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The Experience And Perception Of Concurrent Versus Retrospective Chocolate Cravings, Harriet Taylor Dec 2009

The Experience And Perception Of Concurrent Versus Retrospective Chocolate Cravings, Harriet Taylor

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Seventy undergraduate students participated in a self-report study to investigate the perception of concurrent versus retrospective chocolate-related cravings. This study was interested in exploring whether retrospective cravings were reported as more intense than concurrent cravings due to cognitive distortions over time. Results showed that retrospective chocolate cravings were reported as significantly stronger and more urgent (p< .001), and were characterised by more vivid gustatory imagery (p< .025), than concurrent cravings. All other aspects of chocolate craving were reported similarly across groups. This indicates that retrospective measures of chocolate cravings may provide inaccurate representations of the craving experience. This difference may potentially be found with other types of cravings, and for that reason, where possible, concurrent measures of craving should be given priority.

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Involving Students In Researching Learning And Teaching Approaches: An Additional Focus For Undergraduate Student Publications?, Sue Berkill Dec 2009

Involving Students In Researching Learning And Teaching Approaches: An Additional Focus For Undergraduate Student Publications?, Sue Berkill

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Sue Burkill, Head of Education Enhancement, University of Exeter

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Quantification Of Abnormal Repetitive Behaviour In Captive European Starlings (Sturnus Vulgaris), Bo Brilot, L Asher, G Feenders, M Bateson Nov 2009

Quantification Of Abnormal Repetitive Behaviour In Captive European Starlings (Sturnus Vulgaris), Bo Brilot, L Asher, G Feenders, M Bateson

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Stereotypies are repetitive, unvarying and goalless behaviour patterns that are often considered indicative of poor welfare in captive animals. Quantifying stereotypies can be difficult, particularly during the early stages of their development when behaviour is still flexible. We compared two methods for objectively quantifying the development of route-tracing stereotypies in caged starlings. We used Markov chains and T-pattern analysis (implemented by the software package, Theme) to identify patterns in the sequence of locations a bird occupied within its cage. Pattern metrics produced by both methods correlated with the frequency of established measures of stereotypic behaviour and abnormal behaviour patterns counted …

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Negotiating Responsibility: Ideas Of Protecting And Disciplining The Child In London Schools 1908 And 1918, Imogen Lee Nov 2009

Negotiating Responsibility: Ideas Of Protecting And Disciplining The Child In London Schools 1908 And 1918, Imogen Lee

SOLON Law, Crime and History (previously SOLON Crimes and Misdemeanours: Deviance and the Law in Historical Perspective)

This article aims to contextualise notions of state care and responsibility as set out by the London County Council in their suggested amendments to the 1908 Children’s Bill. It discusses the relationships and environments which surrounded London schools, children and parents and how these may have influenced national debate. The research focuses on three schools in Woolwich, a peripheral London borough that ranged from an industrial heartland to a middle-class suburb. I argue that particularly amongst working class families and those with children deemed ‘defected,’ teachers had to negotiate where a parent’s authority and care for a child stopped and …

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Youth And Crime: Centennial Reflections On The Children Act 1908, Kate Bradley Nov 2009

Youth And Crime: Centennial Reflections On The Children Act 1908, Kate Bradley

SOLON Law, Crime and History (previously SOLON Crimes and Misdemeanours: Deviance and the Law in Historical Perspective)

No abstract provided.

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More Ignorant And Stupid Than Wilfully Cruel: Homicide Trials And 'Baby-Farming' In England And Wales In The Wake Of The Children Act 1908, Daniel Grey Nov 2009

More Ignorant And Stupid Than Wilfully Cruel: Homicide Trials And 'Baby-Farming' In England And Wales In The Wake Of The Children Act 1908, Daniel Grey

SOLON Law, Crime and History (previously SOLON Crimes and Misdemeanours: Deviance and the Law in Historical Perspective)

This article examines the impact of the Children Act 1908 on longstanding concerns that foster or informally 'adoptive' parents were uniquely likely to murder the children in their care. Making particular reference to the last two high-profile cases of 'baby-farmers' tried for homicide on the Welsh and English Assize circuits (in 1907 and 1919, respectively) it argues that the infant life protection provisions in the 1908 Act had a dramatic and immediate impact on such prosecutions, removing the automatic presumption of malice in cases where fostered or adopted children died in suspicious circumstances.

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"A Grave Question": The Children Act And Public House Regulation, C. 1908-1939, Stella Moss Nov 2009

"A Grave Question": The Children Act And Public House Regulation, C. 1908-1939, Stella Moss

SOLON Law, Crime and History (previously SOLON Crimes and Misdemeanours: Deviance and the Law in Historical Perspective)

This article considers the impact of the Children Act 1908 on the regulation of public houses in the period c.1908-39. The Act banned minors under 14 years old from public bars in the attempt to protect them from what were seen by reformers as the inimical influences of licensed premises. The article examines the impact of the Act, illuminating efforts to ensure its strict upkeep during the Great War. Also explored are the tensions surrounding the Act, and in particular its failure to address problems such as the continued presence of children in the vicinity of licensed premises, typically by …

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Inside The Inner London Juvenile Court, C. 1909-1953, Kate Bradley Nov 2009

Inside The Inner London Juvenile Court, C. 1909-1953, Kate Bradley

SOLON Law, Crime and History (previously SOLON Crimes and Misdemeanours: Deviance and the Law in Historical Perspective)

This article considers the workings of an individual juvenile court – the branch of the Inner London Juvenile Court, which sat at Old Street from 1910 and Toynbee Hall from 1929. It examines the spatial environment of the juvenile court before using data sampled from the court registers between 1910 and 1950 to analyse the progress of children and young people through the court and the strategies used by the magistrates to deal with them. Finally, it looks at the social work backgrounds and connections of the magistrates at this court, the ways in which this impacted upon their practice, …

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Robust Adaptive Control Of A Class Of Nonlinear Strict-Feedback Discrete-Time Systems With Exact Output Tracking, Ss Ge, C Yang, S-L Dai, Zx Jiao, Th Lee Nov 2009

Robust Adaptive Control Of A Class Of Nonlinear Strict-Feedback Discrete-Time Systems With Exact Output Tracking, Ss Ge, C Yang, S-L Dai, Zx Jiao, Th Lee

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

In this paper, adaptive control is studied for a class of single-input–single-output (SISO) nonlinear discrete-time systems in strict-feedback form with nonparametric nonlinear uncertainties of the Lipschitz type. To eliminate the effect of the nonparametric uncertainties in an unmatched manner, a novel future states prediction is designed using states information at previous steps to compensate for the effect of uncertainties at the current step. Utilizing the predicted future states, constructive adaptive control is developed to compensate for the effects of both parametric and nonparametric uncertainties such that global stability and asymptotical output tracking is achieved. The effectiveness of the proposed control …

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Background Document For Carbonate Mounds, Jm Hall-Spencer, Km Stehfest, Aj Wheeler Oct 2009

Background Document For Carbonate Mounds, Jm Hall-Spencer, Km Stehfest, Aj Wheeler

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

No abstract provided.

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Water Bathing Alters The Speed–Accuracy Trade-Off Of Escape Flights In European Starlings, Bo Brilot, L Asher, M Bateson Oct 2009

Water Bathing Alters The Speed–Accuracy Trade-Off Of Escape Flights In European Starlings, Bo Brilot, L Asher, M Bateson

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Birds of most species regularly bathe in water, but the function of this behaviour is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that water bathing is important in feather maintenance, and hence should enhance flight performance. We manipulated European starlings', Sturnus vulgaris, access to bathing water in a 2 × 2 design: birds were housed in aviaries either with or without water baths for a minimum of 3 days (long-term access) before being caught and placed in individual cages either with or without water baths for a further 24 h (short-term access). We subsequently assessed the speed and accuracy of escape flights …

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Acquired Neuromyotonia Following Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: A Case Report., Ibrahim Imam, Simon Edwards, C. Oliver Hanemann Sep 2009

Acquired Neuromyotonia Following Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: A Case Report., Ibrahim Imam, Simon Edwards, C. Oliver Hanemann

Peninsula Medical School

We present a 37-year-old male subject who presented with burning sensations in his hands and feet with generalised twitching of his limbs, trunk and face. His symptoms developed 2 weeks after an upper respiratory tract infection. There was associated facial flushing and disturbed night sleep but no memory impairment or generalised sweating. Examination showed generalised myokymia and fasciculations and electromyography revealed widespread continuous semi-rhythmic doublets and triplets of low frequency with interspersed silent periods. Anti voltage gated potassium channel antibodies, antinuclear antibodies, anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies and the anti-neuronal antibodies anti Hu, anti Yo and anti Ri were all negative. His …

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Aquired Neuromyotonia Following Upper Respiratory Tract Infection, I Imam, S Edwards, Co Hanemann Sep 2009

Aquired Neuromyotonia Following Upper Respiratory Tract Infection, I Imam, S Edwards, Co Hanemann

Peninsula Medical School

No abstract provided.

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Health, Climate Change And Sustainability: A Systematic Review And Thematic Analysis Of The Literature., A. Nichols, V. Maynard, B. Goodman, J. Richardson Aug 2009

Health, Climate Change And Sustainability: A Systematic Review And Thematic Analysis Of The Literature., A. Nichols, V. Maynard, B. Goodman, J. Richardson

School of Nursing and Midwifery

BACKGROUND: Evidence of climate change and its impact continues to be accumulated, and it is argued that the consequences of climate change are likely to result in an increased demand on health services. It has been claimed that climate change presents new challenges for health services and that strategies should be adopted to address these challenges. AIM: The aim of this systematic review was to map published literature on health, climate change and sustainability by categorising papers according to their focus on effects, strategy and actions, and to provide a thematic analysis of their content. METHODS: Systematic searches were conducted …

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A Novel Cre Recombinase Imaging System For Tracking Lymphotropic Virus Infection In Vivo, Bernadette M. Dutia, Stuart J. Reid, Derek D. Drummond, Yvonne Ligertwood, Ian Bennet, Willard Rietberg, Ondine Silvia, Michael A. Jarvis, Anthony A. Nash Aug 2009

A Novel Cre Recombinase Imaging System For Tracking Lymphotropic Virus Infection In Vivo, Bernadette M. Dutia, Stuart J. Reid, Derek D. Drummond, Yvonne Ligertwood, Ian Bennet, Willard Rietberg, Ondine Silvia, Michael A. Jarvis, Anthony A. Nash

School of Biomedical Sciences

No abstract provided.

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Whether Crop Diversification Is A Desired Strategy For Agricultural Growth In Bangladesh?, S Rahman Aug 2009

Whether Crop Diversification Is A Desired Strategy For Agricultural Growth In Bangladesh?, S Rahman

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

This study aimed at examining the merit of crop diversification as a strategy for agricultural growth in Bangladesh. Specifically, the existence of economies of diversification, scale economies and diversification efficiencies at the farm level were examined using a stochastic input-distance function approach. The results reveal strong evidence of diversification economies amongst most crop enterprises except the combination of modern rice and modern wheat enterprises. Ray economies of scale exist in Bangladeshi cropping system. Also, significant are efficiency gains made from diversification among cropping enterprises. The key policy implication is that crop diversification should be a desired strategy for agricultural growth …

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Environmental Enrichment For Mammals In Captivity Focusing Primarily On Primates, Caroline Dawson Jul 2009

Environmental Enrichment For Mammals In Captivity Focusing Primarily On Primates, Caroline Dawson

The Plymouth Student Scientist

No abstract provided.

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Injuries Inflicted As A Predictor Of Winning In Contests Between Beadlet Anemones, Actinia Equina, Laura Robinson, Ben Porter, Jennifer Grocott, Kendal Harrison Jul 2009

Injuries Inflicted As A Predictor Of Winning In Contests Between Beadlet Anemones, Actinia Equina, Laura Robinson, Ben Porter, Jennifer Grocott, Kendal Harrison

The Plymouth Student Scientist

If the number of individuals in a population oversubscribes a resource then competition can occur and may lead to injurious fighting, if the cost of fighting is lower than the value of the resource. Here we consider how weapon size (nematocyst length), body size (pedal disc diameter, wet weight) and number of injuries inflicted are related to fighting ability in the common intertidal beadlet anemone, Actinia equina. 160 anemones were utilised from two sites, within two size classes, to engage in contest behaviour. There was no significant effect on pedal disc diameter, wet weight or nematocyst length of the outcome …

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Hemispheric Interaction In Simple Reaction Time As A Function Of Handedness, Emily Howe Jul 2009

Hemispheric Interaction In Simple Reaction Time As A Function Of Handedness, Emily Howe

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Efficiency of hemispheric interactions in simple reaction time as a function of hand preference was investigated. Research suggests that left-handed individuals have more efficient hemispheric interactions. This is possibly due to their need to transfer information between hemispheres more frequently than right-handed individuals, a result of differing patterns of cerebral dominance explained by Annett’s (1998) right shift theory. Forty-eight right-handers and 48 non-right-handers, assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield, 1971) completed the study. Mean reaction times for the Poffenberger paradigm (Poffenberger, 1912) were used to calculate the crossed-uncrossed-difference (CUD); a measure of inter-hemispheric transfer time. Analyses revealed a non-significant …

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Deep-Sea Coral Reefs: Distribution, Ecology And Anthropogenic Impacts, Victoria Oakham Jul 2009

Deep-Sea Coral Reefs: Distribution, Ecology And Anthropogenic Impacts, Victoria Oakham

The Plymouth Student Scientist

The introduction of Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and manned submersibles has meant scientists can finally begin study deep-water scleractinian coral reefs, making valuable first-hand observations of the reefs themselves and their associated fauna. Known influences of deepwater coral reef distribution include the topography of the seabed, presence of currents, high nutrient levels and low sedimentation levels. Chemical tolerances (such as salinity, temperature range and calcium carbonate availability) are mostly known for only Lophelia pertusa corals. Debates exist within literature over the possible influence of hydrocarbon seeps from the seabed on coral reef growth and distribution. Studies show the importance of …

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Anti-Predator Responses Of A Group Of Black Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus Chrysopygus) In Reaction To A Terrestrial And An Aerial Predator, Sarah Creasey Jul 2009

Anti-Predator Responses Of A Group Of Black Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus Chrysopygus) In Reaction To A Terrestrial And An Aerial Predator, Sarah Creasey

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Anti-predator training was conducted on a free-ranging group of black lion tamarins at the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, in July 2007. The study aimed to investigate the anti-predator behaviours exhibited in response to different predators, and determine if a predatory threat in the morning influenced behaviour later in the day. The tamarins were exposed to three treatments; a terrestrial predator, an aerial predator, and the aerial predator coupled with an adverse tamarin scream. The tamarins gave alarm calls and exhibited piloerection in response to both predators. A stronger reaction was perceived in response to the aerial threat; however this may …

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An Investigation On The Effects Of A Visuospatial Imagery Task On Smoking Related Craving, Marco C. Flatau Jul 2009

An Investigation On The Effects Of A Visuospatial Imagery Task On Smoking Related Craving, Marco C. Flatau

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Twenty eight undergraduate students participated in a study to examine the impact of a visuospatial imagery intervention and an articulatory cognitive intervention on self-reported smoking related craving, based on the framework introduced by the Elaborate Intrusion Theory of craving. A significant interaction between the duration of the experiment and self-reported craving was obtained, with a significant negative impact on craving after the articulatory cognitive task, indicating that the visuospatial imagery intervention demonstrated an inhibitory effect on substance related elaboration. A simple modality-specific imagery task, blocking intrusive substance related imagery by utilizing the same cognitive components of craving, worked to subdue …

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Peer Mentoring In Higher Education: A Review Of The Current Literature And Recommendations For Implementation Of Mentoring Schemes, Poppy A. Husband, Pamela A. Jacobs Jul 2009

Peer Mentoring In Higher Education: A Review Of The Current Literature And Recommendations For Implementation Of Mentoring Schemes, Poppy A. Husband, Pamela A. Jacobs

The Plymouth Student Scientist

No abstract provided.

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Meadow Brown (Maniola Jurtina) And Marbled White (Melanargia Galathea) Butterfly Populations On Two Managed Grasslands In Devon, Uk: Implications For Conservation, Paul G. Winney Jul 2009

Meadow Brown (Maniola Jurtina) And Marbled White (Melanargia Galathea) Butterfly Populations On Two Managed Grasslands In Devon, Uk: Implications For Conservation, Paul G. Winney

The Plymouth Student Scientist

This paper reports on the effects of a management regime on two grassland sites in an agricultural landscape by using butterflies as indicators over a six-year period. This paper investigates what effects the management has had on two groups of phytophagous butterflies; habitat generalists (polyphagous) and habitat specialists (oligophagous). It identifies two species to study, the meadow brown Maniola jurtina and marbled white Melanargia galathea. The study was conducted in Devon, UK in 2007. Butterfly and plant communities were studied by transect counts on two differently managed grassland sites (Site A: 8 ha and Site B: 4.04 ha). A total …

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The Importance Of Being Creative And Innovative In Science Research, Wendy Purcell Jul 2009

The Importance Of Being Creative And Innovative In Science Research, Wendy Purcell

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Guest editorial from the Vice Chancellor (University of Plymouth)

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Influences On The Cleaning Activity And Distribution Of Cleaner Fish, Katherine Gray Jul 2009

Influences On The Cleaning Activity And Distribution Of Cleaner Fish, Katherine Gray

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Cleaning interactions involve the removal of ectoparasites, mucus and dead tissue, by a cleaner from the skin of a cooperating fish – the client. These interactions generally benefit both the cleaner and the client, although this balance can shift if either party cheats, leading to antagonistic or exploitative behaviour. The activity of cleaner fish is affected by a variety of both physical and ecological factors. Ectoparasites make up a large portion of the diet of cleaner fish, thus ectoparasite availability is the major influence on cleaner activity, and so variations in ectoparasite densities tend to lead to variations in cleaner …

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The Use Of Descriptive Words And Metaphor In Patient And Carer Experience Of Palliative Day Care: Secondary Analysis Of A Qualitative Study, J Richardson, J Grose Jun 2009

The Use Of Descriptive Words And Metaphor In Patient And Carer Experience Of Palliative Day Care: Secondary Analysis Of A Qualitative Study, J Richardson, J Grose

School of Nursing and Midwifery

BACKGROUND: An independent evaluation of changes to the delivery of Palliative Day Services was carried out during 2006-2007 using interviews with service users. The analysis found that the words and metaphors employed by users of services emphasized their emotional response to the changes, and helped to explain their depth of feeling about their experiences, warranting further investigation. AIM: To conduct a secondary analysis on interview data collected for the Day Services Evaluation Study in order to understand how patients and their carers use descriptive words and metaphor when talking about their experiences of palliative day services. METHODS: Interview transcripts from …

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The Use Of Descriptive Words And Metaphor In Patient And Carer Experience Of Palliative Day Care: Secondary Analysis Of A Qualitative Study., J Richardson, J Grose Jun 2009

The Use Of Descriptive Words And Metaphor In Patient And Carer Experience Of Palliative Day Care: Secondary Analysis Of A Qualitative Study., J Richardson, J Grose

School of Nursing and Midwifery

BACKGROUND: An independent evaluation of changes to the delivery of Palliative Day Services was carried out during 2006-2007 using interviews with service users. The analysis found that the words and metaphors employed by users of services emphasized their emotional response to the changes, and helped to explain their depth of feeling about their experiences, warranting further investigation. AIM: To conduct a secondary analysis on interview data collected for the Day Services Evaluation Study in order to understand how patients and their carers use descriptive words and metaphor when talking about their experiences of palliative day services. METHODS: Interview transcripts from …

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Champagne Seas—Foretelling The Ocean’S Future?, J Hall-Spencer, E Rauer Jun 2009

Champagne Seas—Foretelling The Ocean’S Future?, J Hall-Spencer, E Rauer

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Imagine you are an ocean researcher and you want to study the ecological impacts of ocean acidification. You know from studies carried out under controlled laboratory conditions that lowered pH can impact the physiology, growth, and development of certain organisms. What you want to know next is how these changes in individual species translate into the direct and indirect ecological changes that occur in the open ocean. Here we summarize the results from a new approach to understanding the ecological implications of ocean acidification: observational studies and IN SITU experimentation at ocean sites with low pH and high CO2.

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A Blended Approach To Evidence Learning In Professional Practice, Ml Fisher, A Thoburn, T Arkinstall, T Proctor-Childs Jun 2009

A Blended Approach To Evidence Learning In Professional Practice, Ml Fisher, A Thoburn, T Arkinstall, T Proctor-Childs

School of Nursing and Midwifery

Research and e-learning both need to have real-life usability in order to be of benefit. This paper analyses the journey followed as an electronic portfolio was introduced into the midwifery programme at a University in the United Kingdom. Underpinning this innovation were key findings from the literature and an ongoing study exploring “Assessment of Practice”. Due to a number of curricular changes required by the authors’ institution and the professional body, the decision was made to incorporate these – together with current evidence – into a blended portfolio for use by undergraduate midwifery students. The part-electronic, part-paper portfolio enables students …

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