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Articles 1441 - 1470 of 9976
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
No More Loosies: A Mixed-Methods Study On The Implementation And Enforcement Of The Loose Cigarette And Bidi Sale Ban In India, Mayank Sakhuja
No More Loosies: A Mixed-Methods Study On The Implementation And Enforcement Of The Loose Cigarette And Bidi Sale Ban In India, Mayank Sakhuja
Theses and Dissertations
Background: Sale of loose cigarettes and bidis (loosies) is widely accepted as a key factor in promoting the tobacco epidemic in India. This mixed-methods study aimed to broaden understanding around the sale and purchase of loosies addressed three aims: 1) To determine the prevalence and correlates of loosies purchase in India; 2) To examine the association between purchase behavior and health warning labels (HWLs) exposure and responses, and 3) To conduct a stakeholder analysis regarding the ban on the sale of loosies in India. Methods: Data from the 2018-19 Tobacco Control Policy (TCP) India survey (643 current cigarette users and …
Simulation-Based Optimization Of A Dc Microgrid: With Machine-Learning-Based Models And Hybrid Meta-Heuristic Algorithms, Tyler Van Deese
Simulation-Based Optimization Of A Dc Microgrid: With Machine-Learning-Based Models And Hybrid Meta-Heuristic Algorithms, Tyler Van Deese
Theses and Dissertations
The field of economic dispatch (ED) focuses on optimizing power flow in a power system to minimize costs. It has the potential to significantly enhance system effectiveness, and efficiency, and reduce operating costs. Various techniques have been employed to tackle this problem, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. One promising approach is simulation-based optimization (SBO), which allows for accurate modeling of system interactions and improved representation of expected results. However, SBO requires running numerous simulations to identify an optimal solution, and there is a possibility of not achieving the global optimum. This work aims to address these challenges using …
Design Of A Test Frame And Its Corresponding Test Methods For A Deployable Composite Boom, William Luther Montgomery
Design Of A Test Frame And Its Corresponding Test Methods For A Deployable Composite Boom, William Luther Montgomery
Theses and Dissertations
Deployable composite booms (DCB) are an advanced class of support beams growing in applications including solar collectors and solar sails. DCBs can be coiled or folded into a compact footprint and the ability to be deployed, and in some design, concepts redeployed, making them optimal components for aerospace where weight and volume are finite resources. DCBs are a cutting-edge technology that has yet to be perfected with a need for longer booms with increased stiffnesses to accommodate the latest proposed designs. Atomic-6 has proposed a 16-foot boom manufactured using an autoclave process which aims to reach the goal of producing …
Blue Phase Liquid Crystals Within Curved Confinements, Sepideh Norouzi
Blue Phase Liquid Crystals Within Curved Confinements, Sepideh Norouzi
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation provided detailed information on molecular orientation, phase behavior, and morphology of high chirality and blue phase liquid crystals under curved geometrical confinement. In fact, at a sufficiently high level of chirality (pitch length<500nm), the anisotropic molecules of liquid crystals arranged into three dimensional (3D) cuboidal symmetries which is so-called blue phase liquid crystal (BP). BP cubic structures are consisted of doubly twisted anisotropic molecules in the form of cylinders and an amorphous network of defect lines; wherein, their different orientations result in BPI with body-centered cubic symmetry and BPII with simple cubic symmetry. The unique molecular orientations in BPs exhibit tunable photonic band-edge properties, and their short coherence length allows for sub-millisecond response times, making them highly attractive for photonic and sensing applications. However, their narrow thermal stability range and challenges associated with their monocrystal formation make their largescale proliferation infeasible. To enhance our understanding of BPs and address the challenges associated with integrating them into micron-scale and flexible devices and applications, we investigated their properties within micron-scale curved cavities. The use of curved geometry enabled us to explore the interplay between curvature, topological confinement, surface anchoring conditions, and polymer stabilization on the molecular organization, morphologies, and phase behavior of BPs.In this research to investigate the properties in curved micron-scale geometry, a custom microfluidic device was fabricated to produce droplets and core-shell structures, which allowed us to precisely control the degree of curvature and shell thickness. My results demonstrated that the stabilizing BPs within droplets extend the thermal stability range and lead to size-dependent phase behavior. These stabilized droplets exhibited dynamic characteristics to external variations, wherein they can reconstruct their initial crystal structure afterward. The polymerization mechanism within curved geometries enables a dynamic thermal and mechanical response. The partial phase separation at the interface contributes to their dynamic attributes while stabilizing BP structure at room temperature. Additionally, in the case of core-shell structures, the combination of shell thickness, curvature, and surface boundary conditions manipulated the molecular organization of both chiral nematic and BPs, resulting in intricate molecular arrangements. In shells, our findings demonstrate that both higher degrees of curvature and strong spatial confinement destabilize BPI causing it to transition into structures and optical characteristics reminiscent of BPII. We also have found that in BPs confined within curved boundaries skyrmion lattices nucleate at greater thicknesses than those observed for a flat geometry. Furthermore, the microfluidic setup enabled us to investigate the properties of BPs in meta-states or the effects of flow-induced reorientation on their transient structural responses. The underlying principles behind these molecular organizations were explored through a combination of experimental observations and theoretical simulations in bulk conditions.
Building Leadership Capacity To Support International Educators: A Professional Learning Series, Amanda Hajji Minnillo
Building Leadership Capacity To Support International Educators: A Professional Learning Series, Amanda Hajji Minnillo
Theses and Dissertations
Due to teacher shortages, school districts across the country are hiring international educators to fill their staffing needs. This is particularly the case for world language and dual language immersion programs that seek to hire multilingual individuals. Educators who come from different countries need differentiated support in their acculturation process to the American education system. Rarely does training for instructional coaches or educational leaders provide the cross-cultural knowledge and content-specific training needed to support international educators. The purpose of this mixed-methods action research study is to understand international educators’ experiences coming to teaching in an American school district and leverage …
Critical Literacy And Student Engagement: Disrupting The Canon In The Secondary English Classroom, Katherine Burdick Ramp
Critical Literacy And Student Engagement: Disrupting The Canon In The Secondary English Classroom, Katherine Burdick Ramp
Theses and Dissertations
Canonical literature is typically featured on the required texts list of secondary English classes while culturally relevant literature is frequently eschewed. Students struggle to understand and connect with the canonical literature as there are limited cultural connections that are relevant to their lives. As a result of this lack of culturally relevant literature in modern English curriculums, there has been a decrease in student engagement. The purpose of this study was to determine whether students’ engagement and their academic performance increased through the inclusion of these culturally relevant texts. Two research questions guided this study: (1) What effect does the …
Adverse Childhood Experiences And Social Determinants Of Health In Relation To Cigarette Smoking And E-Cigarette Use Among Adults, Kankana Sengupta
Adverse Childhood Experiences And Social Determinants Of Health In Relation To Cigarette Smoking And E-Cigarette Use Among Adults, Kankana Sengupta
Theses and Dissertations
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and premature mortality in the U.S. and other high-income nations. E-cigarette use or vaping is an addictive behavior. During the past 5 years, the prevalence of e-cigarette use has increased markedly in U.S. adolescents and young adults. The public health implications of this increased prevalence are unclear. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with cigarette smoking in adulthood. However, the pathway from experiencing ACEs in childhood to smoking cigarettes or using e-cigarettes in adulthood is not clearly understood. Additional factors experienced between childhood and adulthood might either increase or decrease the …
Transforming Lessons And Those Who Write Them: Professional Development For Educational Content Writers To Integrate Technology Into Lessons Using The Tpack Framework, Rachael Patricia Santopietro
Transforming Lessons And Those Who Write Them: Professional Development For Educational Content Writers To Integrate Technology Into Lessons Using The Tpack Framework, Rachael Patricia Santopietro
Theses and Dissertations
Efforts to improve technology integration for K–12 teaching and learning focus on professional development for teachers. This research study, however, implemented a professional development course in technology integration for educational content writers at a publisher in the Southeastern United States. This research is strategic because most writers surveyed do not integrate technology to align with pedagogy and content, because developing 21st century learning is important, and because educational resources should meet national standards for integrating technology. This action research involved designing and implementing a professional development course that instructed content writers (n = 6) in technology integration using the TPACK …
My Journey Toward A Culturally Relevant Music Pedagogy, Adam Michael Steele
My Journey Toward A Culturally Relevant Music Pedagogy, Adam Michael Steele
Theses and Dissertations
In this study I utilized critical autoethnography to examine my role as a White, male implementing Culturally Relevant Pedagogy (CRP) in an early childhood music classrooms. Five research questions were posed: (a) In what ways does White supremacy appear in an elementary music school curriculum? (b) What curricular transformations occur when I, as a White teacher, seek to make my curriculum more relevant to students of Color? (c) What dispositional transformations occur when I, as a White teacher, seek to make my music curriculum more relevant to students of Color? (d) What happens when students of Color engage in a …
Beyond The Acronym Of Stem: Experiential Learning Professional Development For Integrative Stem Education, Christine Mitchell
Beyond The Acronym Of Stem: Experiential Learning Professional Development For Integrative Stem Education, Christine Mitchell
Theses and Dissertations
STEM education and integrative STEM education are increasingly popular in the K-12 domain. However, there is not a consensus on their definitions, nor a sufficient amount of instructional support to help teachers that are unfamiliar with these learning approaches. This study examined how an intentionally designed experiential professional development model impacted the application of integrative STEM practices and teachers’ perceptions of this student-centered approach. A qualitative approach allowed for an integration of various perspectives over multiple cycles of professional development, reflection, and application. Data was collected from a focus group discussion, pre- and post- classroom observations, teacher reflection journals, and …
Impact Of The Engineering Design Process On Rural Female Students’ Achievement And Self-Efficacy, Whitney Lowery Oberndorf
Impact Of The Engineering Design Process On Rural Female Students’ Achievement And Self-Efficacy, Whitney Lowery Oberndorf
Theses and Dissertations
Nearly one-fifth of U.S. children attend rural schools; however, these students have fewer opportunities for high-quality STEM learning. Rural students are also less likely to attend college and less likely to enroll in STEM majors than their urban and suburban peers. In conjunction with these factors, female students are also less likely to pursue STEM degrees and work in STEM fields. Broadening access and exposure to these areas, as well as improving female perceptions about STEM fields, is critical to closing the gap. This mixed-methods action research study was an effort to increase female achievement and self-efficacy in science and …
The Impact Of Incorporating Self-Myofascial Release Into Voice Lessons: A Six-Week Study, Benjamin Patrick Stogner
The Impact Of Incorporating Self-Myofascial Release Into Voice Lessons: A Six-Week Study, Benjamin Patrick Stogner
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study is to investigate the integration of Self Myofascial Release (SMR) techniques within voice lessons over six weeks; aiming to alleviate muscular tension, enhance vocal performance, and improve singers' overall well-being. The study employed a qualitative pre-test/post-test design. The data collected indicates that while SMR offers significant benefits, it is impractical to incorporate a comprehensive routine into applied lessons. However, using SMR techniques in vocal warm-up routines, and encouraging the student to use SMR techniques on their own, yielded promising results. Consistent SMR application led to improved posture, jaw mobility, and overall well-being, with older participants …
Critical Literacy And Self Efficacy Among Secondary Students Repeatedly Engaged In Literacy Intervention, Haley Rowles
Critical Literacy And Self Efficacy Among Secondary Students Repeatedly Engaged In Literacy Intervention, Haley Rowles
Theses and Dissertations
This mixed-methods study investigated how critical literacy questioning impacted the self-efficacy of secondary students who had been repeatedly engaged in literacy intervention because of failed standardized assessments as well as the teacher experience in using critical literacy questioning. The study was conducted over four and a half weeks in a secondary literacy intervention classroom. Data was collected using surveys, observations, and interviews, which were analyzed through inductive coding. The results of the study indicate that critical literacy questioning, on average, increased student self-efficacy under certain conditions. It also illustrated that the use of critical literacy questioning, which sometimes leads to …
Robust Underwater State Estimation And Mapping, Bharat Joshi
Robust Underwater State Estimation And Mapping, Bharat Joshi
Theses and Dissertations
The ocean covers two-thirds of Earth, which is relatively unexplored compared to the landmass. Mapping underwater structures is essential for both archaeological and conservation purposes. This dissertation focuses on employing a robot team to map underwater structures using vision-based simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). The overarching goal of this research is to create a team of autonomous robots to map large underwater structures in a coordinated fashion. This requires maintaining an accurate robust pose estimate of oneself and knowing the relative pose of the other robots in the team. However, the GPS-denied and communication-constrained underwater environment, along with low visibility, …
Impact Of Training And Experience On Hearing Loss Health Literacy In Speech-Language Pathologists, Ellen Claire Cooper
Impact Of Training And Experience On Hearing Loss Health Literacy In Speech-Language Pathologists, Ellen Claire Cooper
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to explore general health literacy, hearing loss health literacy, and confidence levels among SLPs with different levels of academic training and on-the-job experience related to hearing loss and to understand how SLPs felt their training and experience contributed to their hearing loss health literacy development. Across two aims, we evaluated predictors of SLPs’ hearing loss health literacy and SLP beliefs of how hearing loss health literacy is gained. The results from this study indicated that SLPs had high levels of general health literacy and but marginal to low levels of hearing loss health literacy. …
Adapting Deep Learning Techniques For Geologic Investigations Of Hydrothermal Venting At Seafloor Spreading Ridges Using Auv Surveys, Isaac Keohane
Adapting Deep Learning Techniques For Geologic Investigations Of Hydrothermal Venting At Seafloor Spreading Ridges Using Auv Surveys, Isaac Keohane
Theses and Dissertations
Locating hydrothermal chimney sites unlocks research into their correlations with geology, lithospheric cooling, and deep-sea biogeography at seafloor spreading ridges. High-resolution bathymetry and sidescan sonar collected by Automated Underwater Vehicles allows for chimneys, only a few meters wide and tall, and fissures, only a few meters wide, to be resolved across large areas (>100 km2). We developed a Chimney Identification Tool (CIT) that utilizes a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), a Machine-Learning model able to classify based on shapes and textures, to identify chimneys in 1m-gridded bathymetry. We then utilized the CIT to identify many potential off-axis chimney structures at …
The Integration Of Simulation-Enhanced Interprofessional Education Into Undergraduate Clinical Laboratory Science Curriculum, Dana Powell Baker
The Integration Of Simulation-Enhanced Interprofessional Education Into Undergraduate Clinical Laboratory Science Curriculum, Dana Powell Baker
Theses and Dissertations
This action research study aimed to integrate simulation-enhanced interprofessional education (Sim-IPE) into the undergraduate clinical laboratory science (CLS) program curriculum. The undergraduate CLS curriculum was comprised of didactic coursework and hands-on learning experiences in the student laboratory. This traditional CLS curriculum model was uniprofessional in its design and educated students in silos rather than on interprofessional teams with other health professions students. Lack of collaboration on healthcare teams has led to increased medical errors and decreased patient safety in clinical settings. Recent studies have indicated that effective communication and teamwork among healthcare professionals has led to improved patient outcomes and …
Social Network Attributes Associated With Conversations About Smoking And Cessation And Differences By Socioeconomic Status, Victoria Catherine Lambert
Social Network Attributes Associated With Conversations About Smoking And Cessation And Differences By Socioeconomic Status, Victoria Catherine Lambert
Theses and Dissertations
Conversations about smoking and cessation in response to cessation messages appear to encourage quit attempts, yet there is some evidence that smokers with lower income and education have these conversations less often than their counterparts with higher income and education. No research has investigated the social network characteristics that encourage smokers to have these conversations or the mechanisms for SES differences in these conversations. Because social factors play a role in SES disparities in smoking and cessation as well as other health behaviors and outcomes, social network characteristics likely explain some SES differences in conversations about smoking and cessation. The …
Racial Orientations: A Phenomenological Approach, Nicholas Mazur
Racial Orientations: A Phenomenological Approach, Nicholas Mazur
Theses and Dissertations
Given the orienting complexities of how race is developed, experienced, performed, and understood, the author argues that a phenomenological approach to uncovering what makes a racial orientation might provide a better understanding of the role of consciousness, the body, and history in race relations. Incorporating knowledges of critical race theory (CRT) and critical whiteness studies (CWS), the author aims to pivot sociological discussions about race into the phenomenological field where racial orientations can be understood from another dimension. Specifically, the author offers as an additional theoretical framework in the form of a phenomenological methodology for pedagogies addressing race and issues …
Sustained Attention And Object Manipulation In Autism Spectrum Disorder, Alexis Federico
Sustained Attention And Object Manipulation In Autism Spectrum Disorder, Alexis Federico
Theses and Dissertations
Infants interact with their environment from the moment they are born. These interactions can assist in shaping a child’s development, including the skills they gain. Object manipulation has been specifically associated with numerous important outcomes in childhood, such as cognitive skills, motor skills, and language skills. This study aims to characterize object manipulation behaviors at 9 months of age between infants who are at an elevated genetic likelihood for ASD and infants who have no family history of ASD. This study also investigates associations between object manipulation behaviors and a biological measure of attention in both participant groups. While differences …
Meditations On Modern America: The Ambiguous Worldview Of Transcendental Meditation, 1967-1979, Grant William Wong
Meditations On Modern America: The Ambiguous Worldview Of Transcendental Meditation, 1967-1979, Grant William Wong
Theses and Dissertations
Transcendental Meditation [TM], a form of silent mantra meditation pioneered by the Indian holy man Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in 1957, took the United States by storm as over two million Americans learned its meditative technique between 1968 and 1978. At once a spiritual movement and a lifestyle, TM was a countercultural movement that went mainstream. I argue that TM was appealing because of its ambiguity and consequent malleability, as its teachings and practice came to reflect the aspirations and anxieties of its followers. By tracing their varying interpretations of the practice across periodicals, movement literature, memoirs, and contemporary scholarship, I …
Deep Learning For Studying Materials Stability And Solving Thermodynamically Consistent Pdes With Dynamic Boundary Conditions In Arbitrary Domains, Chunyan Li
Theses and Dissertations
Deep learning has achieved remarkable success in various fields, including image processing, natural language processing, and signal processing, ushering in a transformative era in research and real-life applications. This rise underscores the transformative capabilities of deep learning, with its innovative approach to function approximation. Traditionally, approximation theory relied on additive constructions, but deep neural networks have introduced a compositional approach, reshaping the landscape of function approximation. This thesis explores the efficacy of this compositional construction within the realm of material science and the solution of thermodynamically consistent partial differential equations with thermodynamically consistent dynamic boundary conditions in arbitrary domains. As …
How Do The Students Feel? Long-Term English Learners And Their Experience Under The Esl Label, Molly M. Staeheli
How Do The Students Feel? Long-Term English Learners And Their Experience Under The Esl Label, Molly M. Staeheli
Theses and Dissertations
Far too many English learners in my district enter elementary school as non-native speakers, gradually developing skills only to plateau at early intermediate levels as determined by the annual proficiency exam. As these students become long-term English learners (LTELs) in junior high, the pattern of failing and retaking the test wears on them, likely exacerbated by the district-mandated curriculum for English language development (ELD) classes. Unit topics such as money matters and U.S. national monuments at advanced levels fail to tap into students’ lived experiences. I responded to this problem of practice through mixed-methods action research, beginning with a quantitative …
Where The Constitution Is Silent: Indigenous Rights Jurisprudence In The United States, Anthony Wayne Hobert Jr.
Where The Constitution Is Silent: Indigenous Rights Jurisprudence In The United States, Anthony Wayne Hobert Jr.
Theses and Dissertations
My dissertation examines the citation of a pair of contradictory Supreme Court decisions penned by Chief Justice John Marshall—Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) and Worcester v. Georgia (1832)—to answer questions in three distinct realms. First, it answers whether and to what degree the Doctrine of Discovery, as presented by Marshall in Johnson, is fundamentally Lockean. Second, it answers the question of whether the Court acts as a majoritarian institution with regards to its indigenous jurisprudence. Third, it answers questions regarding strategic behavior in the American judicial hierarchy, focusing on the precedents’ citation in lower federal courts, state supreme courts, and tribal …
Understanding Podcast Advertising Processing And Outcomes: An Analysis Of Podcast Ad Types, Message Types, And Media Context On Consumer Responses, Colin Piacentine
Understanding Podcast Advertising Processing And Outcomes: An Analysis Of Podcast Ad Types, Message Types, And Media Context On Consumer Responses, Colin Piacentine
Theses and Dissertations
Podcasting is a rapidly growing medium that is increasingly substantially in terms of both audiences and advertising revenue. This study examines the concepts of native advertising, persuasion knowledge, narrative transportation, and media context congruity as they pertain to this emerging media format. Specifically, it examines the effects of ad type (host-read/announcer-read), message type (informative/narrative), and genre (news/true crime), as well as the interactions between them, on consumer responses. Consumer responses are categorized into those relating to the podcast and those relating to the advertisement. A 2 x 2 x 2 full factorial between-subjects online experiment is conducted comparing eight podcast …
Instructional Hub: Bridging The Gap In Teacher Preparation For Online Instruction, Charity Beth Simmons
Instructional Hub: Bridging The Gap In Teacher Preparation For Online Instruction, Charity Beth Simmons
Theses and Dissertations
In the spring of 2020, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) reached pandemic status in the United States, leading to extended educational disruption and posing significant obstacles for teachers who were unprepared to teach in a virtual environment. Educators adjusted curricular materials, delivery, and assessment methods to accommodate and engage students while maintaining academic objectives and minimizing stress. Few teachers in District 8705, South Carolina, had experience with distance instruction; thus, they had little to no adaptive knowledge on which to depend. The purpose of this dissertation was to find a solution that could significantly enhance teacher preparation for virtual teaching through …
The Use Of Project-Based Learning To Scaffold Student Social And Emotional Learning Skill Development, Science Identity, And Science Self-Efficacy, Michelle Sutton Spigner
The Use Of Project-Based Learning To Scaffold Student Social And Emotional Learning Skill Development, Science Identity, And Science Self-Efficacy, Michelle Sutton Spigner
Theses and Dissertations
Project-based learning (PBL) offers an ideal approach for cultivating a robust STEM workforce, empowering students to actively construct their knowledge. This process has the potential to enhance science identity and self-efficacy. Furthermore, because PBL is inherently collaborative, it fosters the development of 21st-century skills, many of which align with social and emotional learning (SEL). While past studies have explored the relationship between PBL, SEL, science identity, and self-efficacy, there is a research gap in examining all three variables collectively within a high school context. Thus, this mixed-methods action research study aimed to determine if the implementation of a PBL unit, …
Progressive Neurochemical, Neuroinflammatory And Cognitive Deficits In An Experimental Model Of Gulf War Illness, Hannah Elizabeth Burzynski
Progressive Neurochemical, Neuroinflammatory And Cognitive Deficits In An Experimental Model Of Gulf War Illness, Hannah Elizabeth Burzynski
Theses and Dissertations
Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a multi-symptom illness that presents with cognitive disturbances and immune dysregulation and continues to affect over 25% of Gulf War veterans. While soldiers were exposed to several hazards in the Gulf, the prophylactic use of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, pyridostigmine bromide (PB) and war-related stress have been identified as chief factors in GWI pathology. As both PB and stress alter acetylcholine (ACh), a critical mediator of cognition and inflammation, the focus of my dissertation work was investigating the lasting effects of PB and stress on peripheral and central cholinergic signaling. Specifically, I assessed hippocampal-dependent learning and …
Decentering The White Gaze: The Effects Of Involving African-American Students In Curricular Decision-Making In An Independent School Library, Michelle Efird Rosen
Decentering The White Gaze: The Effects Of Involving African-American Students In Curricular Decision-Making In An Independent School Library, Michelle Efird Rosen
Theses and Dissertations
Many Black students at independent schools across the nation spend most of their educational lives with few classmates or teachers who look like them. This isolation is exacerbated by a curriculum that historically has taught to a White standard of excellence. Long the bastion of wealthy, White families, independent schools have generally failed to make headway in their efforts to recruit Black families to their campuses. This has left Black students with the burden of finding their own methods of adapting to a predominantly White school environment. This study sought to determine how involving four African-American fourth-grade students in a …
Contemporary Vocal Pedagogy In The Choral Ensemble Rehearsal: A Guide For Secondary Educators, Luke Lee Browder
Contemporary Vocal Pedagogy In The Choral Ensemble Rehearsal: A Guide For Secondary Educators, Luke Lee Browder
Theses and Dissertations
The field of contemporary commercial vocal pedagogy is relatively new, with serious academic study primarily taking place over the last twenty-five years. In that time, however, a growing body of research has shown that the function of the vocal mechanism operates in essentially the same manner across classical and contemporary commercial music (CCM) genres, but the application of vocal function is what differentiates classical and CCM singing. Since secondary music educators often represent the only vocal training their students will ever receive, it is helpful for them to know the differences in vocal techniques and how to effectively train singers …