphe Obsolete) From An Enclosure, Mckenzie Weisser, Danielle Creamer, Daryon Smith, George R. Gallagher Mar 2017

Anatomy Of A Snake Fence Intended To Prevent Escape Of Non-Venomous Rat Snakes (Elaphe Obsolete) From An Enclosure, Mckenzie Weisser, Danielle Creamer, Daryon Smith, George R. Gallagher

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

We constructed a fence enclosure with the objective of preventing escape of rat snakes (Elaphe obsolete) as part of a repellent study. A 25cm trench was dug in a 30m × 30m square (0.1ha) in an unimproved pasture. Wood posts (8.9cm × 8.9cm × 2.0m) were secured on corners and at 15m intervals between each corner at an average height of 128.5cm ± 0.5 height with an inward slope of 17.1o ± 0.5. Steel T-posts (2.0m) were erected to a similar height and angle at 4m intervals between wood posts and fitted with plastic insulated caps. Three strands of 17-gauge …


Evaluating Blackbird Behavioral Response Toward Unmanned Aircraft Systems (Uass) : Exploiting Antipredator Behavior To Enhance Avoidance, Conor C. Egan, Lucas Wandrie, Bradley F. Blackwell, Esteban Fernandez-Juricic, Page E. Klug Mar 2017

Evaluating Blackbird Behavioral Response Toward Unmanned Aircraft Systems (Uass) : Exploiting Antipredator Behavior To Enhance Avoidance, Conor C. Egan, Lucas Wandrie, Bradley F. Blackwell, Esteban Fernandez-Juricic, Page E. Klug

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Animals respond to nonlethal forms of human disturbance using behavior strategies adapted to detect, avoid, and evade natural predators. This phenomenon suggests antipredator behavior can be exploited to optimize efficacy of wildlife management tools such as visual deterrents. According to models of antipredator theory, wildlife managers could encourage animals to abandon a resource patch in zones of human-wildlife conflict by enhancing perceived predation risk associated with disturbance stimuli. One human-wildlife conflict of interest is the economic loss and human safety hazards caused by birds. For example, blackbirds (Icteridae) pose a significant risk to the commercial aviation industry through bird strikes …


Management Of Wintering Short-Eared Owls At Airports In The Lower Great Lakes Region, Aaron Bowden, Robert J. Hromack, Christopher H. Loftis, Aaron D. Spencer, Brian E. Washburn Mar 2017

Management Of Wintering Short-Eared Owls At Airports In The Lower Great Lakes Region, Aaron Bowden, Robert J. Hromack, Christopher H. Loftis, Aaron D. Spencer, Brian E. Washburn

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

USDA Wildlife Services airport wildlife biologists have been tasked with reducing the hazards that raptors (including owls) pose to safe aircraft operations at airports and military airfields throughout the USA. A review of available wildlife strike information suggests short-eared owls (Asio flammeus) are frequently struck by aircraft during the winter months at numerous airports within the Lower Great Lakes Region of the United States. Further, this species is listed as ‘endangered’ by state fish and wildlife agencies in many states, although not at the federal level. Consequently, there is particular interest in developing non-lethal management tools for reducing the hazards …


Trail Ride First Aid For Horses, Karl Hoopes Mar 2017

Trail Ride First Aid For Horses, Karl Hoopes

All Current Publications

This fact sheet gives first aid tips for treating horses injured on a trail ride. It discusses hoof injuries, lacerations, fractured legs, colic, muscle cramping, eye injury, and what to include in a basic equine first aid kit.


Soils Of Great Salt Lake Wetlands: Hydric Indicators And Common Features, Christine Rohal, Karin Kettenring, Rebekah Downard, Mark Larese-Casanova Mar 2017

Soils Of Great Salt Lake Wetlands: Hydric Indicators And Common Features, Christine Rohal, Karin Kettenring, Rebekah Downard, Mark Larese-Casanova

All Current Publications

Using information in this booklet, the physical features of a wetland soil can be observed to tell a story about a soil’s history, its characteristics, the wetland in which it is found, and the plant life it supports. Hydric soils have unique characteristics, due to anaerobic conditions, that distinguish them from other soil types. Great Salt Lake wetland soils display many of these hydric characteristics. The many functions that Great Salt Lake wetland soils provide, from transforming nutrients, to filtering toxins and accumulating loose sediments, make them an important resource worth protecting. The diversity of soil types and soil features …


A Field Evaluation Of The Efficacy Of Milorganite As A Repellent For Non-Venomous Rat Snakes (Elaphe Obsolete), George R. Gallagher, Mckenzie Weisser, Daryon Smith, Danielle Creamer Feb 2017

A Field Evaluation Of The Efficacy Of Milorganite As A Repellent For Non-Venomous Rat Snakes (Elaphe Obsolete), George R. Gallagher, Mckenzie Weisser, Daryon Smith, Danielle Creamer

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Milorganite® as a repellent for rat snakes. Milorganite® is the bio solids by-product left from the activated sludge process from the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewer District. During 3, 7-day release periods, 5-6 mature rat snakes were placed within a 0.1ha plastic fence enclosure intended to impede escape. The enclosure contained natural and artificial hides and water. Snakes were fitted with an externally attached radio transmitter with location of each snake determined 3 times per day by radio telemetry and visual confirmation. During the first 2, 7-day period, with no Milorganite® …


Cage Efficacy Study Of Sodium Nitrite Formulations For Rodent Control, Gary Witmer, Rachael Moulton, Celeste Samura Feb 2017

Cage Efficacy Study Of Sodium Nitrite Formulations For Rodent Control, Gary Witmer, Rachael Moulton, Celeste Samura

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Rodents cause extensive damage to human and natural resources around the world. Rodenticides are heavily relied upon to reduce rodent populations and damage. However, some rodenticides are becoming less effective while others are becoming more restricted in their use. Additionally, there are growing concerns about the non-target effects of rodenticides and the humaneness of some rodenticides. In this study, we tested some formulations containing sodium nitrite, a salt that can be toxic in high enough concentrations. One of our previous studies indicated an LD50 of about 246 mg/kg for various rodent species. It was also determined that rodents could eat …


Cage Efficacy Study Of An Experimental Rodenticide Using Wild-Caught House Mice, Gary Witmer, Rachael Moulton, Celeste Samura Feb 2017

Cage Efficacy Study Of An Experimental Rodenticide Using Wild-Caught House Mice, Gary Witmer, Rachael Moulton, Celeste Samura

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The availability and effectiveness of rodenticides in the US and elsewhere has been changing for various reasons. As a result, new rodenticide formulations and active ingredients are being investigated in the US and other countries. We conducted a cage efficacy study of a paste bait containing 4.4% alphachloralose. A commercial product of this nature is manufactured and used in parts of Europe. While the formulation we tested was effective (100%) in a no-choice trial with wild caught house mice, it was not effective in two-choice trials (≤ 35%). We surmise that palatability may be an issue as the mice consumed …


Rapid Sounder Removal: A Russell County, Alabama Wild Pig Control Project, Michael Foster, Rod Pinkston Feb 2017

Rapid Sounder Removal: A Russell County, Alabama Wild Pig Control Project, Michael Foster, Rod Pinkston

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Rapid Sounder Removal™ is a time sensitive strategy where emphasis is placed on efficient removal of every sounder expanding at least 1,012 ha within 30 days of operation. The mission is to quickly and efficiently remove 100% of each individual sounder, on multiple properties, in the shortest time possible. Several Integrated Wild Pig Control strategies can be implemented in unison to eliminate wild pig escapes, education, and reproduction from large tracts of land at one time. This concept should be applied by all adjacent landowners to remove entire feral pig populations from a county, water conservation district, or wildlife management …


The Chamber Music Society Of Logan: Morgenstern Trio, Chamber Music Society Of Logan Feb 2017

The Chamber Music Society Of Logan: Morgenstern Trio, Chamber Music Society Of Logan

All Music Department Programs

Welcome to the 36th Season for the Chamber Music Society of Logan. Each year since 1981 The Chamber Music Society of Logan has brought five-concert series of high-quality chamber music performances to Cache Valley audiences. Also core to our mission is providing a link between the young people of our community and the professional musicians that are featured on our series through master classes, extended artist residencies and mini-concerts in the schools. In addition to ticket sales-which cover about one-third of the season costs-The Chamber Music Society of Logan receives essential support from individual contributions, state and local government, …


Phase 2 Wildlife Management - Addressing Invasive And Overabundant Wildlife: The White-Tailed Deer Continuum And Invasive Wild Pig Example, Kurt Vercauteren, Amy Davis, Kim Pepin Feb 2017

Phase 2 Wildlife Management - Addressing Invasive And Overabundant Wildlife: The White-Tailed Deer Continuum And Invasive Wild Pig Example, Kurt Vercauteren, Amy Davis, Kim Pepin

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Wildlife managers in many countries around the world are facing similar challenges, which include: a lack of means to address invasive species and locally overabundant native species issues particularly in the face of declining fiscal resources, reduced capacity to achieve management goals, and a need to garner public support in the wake of changing societal values and increasing human populations. Meeting these challenges requires building off the profession’s successes and developing new paradigms and strategies to curtail the negative impacts invasive and overabundant species are having on our natural resources. Like our predecessors in conservation succeeded in developing our profession …


Is Razor-Wire An Effective Deterrent For Birds Perching On Security Fences At Airports?, David L. Bergman, Brian E. Washburn Feb 2017

Is Razor-Wire An Effective Deterrent For Birds Perching On Security Fences At Airports?, David L. Bergman, Brian E. Washburn

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Wildlife-aircraft collisions (wildlife strikes) pose a serious risk to aircraft and cost civil aviation in the United States an estimated $957 million annually. Blackbirds and doves in particular have caused some of the most devastating aircraft accidents related to wildlife strikes in the United States and Europe. Birds perching on security fences and other structures are a problem at airports and other locations where birds are not desired. Reduction of available perching sites should make airports less attractive to these species and thus reduce the risk of damaging wildlife strikes. We conducted a series of experiments to determine if 3 …


Pseudorabies Virus Shedding And Antibody Production In Invasive Wild Pigs In California, Samantha M. Wisely, Katherine A. Sayler, Brandon Parker, Rebecca Mihalco, Eric Covington Feb 2017

Pseudorabies Virus Shedding And Antibody Production In Invasive Wild Pigs In California, Samantha M. Wisely, Katherine A. Sayler, Brandon Parker, Rebecca Mihalco, Eric Covington

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Pseudorabies virus (PrV) is a herpesvirus endemic in invasive wild pigs in the United States. The virus has the potential to spill over into domestic herds and wildlife causing extensive morbidity and mortality. We surveyed 35 wild pigs from Kern County, California for evidence of exposure to PrV using serological analysis and for viral shedding using quantitative PCR. All 29 individuals that had sufficient sera to screen for antibody production via serological assay were positive. Two of 35 individuals were found to be shedding virus via genital mucosa. An additional 5 individuals were suspected to be shedding virus either in …


Busy Being Born : Embracing Change In Wildlife Damage Management, Janet L. Bucknall Feb 2017

Busy Being Born : Embracing Change In Wildlife Damage Management, Janet L. Bucknall

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

In 1965, Bob Dylan released a song called “It’s Alright, Ma (I’m Only Bleeding)”, and it contained one of the decade’s most memorable lyrics – “He not busy being born is busy dying” (Dylan 1965). At the same time sobering and hopeful, the lyrics present purposeful rebirth as the salve for what otherwise would do us in. Wildlife damage management as a profession has been busy being born for decades. The work is bound to human values and communities, social and political priorities, scientific advancements, and landscape and wildlife population changes. Our profession cannot help but evolve.


Challenges And Opportunities For The Wildlife Damage Management Profession In The Face Of Expanding Wildlife Populations : An Extension Perspective, Roger A. Baldwin Feb 2017

Challenges And Opportunities For The Wildlife Damage Management Profession In The Face Of Expanding Wildlife Populations : An Extension Perspective, Roger A. Baldwin

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Many wildlife populations are expanding both their range and population densities given effective management practices. This wildlife expansion, combined with concomitant human expansion, has led to increased human-wildlife conflict in many parts of North America. Managing these conflicts has become more difficult given increased regulation on many management tools, leading to a need for new, effective strategies for mitigating these conflict situations, as well as a clearer understanding of how current management practices influence both target and non-target wildlife. A greater and more focused effort on education and outreach is needed to clearly inform all parties about true versus perceived …