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Project Reports 1987-1991, Various Authors

Annual Reports

No abstract provided.

Fluorescence And Light Microscopic Analysis Of Digested Oat Bran, S. H. Yiu, R. Mongeau

Food Structure

The Structural and chemical compositions of digested oat bran were analyzed by fluorescence and other types of light microscopy. The digestion of oat bran was carried out under two conditions - in vitro, by incubation with human saliva, and in vivo, by feeding rats with an oat-bran supplemented diet. Comparison of the digestive breakdown among different structural components of oat bran was conducted by microscopically examining samples obtained from the tents of the large intestine (LIC) of the rats. Results of the examinations revealed that the (1-3) (1-4) - B - D - glucan - rich cell wall of the …

Proceedings From The 24th Annual Marschall Italian Cheese Seminar, Various Authors

Cheese Industry Conference

No abstract provided.

Dolores Archaeological Program: Anasazi Communities At Dolores: Early Small Settlements In The Dolores River Canyon And Western Sagehen Flats Area, U.S. Bureau Of Reclamation

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This volume reports on a series of investigations on the Dolores River Canyon and the western Sagechen Flats area of the Dolores Project. Included in the collection are an overview of the Grass Mesa Locality with a summary of Dolores Archaeological Program systematizing the results of the 1979-1980 Grass Mesa Locality Testing Program, and reports that describe excavations undertaken between 1979-1983. The excavated sites reported include Lemoc Shelter, Prince Hamlet, and Hamlet de la Olla.

An Economic Evaluation Of The Oak Creek Range Management Area, Utah, U.S. Forest Service

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The Oak Creek Range Management Area was established in 1978 under the Intermountain Region's Range Validation program to provide information about the overall cost effectiveness of range improvement practices within Pinyon-Juniper ecosystems.

Pesticide Use And Toxicology In Relation To Wildlife: Organophosphorus And Carbamate , Compounds, Gregory J. Smith, U.S. Department Of The Interior, Fish And Wildlife Service

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The use of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides has increased markedly during the past two decades. Currently, more than 100 different organophosphorus and carbamate chemicals are registered as the active ingredients in thousands of different pesticide products in the United States. More than 160 million acre-treatments of these pesticides are estimated to be applied to agricultural crops and forests each year. Clearly, these two groups of chemicals constitute a major portion of all pesticides used today. Organophosphorus and carbamate compounds have histories dating back long before their use as pesticides. Carbamates were developed during investigation of "ordeal" poisons used in Africa …

Integrated Pest Management On Rangeland: State Of The Art In The Sagebrush Ecosystem, Jerome A. Onsager, Usda, Agricultural Research Service

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

Several sagebrush communities represent optimum levels of negative development plant productivity for certain peculiar sites, and therefore should be managed for their preservation. Other sagebrush communities may be profitably modified to favor forage species that are more palatable to domestic livestock. Modification techniques can range from subtle (i.e., grazing strategies) to tracematic (i.e., brush removal and revegetation), and an associated spectrum of management tactics are described. Interrelationships between and problems associated with management of forage resources, management of weeds, and management of insects (including grasshoppers, black grass bugs, and beneficial insects) are discussed. Economical analyses, the role of modeling as …

A Prototype For Quality: Bryce Canyon National Park Interpretive Prospectus, 1987, United States Department Of The Interior, National Park Service

Parks and Reserves

To ensure maximum coordination of message delivery, personal service efforts should be orchestrated as a result of annual (winter season) planning sessions involving TW Services, Bryce/Zion Trail Rides, and park personnel. Such planning should coordinate general summer season schedules, brainstorm new program ideas and service proposals, and establish procedures for monitoring and evaluation. This is also an opportunity to identify high priority messages regarding resources, events, new services, and park management pertinent in the coming season; in this manner, emphases for seasonal training are established.

Finding The Appropriate Forage Value For Analyzing The Feasibility Of Public Range Improvements, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Range Management Plans (UT)

To complete economic analysis of range improvements completed on the Oak Creek Management area of central Utah, we needed an estimate of the value of forage. A review of the literature revealed several methods of estimating forage values. These methods yielded eight estimates of public rangeland forage ranging from $1.23 to $30 per animal unit month (AUM). Six of the estimates were based on actual market transactions or current administered prices and were the most reflective of actual economic processes. The best estimates of value were those for leasing similar rangeland in the immediate area.

Final Environmental Impact Statement: Proposed Resource Management Plan For The Washakie Resource Area, Wyoming, U.S. Bureau Of Land Management

Final Environmental Impact Statements (WY)

The focus of this Final EIS is on the Proposed Plan. This document presents a complet comprehensive Proposed Plan for the Washakie Resource Area in Chapter 2. Because portions of the Draft RMPEIS have not bee reprinted, this document should be used together with the Draft RMP/EIS for a full description of all alternatives considered and their potential environmental impacts.

Textural Properties And Structure Of Starch-Reinforced Surimi Gels As Affected By Heat-Setting, J. M. Kim, C. M. Lee, L. A. Hufnagel

Food Structure

The gel forming behavior of red hake (Urophycis chuss) surimi with and without starch and its relationship to the structure of the gel matrix were studied. For surimi gels without starch, a combination of preheat- setting at 40 C and cooking at 90 C resulted in significantly greater gel strength than cooking alone. However, preheat - setting of gels containing wheat or potato starch had no significant effect on gel strength demonstrating an opposite trend in gel strength due to the differences in swelling power, water holding ability and gelatinization temperature between potato and wheat starches. This difference in gel …

Effects Of Drying Techniques On Milk Powders Quality And Microstructure: A Review, Marijana Caric, Miloslav Kalab

Food Structure

The quality of milk powders is markedly affected by the composition and properties of the milk, the manufacturing procedures, thermal processing during manufacture and, in particular, the drying technique itself. A variety of physico-chemical analytical methods, including scanning electron microscopy, has been used to obtain information on the effects of the various factors on the microstructure of the milk powders. Roller-drying, which has recently lost its commercial importance, produces a sheet of dried milk that is powdered in a hammer mill. The resulting powder consists of compact particles with sharp edges. Powders obtained by spray-drying are in the form of …

Microbial Cell Division And Separation: Effect Of Citrate On The Growth Of Group N Streptococci, S. Ito, T. Kobayashi, K. Ozaki, T. Morichi, M. Saitoh

Food Structure

In the presence of citrate, some strains of lactic streptococci grow as long chains of innumerable cells. The results with citrate-negative and citrate-resistant variants suggest that citrate is involved in the cell separation system of the streptococci. Observations of the long chains under scanning and transmission electron microscopes suggest that citrate inhibits a certain step near the final cell separation, or that citrate can stimulate initiation of cell division at multiple sites, thereby leading to the cells in long chains.

Influence Of Rufuging Consumers (Pikas: Ochotona Princeps) On Subalpine Meadow Vegetation, Nancy J. Huntly

Biology Faculty Publications

Talus slopes in western North America frequently are bordered by vegetation that differs in biomass, cover, height, and species composition from vegetation located farther from talus. These areas are grazed by pikas (Ochotona princess, which nest in that talus. Foraging theory predicts that pikas will produce a gradient of grazing pressure, which could produce the observed vegetational zonation. In a subalpine meadow in west-central Colorado, pikas produced the predicted gradient of grazing pressure, along which plant groups varied clinally in abundance. The effects of pikas on talus-border vegetation were tested by excluding pikas from small plots at several distances from …

Importance Of Predation By Adult Trout On Mortality Rates Of Fingerling Rainbow Trout Stocked In East Canyon Reservoir, Utah, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh

Watershed Sciences Faculty Publications

Personnel from Utah State University, working in cooperation with the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources and the Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, are attempting to determine various sources of mortality of fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) stocked into mid-elevation reservoirs in the State. Returns of planted fish are often much below desired levels. Angler surveys indicate that in East Canyon Reservoir, fishermen harvest only about 30% of the fingerling trout stocked, and this is a much higher return than in many other waters.

Microhabitat Selection And Diel Movements Of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) Introduced Into Mid-Elevation Reservoirs In Utah, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh, Roger Tabor

Watershed Sciences Faculty Publications

The distribution and movement patterns of fingerling rainbow trout stocked into reservoirs in Utah were investigated with · SCUBA observations and by vertical gill netting. For several weeks after stocking, fingerling trout (ca. 80 mm standard length) were strongly oriented to the shore, and selected habitats providing cover. During the underwater observations, no fish were seen below depths of 2 meters. Two weeks after stocking, the fingerlings were most abundant under docks near where they were planted, indicating that dispersal was relatively slow. Jacob's electivity indices for natural substrates in water 0-1.5 meter deep were in sand, gravel, cobble, boulders …

Characteristics Of Successful Competitors: An Evaluation Of Potential Growth Rate In Two Cold Desert Tussock Grasses, Eissenstat D. M., Caldwell M. M.

Aspen Bibliography

Within the first few weeks after seedling emergence, Agropyron desertorum, a more competitive tussock grass, had a much higher mean relative growth rate (RGR) than Agropyron spicatum, a very similar, but less competitive species. However, beyond the early seedling stage, the two grasses had a remarkably similar whole-plant RGR in hydroponic culture and aboveground RGR in glasshouse soil, if root temperatures were above approximately 12° C. At soil temperatures between 5 and 12° C, A. desertorum exhibited a 66% greater aboveground RGR than A. spicatum (P < 0.05). Both species responded similarly to warming soil temperatures. In the field, however, tiller growth rates were generally similar. Neither species showed marked tiller elongation until a couple of weeks after snowmelt, by which time soil temperatures, at least to a depth of 10 cm, were above 12° C for a significant portion of the day. Above-ground biomass accumulation over a three-year period indicated that both grasses had similar potential growth rates whereas Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, a common neighbor planted in the same plots, had a much greater potential growth rate. The greater competitive ability of adult A. desertorum, as compared to A. spicatum, cannot be attributed to appreciable differences in potential growth rates.

Human Health Effects Assays, Ronald C. Sims, J. L. Sims, R. R. Dupont

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

Health risk assessment of individual environmental chemicals, risks of drinking water supplies, methods for evaluating toxicity, and structure-activity relationships and response-surface methodology represent the focus for 1986. A report of the Steering Committee on Identification of Toxic and Potentially Toxic Chemicals for Consideration by the National Toxicology Pro gram found that, for the majority of substances they examined, data essential for human health hazard assessment were lacking.¹ Milestone publications concerning human health effects aspects include works by Mortelmans et al,² Busch et al,³ Hartman et al,⁴ Rein,⁵ Gentile,⁶ Hodgson,⁷ and Tagashira and Omura. …

Light And Electron Microscopic Localization Of Glycoconjugates With Gold-Labeled Reagents, J. Roth

Scanning Microscopy

This paper gives an overview of the use of lectins, glycoproteins, monoclonal anticarbohydrate antibodies, toxins, and glycosyltransferases for the detection and localization of cellular glycoconjugates in sections from embedded tissues by light and electron microscopy. In all these techniques particles of colloidal gold were used as a marker. For light microscopic studies routine conditions of embedding such as paraffin or Epon embedding could be employed. For electron microscopic studies the low temperature embedding technique using Lowicryl K4M was found to be the method of choice for the localization of sugar residues in intracellular compartments, the extracellular matrix and the plasma …

The Scanning Electron Microscopy/Replica Technique And Recent Applications To The Study Of Fossil Bone, Timothy G. Bromage

Scanning Microscopy

The SEM/replica technique employs high resolution replica materials in order to reflect microstructural details of specimens, such as fossil bones, which cannot be observed directly. The described technique is simple, provides excellent resolution, is maximally adaptable to field and laboratory settings, and is applicable to large and topographically complex bone surfaces. The advent of the technique has made it largely possible to address certain issues in anthropology and paleontology. These contributions have principally been concerned with taphonomy as the study of the bone damage process, and bone biology as it relates to bone growth remodeling processes characterizing the facial growth …

Analysis Of Primate Dental Microwear Using Image Processing Techniques, Richard F. Kay

Scanning Microscopy

This paper introduces Fourier transformation as a rapid, replicable means for characterizing and distinguishing patterns of microscopic wear on primate teeth. The two-dimensional power spectra obtained from numerical Fourier transformation are shown to be different between two test patterns, one of which is composed of linear features and the other of randomly-spaced dots. A comparison is made, using Fourier transformation, of dental microwear patterns of small samples of two primate species, Ateles geoffroyi, the spider monkey, and Chiropotes satanas, the bearded saki. Ateles, with a scratch-dominated pattern of microwear, has a Fourier transform resembling that of the …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Dentin Caries. Experimental In Vitro Studies With Streptococcus Mutans, Patrick A. Adriaens, Geert W. Claeys, Jan A. De Boever

Scanning Microscopy

This study was performed to gain better insight into the mechanisms involved in carious destruction of human dentin by Streptococcus mutans. In particular, bacterial colonization of dentin surfaces and bacterial invasion in dentin were studied.

Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), strain NCTC 10449, was grown on sterile dentin blocks in a 10% CO₂ atmosphere at 37°C. After 72, 120, 144 and 288 h of incubation the specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopic examination. The colonization of the dentinal surface progressed slowly and was nearly complete after 288 h. Invasion of S. mutans into the dentinal tubules …

A Preliminary Study Of The Role Of Gastrointestinal Endocrine Cells In The Maintenance Of Villous Structure Following X-Irradiation, M. G. Wyatt, S. P. Hume, K. E. Carr, J. C. L. Marigold

Scanning Microscopy

The mechanism of gastrointestinal villous damage following ionizing irradiation is complex. Various compartments within the gastrointestinal tract have in turn been considered important for the maintenance of normal villous structure. To date, however, evidence for a single overriding regulator of epithelial well-being is lacking.

In this study, the role of the gastrointestinal (enteroendocrine) cells is explored and comparison made between endocrine cell number and villous structure.

Experiments were organised using hath control and irradiated groups of mice. Two time points (1 and 3 days) and three radiation doses (6, 10 and 18Gy) were employed. A simple method for endocrine cell …

Colloidal Gold - A Powerful Tool In Scanning Electron Microscope Immunocytochemistry: An Overview Of Bioapplications, G. M. Hodges, J. Southgate, E. C. Toulson

Scanning Microscopy

Colloidal gold may be conjugated to a wide variety of macromolecules, provides a versatile system for immunocytochemical studies by various types of microscopy (light and fluorescent microscopy, scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy), and is significantly contributing to the development of SEM immunocytochemistry as a routine analytical procedure.

A comprehensive overview has been compiled of the literature on SEM bioapplications of colloidal gold. This is illustrated through a selected series of studies focussing on a) cell surface receptor-ligand interactions; b) expression of cell surface lectin-binding sites; c) surface distribution of extracellular matrix components; and d) visualization of gold-labelled cytoskeletal …

The Contribution Of Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis (Epxma) To Pollution Studies, A. J. Morgan, C. Winters

Scanning Microscopy

This paper surveys the literature on the use of EPXMA in conjunction with (heavy metal) pollution studies.

Metal-accumulating compartments are usually granules or vacuoles of 6 main types (i) extracellular, soluble and fairly pure calcium carbonate granules; (ii) insoluble, calcium and phosphorus-rich granules, of ten containing several metal contaminants; (iii) multifunctional, calcium and phosphorus granules containing a high proportion of rather complex organic molecules; (iv) copper-(and sulphur) rich granules; (v) iron-(and phosphorus) rich granules; (vi) Cd, Zn, Cu and Hg -containing vacuoles, where the metals are presumably complexed with cysteine-rich metallothionein proteins, or their derivatives. With a few exceptions, types …

Replica-Immunogold Technique Applied To Studies On Measles Virus Morphogenesis, W. Bohn, K. Mannweiler, H. Hohenberg, G. Rutter

Scanning Microscopy

The replica technique was applied to studies on the dynamic process of measles virus budding on infected HeLa cells. Virus structures were identified by labeling with anti-measles antibodies and protein A-gold. The combination of these two methods enabled us (1) to characterize the sequence of virus budding at the plasma membrane, (2) to localize virus structures on cytoskeletons of infected cells, and (3) to study the influence of Ca²⁺ ions on virus structures at the plasma membrane. Studies on platinum carbon surface replicas suggest that the process of virus budding is similar to the genesis of cellular microvilli. Replicas …

Nature And Properties Of Cardiovascular Deposits, B. B. Tomazic, E. S. Etz, W. E. Brown

Scanning Microscopy

Mineral deposits from human aortas and bioprosthetic devices implanted in experimental animals show close similarities in chemical composition, solubility and structural characteristics. Chemical analyses show compositions corresponding to a Na, Mg, CO₃ substituted apatitic calcium phosphate. Synergistic XRO, FT-IR and Raman Mi crop robe spectroscopic data provided coherent indication of Type-B CO₃^2- incorporation. Microscopic and electron microprobe microanalyses, however, indicate substantial morphological and spatial heterogeneity in the deposits.

Solubility and kinetic dissolution data of the mineral fraction of deposits can be compared with the corresponding data of octacalcium phosphate (OCP). This may indicate that OCP is a …

Interaction Between X-Irradiated Plateau-Phase Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Lines And Co-Cultivated Factor-Dependent Cell Lines Leading To Leukemogenesis In Vitro, E. Naparstek, P. Ankleasria, T. J. Fitzgerald, M. A. Sakakeeny, J. S. Greenberger

Scanning Microscopy

Plateau-phase mouse clonal bone marrow stromal cell lines D2XRII and C3H c1 II produce decreasing levels of M-CSF (CSF-I), a specific macrophage progenitor cell humoral regulator, following x-irradiation in vitro. The decrease did not go below 40% of control levels, even after irradiation doses of 50,000 rad (500 Gy). In contrast, a distinct humoral regulator stimulating growth of GM-CSF/IL-3 factor-dependent (FD) hematopoietic progenitor cell lines was detected following radiation to doses above 2,000 rad. This humoral factor was not detectable in conditioned medium from irradiated cells, weakly detected using factor-dependent target cell populations in agar overlay, and was prominently detected …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Microcorrosion Casts: Applications In Ophthalmologic Research, Peter C. Burger, David B. Chandler, Andrzeji W. Fryczkowski, Gordon K. Klintworth

Scanning Microscopy

In light of the complicated nature of the ocular vasculature, it has been difficult to define the normal ocular anatomy by reference to two-dimensional tissue sections. Since it provides three-dimensional replicas, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts has therefore been an invaluable addition to the study of ocular vasculature. This technique also often permits identification of a normal vessel's arterial, venous, or capillary nature by its surface features. In addition, this technique is finding increased use in defining anatomical features of human vascular disease and is especially well suited for the study of experimental neovascularization as it relates …

Labeling Of Sweet Taste Binding Sites Using A Colloidal Gold-Labeled Sweet Protein, Thaumatin, Albert I. Farbman, Carolyn K. Ogden-Ogle, Göran Hellekant, Scott R. Simmons, Ralph M. Albrecht, H. Van Der Wel

Scanning Microscopy

Thaumatin, an intensely sweet tasting protein, was bound to colloidal gold and applied to the taste bud-bearing foliate papillae of Rhesus monkeys. Examination of thin sections of taste pores showed that gold particles were bound to merocrine secretions of Type I taste bud cells, to some cell remnants of lysed cells, and, most importantly, to small, membrane bounded blebs of cytoplasm. These blebs are thought to be shed into the pore from the tips of taste bud cell microvilli, particularly those arising from Type II cells. The binding of gold particles to microvillus tips and to the blebs suggest that …