Digital Commons Network^™

Metabolic Suppression During Protracted Exposure To Hypoxia In The Jumbo Squid, Dosidicus Gigas, Living In An Oxygen Minimum Zone, Brad A. Seibel, N. Sören Häfker, Katja Trübenbach, Jing Zhang, Shannon N. Tessier, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Rui Rossa, Kenneth B. Storey

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

The jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas, can survive extended forays into the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Previous studies have demonstrated reduced oxygen consumption and a limited anaerobic contribution to ATP production, suggesting the capacity for substantial metabolic suppression during hypoxic exposure. Here, we provide a more complete description of energy metabolism and explore the expression of proteins indicative of transcriptional and translational arrest that may contribute to metabolic suppression. We demonstrate a suppression of total ATP demand under hypoxic conditions (1% oxygen, P_O2=0.8 kPa) in both juveniles (52%) and adults (35%) of …

Vaxcelerate Ii: Rapid Development Of A Self-Assembling Vaccine For Lassa Fever, Pierre Leblanc, Leonard Moise, Cybelle Luza, Kanawat Chantaralawan, Lynchy Lezeau, Jianping Yuan, Mary Field, Daniel Richer, Christine Boyle, William D. Martin, Jordan B. Fishman, Eric A. Berg, David Baker, Brandon Zeigler, Dale E. Mais, William Taylor, Russell Coleman, H. Shaw Warren, Jeffrey A. Gelfand, Anne S. De Groot, Timothy Brauns, Mark C. Poznansky

Institute for Immunology and Informatics Faculty Publications

Development of effective vaccines against emerging infectious diseases (EID) can take as much or more than a decade to progress from pathogen isolation/identification to clinical approval. As a result, conventional approaches fail to produce field-ready vaccines before the EID has spread extensively. Lassa is a prototypical emerging infectious disease endemic to West Africa for which no successful vaccine is available. We established the VaxCelerate Consortium to address the need for more rapid vaccine development by creating a platform capable of generating and pre-clinically testing a new vaccine against specific pathogen targets in less than 120 d. A self-assembling vaccine is …

Purification Of A Serine Protease And Evidence For A Protein C Activator From The Saliva Of The Tick, Ixodes Scapularis, Sivakamasundari Pichu, José M.C. Ribeiro, Thomas N. Mather, Ivo M.B. Francischetti

Plant Sciences and Entomology Faculty Publications

The saliva of ticks is critical to their survival as parasites and hematophagous animals. In this study, we have purified an enzyme with trypsin-like activity from the saliva of the tick vector of Lyme Disease, Ixodes scapularis. This enzyme, named as IXOSP (I. scapularis salivary serine protease), is a 29.9 kDa molecule with N-terminus FPxMVxLRIKxR. A BLAST search identified IXOSP as a secreted serine protease (AAY66740) with a conserved catalytic triad His, Asp, and Ser. In vitro studies demonstrated that IXOSP cleaves chromogenic substrates with arginine in the P₁ position, by a mechanism inhibited by PMSF or …

Escherichia Coli Pathotypes Occupy Distinct Niches In The Mouse Intestine, Jessica P. Meador, Matthew E. Caldwell, Paul S. Cohen, Tyrrell Conway

Cell and Molecular Biology Faculty Publications

Since the first step of the infection process is colonization of the host, it is important to understand how Escherichia coli pathogens successfully colonize the intestine. We previously showed that enterohemorrhagic O157:H7 strain E. coli EDL933 colonizes a niche in the streptomycin-treated mouse intestine that is distinct from that of human commensal strains, which explains how E. coli EDL933 overcomes colonization resistance imparted by some, but not all, commensal E. coli strains. Here we sought to determine if other E. coli pathogens use a similar strategy. We found that uropathogenic E. coli CFT073 and enteropathogenic E. coli E2348/69 occupy intestinal …

Disciplinary Evolution And The Rise Of The Transdiscipline, Eli B. Cohen, Scott J. Lloyd

College of Business Faculty Publications

This paper challenges readers to reflect on academic disciplines in a new way, through the lens of the theory of evolution. Indeed, how disciplines came into being has been largely left unexplored. This paper shows how the concepts of evolution can be productively applied to describe the development, creation, and diminishment of disciplines. These concepts include natural selection, speciation, parallel evolution, extinction, and heterosis, among others. The paper concludes that these forces lead to a prediction that a new form of organization, the transdiscipline, is evolving to become perhaps predominant.

Uri Theatre 2014 Newsletter, Uri Theatre Department

Theatre Department Publications

The 2014-2015 season newsletter for the URI Theatre Department focuses on upcoming auditions for department productions and course information.

Primate Energy Expenditure And Life History, Herman Pontzer, David A. Raichlen, Adam D. Gordon, Kara K. Schroepfer-Walker, Brian Hare, Matthew C. O'Neill, Kathleen M. Muldoon, Holly M. Dunsworth, Brian M. Wood, Karin Isler, Judith Burkart, Mitchell Irwin, Robert W. Shumaker, Elizabeth V. Lonsdorf, Stephen R. Ross

Sociology and Anthropology Faculty Publications

Humans and other primates are distinct among placental mammals in having exceptionally slow rates of growth, reproduction, and aging. Primates’ slow life history schedules are generally thought to reflect an evolved strategy of allocating energy away from growth and reproduction and toward somatic investment, particularly to the development and maintenance of large brains. Here we examine an alternative explanation: that primates’ slow life histories reflect low total energy expenditure (TEE) (kilocalories per day) relative to other placental mammals. We compared doubly labeled water measurements of TEE among 17 primate species with similar measures for other placental mammals. We found that …

Remnants Of An Ancient Forest Provide Ecological Context For Early Miocene Fossil Apes, Lauren A. Michel, Daniel J. Peppe, James A. Lutz, Steven G. Driese, Holly M. Dunsworth, William E. H. Harcourt-Smith, William H. Horner, Thomas Lehmann, Sheila Nightingale, Kieran P. Mcnulty

Sociology and Anthropology Faculty Publications

The lineage of apes and humans (Hominoidea) evolved and radiated across Afro-Arabia in the early Neogene during a time of global climatic changes and ongoing tectonic processes that formed the East African Rift. These changes probably created highly variable environments and introduced selective pressures influencing the diversification of early apes. However, interpreting the connection between environmental dynamics and adaptive evolution is hampered by difficulties in locating taxa within specific ecological contexts: time-averaged or reworked deposits may not faithfully represent individual palaeohabitats. Here we present multiproxy evidence from Early Miocene deposits on Rusinga Island, Kenya, which directly ties the early ape …

Are Exotic Herbivores Better Competitors? A Meta-Analysis, Laura Radville, Liahna Gonda-King, Sara Gomez, Ian Kaplan, Evan L. Preisser

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Competition plays an important role in structuring the community dynamics of phytophagous insects. As the number and impact of biological invasions increase, it has become increasingly important to determine whether competitive differences exist between native and exotic insects. We conducted a meta-analysis to test the hypothesis that native/exotic status affects the outcome of herbivore competition. Specifically, we used data from 160 published studies to assess plant-mediated competition in phytophagous insects. For each pair of competing herbivores, we determined the native range and coevolutionary history of each herbivore and host plant. Plant-mediated competition occurred frequently, but neither native nor exotic insects …

Tree Responses To An Invasive Sap-Feeding Insect, Liahna Gonda-King, Sara Gomez, Jessica L. Martin, Colin M. Orians, Evan L. Preisser

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Although sap-feeding insects are known to negatively affect plant growth and physiology, less is known about sap-feeding insects on woody plants. Adelges tsugae (Annand Hemiptera: Adelgidae), the hemlock woolly adelgid, is an invasive sap-feeding insect in eastern North America that feeds on and kills Tsuga canadensis (L. Carrière), eastern hemlock. Newly hatched adelgid nymphs crawl to young unattacked tissue, settle and immediately enter diapause (aestivation) while attached to hemlock in summer. We assessed the effect of A. tsugae infestation on T. canadensis growth and physiology by analyzing hemlock growth on lateral and terminal branches, water potential, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and …

Using Non-Dietary Gastropods In Coastal Shell Middens To Infer Kelp And Seagrass Harvesting And Paleoenvironmental Conditions, Amira F. Ainis, René Vellanoweth, Queeny G. Lapeña, Carol S. Thornber

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Archaeologists analyzing shell middens typically focus on larger (>2 cm) mollusks to examine subsistence practices, impacts on littoral habitats, and paleoenvironmental conditions as well as a host of other natural and cultural phenomena. Small (<2 cm), non-dietary gastropods in archaeological shell middens also provide important clues regarding human resource procurement in littoral areas and coastal paleoenvironments. We present data from two sites on the California Channel Islands to demonstrate the range of information that can be gained by analyzing small gastropod shells. Identifications revealed the remains of over 4500 non-dietary small gastropods from 75 taxa. Human harvesting of marine macrophytes is suggested by the presence of 18 species that are predominantly associated with seaweeds and seagrasses. Quantification measures revealed high diversity and equitability indices, oscillating taxonomic richness, and decreasing densities through time at both sites. Likelihood ratio tests revealed differences in assemblage composition between Early Holocene and later components at one site, and demonstrated similarities in the relative composition of non-dietary shell assemblages between both sites during the Middle Holocene. Incorporating detailed studies of less conspicuous “incidental” shellfish remains in archaeological midden studies has the potential to contribute to our understanding of past human land use practices and littoral paleoecology. Our findings are applicable to archaeologists working in coastal settings around the world, as well as marine ecologists interested in intertidal paleo-habitats and kelp forest ecosystems.

Intraspecific Variation In Vertical Habitat Use By Tiger Sharks (Galeocerdo Cuvier) In The Western North Atlantic, Jeremy J. Vaudo, Bradley M. Wetherbee, Guy Harvey, Richard S. Nemeth, Choy Aming, Neil Burnie, Lucy A. Howey-Jordan, Mahmood S. Shivji

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) are a wide ranging, potentially keystone predator species that display a variety of horizontal movement patterns, making use of coastal and pelagic waters. Far less, however, is known about their vertical movements and use of the water column. We used pop‐up satellite archival tags with two data sampling rates (high rate and standard rate tags) to investigate the vertical habitat use and diving behavior of tiger sharks tagged on the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands platform and off Bermuda between 2008 and 2009. Useable data were received from nine of 14 sharks tagged, tracked over a …

University Manual 2013-2014, Uri Faculty Senate

University Manual Archive

No abstract provided.

Lactate Dehydrogenase Like Crystallin: A Potentially Protective Shield For Indian Spiny-Tailed Lizard (Uromastyx Hardwickii) Lens Against Environmental Stress?, Ambreen Atta, Amber Ilyas, Zehra Hashim, Aftab Ahmed, Shamshad Zarina

Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

Taxon specific lens crystallins in vertebrates are either similar or identical with various metabolic enzymes. These bifunctional crystallins serve as structural protein in lens along with their catalytic role. In the present study, we have partially purified and characterized lens crystallin from Indian spiny-tailed lizard (Uromastyx hardwickii). We have found lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in lens indicating presence of an enzyme crystallin with dual functions. Taxon specific lens crystallins are product of gene sharing or gene duplication phenomenon where a pre-existing enzyme is recruited as lens crystallin in addition to structural role. In lens, same gene adopts refractive role in …

Urinformed Summer 2014, Urinformed

URInformed: The URI Employees' Newsletter

No abstract provided.

Lrh1 As A Driving Factor In Pancreatic Cancer Growth, Qiushi Lin, Arihiro Aihara, Waihong Chung, Yu Li, Zheping Huang, Xuesong Chen, Shaofan Weng, Rolf I. Carlson, Jack R. Wands, Xiaoqun Dong

Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

Liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH1), directs the development and differentiation of embryonic pancreas, and is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer (PC). We hypothesized that LRH1 promotes PC growth. Cell proliferation and tumorigenicity in nude mice were compared between empty vector-transfected (control) and stable LRH1-overexpressed PC cell lines. The subsequent tumor burden, vasculature development, and histologic features were evaluated. LRH1 overexpression enhanced the expression of downstream target genes (cyclin D1/E1) and stimulated cell proliferation in PC cell lines. LRH1 upregulated cyclin E1 truncated T1/T2 isoforms expression which may occur through ERα–calpain1 signaling. Compared with the control, LRH1 overexpressing stable cells generated tumors …

Differential Fmo3 Gene Expression In Various Liver Injury Models Involving Hepatic Oxidative Stress In Mice, Swetha Rudraiah, Jamie E. Moscovitz, Ajay C. Donepudi, Sarah N. Campion, Angela L. Slitt, Lauren M. Aleksunes, José E. Manautou

Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

Flavin-containing monooxygenase-3 (FMO3) catalyzes metabolic reactions similar to cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, however, most metabolites of FMO3 are considered non-toxic. Recent findings in our laboratory demonstrated Fmo3 gene induction following toxic acetaminophen (APAP) treatment in mice. The goal of this study was to evaluate Fmo3 gene expression in other diverse mouse models of hepatic oxidative stress and injury. Fmo3 gene regulation by Nrf2 was also investigated using Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2 KO) mice. In our studies, male C57BL/6J mice were treated with toxic doses of hepatotoxicants or underwent bile duct ligation (BDL, 10 days). Hepatotoxicants included APAP (400 mg/kg, 24–72 h), alpha-naphthyl …

Infantile Postnatal Exposure To Lead (Pb) Enhances Tau Expression In The Cerebral Cortex Of Aged Mice: Relevance To Ad, Syed Waseem Bihaqi, Azadeh Bahmani, Abdu Adem, Nasser H. Zawia

Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

The sporadic nature in over 90% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases, the differential susceptibility and course of illness, and latent onset of the disease suggest involvement of an environmental component in the etiology of late onset AD (LOAD). Recent reports from our lab have demonstrated that molecular alterations favor abundant tau phosphorylation and immunoreactivity in the frontal cortex of aged primates with infantile lead (Pb) exposure (Bihaqi and Zawia, 2013). Here we report that developmental Pb exposure results in elevation of protein and mRNA levels of tau in aged mice. Western blot analysis revealed aberrant site-specific tau hyperphosphorylation accompanied by …

Urinformed Winter 2014, Urinformed

URInformed: The URI Employees' Newsletter

No abstract provided.

Urinformed Fall 2014, Urinformed

URInformed: The URI Employees' Newsletter

No abstract provided.

Comparative Development And Evolution Of Two Lateral Line Phenotypes In Lake Malawi Cichlids, Jacqueline F. Webb, Nathan C. Bird, Lauren Carter, Juleen Dickson

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

A comparison of the pattern and timing of development of cranial lateral line canals and canal neuromasts in three species of Lake Malawi cichlids, Labeotropheus fuelleborni and Metriaclima zebra (narrow lateral line canals), and Aulonocara baenschi (widened lateral line canals) was used to test the hypothesis that the evolution of widened canals (thought to be an adaptive phenotype in the lateral line system) from narrow canals is the result of heterochrony. Using histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy, this study has provided the first detailed and quantitative description of the development of widened lateral line canals in a teleost, and …

Predation-Associated Modulation Of Movement-Based Signals By A Bahamian Lizard, David S. Steinberg, Jonathan B. Losos, Thomas W. Schoener, David A. Spiller, Jason J. Kolbe, Manuel Leal

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Signaling individuals must effectively capture and hold the attention of intended conspecific receivers while limiting eavesdropping by potential predators. A possible mechanism for achieving this balance is for individuals to modulate the physical properties of their signals or to alter the proportion of time spent signaling, depending upon local levels of predation pressure. We test the hypothesis that prey can alter their visual signaling behavior to decrease conspicuousness and potentially limit predation risk via modulation of signal properties or display rate. To do so, we conducted a manipulative experiment in nature to evaluate the possible effect of predation pressure on …

Feminist Praxis, Critical Theory And Informal Hierarchies, Eva Giraud

Journal of Feminist Scholarship

This article draws on my experiences teaching across two undergraduate media modules in a UK research-intensive institution to explore tactics for combatting both institutional and informal hierarchies within university teaching contexts. Building on Sara Motta’s (2012) exploration of implementing critical pedagogic principles at postgraduate level in an elite university context, I discuss additional tactics for combatting these hierarchies in undergraduate settings, which were developed by transferring insights derived from informal workshops led by the University of Nottingham’s Feminism and Teaching network into the classroom. This discussion is framed in relation to the concepts of “cyborg pedagogies” and “political semiotics of …

Untangling Intra- And Interspecific Effects On Body Size Clines Reveals Divergent Processes Structuring Convergent Patterns In Anolis Lizards, Martha M. Muñoz, Johanna E. Wegener, Adam C. Algar

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Bergmann’s rule—the tendency for body size to increase in colder environments—remains controversial today, despite 150 years of research. Considerable debate has revolved around whether the rule applies within or among species. However, this debate has generally not considered that clade-level relationships are caused by both intra- and interspecific effects. In this article, we implement a novel approach that allows for the separation of intra- and interspecific components of trait-environment relationships. We apply this approach to body size clines in two Caribbean clades of Anolis lizards and discover that their similar body size gradients are constructed in very different ways. We …

Is It Time To Rethink Cord Management When Resuscitation Is Needed?, Judith S. Mercer, Debra A. Erickson-Owens

College of Nursing Faculty Publications

A newborn who receives a placental transfusion at birth, either from cord milking or delayed cord clamping, obtains about 30% more blood volume than the newborn whose cord is cut immediately. Receiving an adequate blood volume from placental transfusion at birth may be protective for the distressed neonate as it prevents hypovolemia and can support optimal perfusion to all organs. New research shows that ventilating before clamping the umbilical cord can reduce large swings in cardiovascular function and help to stabilize the newborn. Hypovolemia, often associated with nuchal cord or shoulder dystocia, may lead to an inflammatory cascade and subsequent …

Infantile Exposure To Lead And Late-Age Cognitive Decline: Relevance To Ad, Syed Waseem Bihaqi, Azadeh Bahmani, Gehad M. Subaiea, Nasser H. Zawia

Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

Background: Early-life lead (Pb) exposure induces overexpression of the amyloid beta precursor protein and its amyloid beta product in older rats and primates. We exposed rodents to Pb during different life span periods and examined cognitive function in old age and its impact on biomarkers associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods: Morris, Y, and the elevated plus mazes were used. Western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to study the levels of AD biomarkers.

Results: Cognitive impairment was observed in mice exposed as infants but not as adults. Overexpression of AD-related genes (amyloid beta …

Swimming In A Sea Of Shame: Incorporating Emotions Into Explanations Of Institutional Reproduction And Change, W. E. Douglas Creed, Bryant Ahsley Hudson, Gerardo A. Okhuysen, Kristin Smith-Crowe

College of Business Faculty Publications

We theorize the role in institutional processes of what we call the shame nexus, a set of shame-related constructs: felt shame, systemic shame, sense of shame, and episodic shaming. As a discrete emotion, felt shame signals to a person that a social bond is at risk and catalyzes a fundamental motivation to preserve valued bonds. We conceptualize systemic shame as a form of disciplinary power, animated by persons’ sense of shame, a mechanism of ongoing intersubjective surveillance and self-regulation. We theorize how the duo of the sense of shame and systemic shame drives the self-regulation that underpins persons’ conformity to …

Online Reading Comprehension: Challenges And Opportunities, Julie Coiro

College of Education Faculty Publications

This paper details a number of challenges and opportunities for today’s learners when reading for information on the Internet. After defining online reading comprehension from a new literacies perspective and how it appears to be different than offline reading comprehension, I highlight details about four of the biggest challenges for today’s learners. These include 1) understanding and becoming proficient with the new literacy skills and practices needed for online research; 2) developing a special kind of digital wisdom that focuses on learning how to learn with the Internet; 3) taking on new roles in a digital culture that expects learners …

Understanding The Pharmacological Properties Of A Metabolic Pet Tracer In Prostate Cancer, Nerissa Therese Viola-Villegas, Sean D. Carlin, Ellen Ackerstaff, Kuntal K. Sevak, Vadim Divilov, Inna Serganova, Natalia Kruchevsky, Michael Anderson, Ronald G. Blasberg, Oleg A. Andreev, Donald M. Engelman, Jason A. Koutcher, Yana K. Reshetnyak, Jason S. Lewis

Physics Faculty Publications

Generally, solid tumors (>400 mm³) are inherently acidic, with more aggressive growth producing greater acidity. If the acidity could be targeted as a biomarker, it would provide a means to gauge the pace of tumor growth and degree of invasiveness, as well as providing a basis for predicting responses to pH-dependent chemotherapies. We have developed a ⁶⁴Cu pH (low) insertion peptide (pHLIP) for targeting, imaging, and quantifying acidic tumors by PET, and our findings reveal utility in assessing prostate tumors. The new pHLIP version limits indiscriminate healthy tissue binding, and we demonstrate its targeting of extracellular …

Targeting Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Acidic Microenvironment, Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate, Christina L. Roland, Defeng Deng, Thiruvengadam Arumugam, Anna Moshnikova, Oleg A. Andreev, Yana K. Reshetnyak, Craig D. Logsdon

Physics Faculty Publications

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the USA, accounting for ~40,000 deaths annually. The dismal prognosis for PDAC is largely due to its late diagnosis. Currently, the most sensitive diagnosis of PDAC requires invasive procedures, such as endoscopic ultrasonography, which has inherent risks and accuracy that is highly operator dependent. Here we took advantage of a general characteristic of solid tumors, the acidic microenvironment that is generated as a by-product of metabolism, to develop a novel approach of using pH (Low) Insertion Peptides (pHLIPs) for imaging of PDAC. We show that fluorescently labeled …