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Applications Of Complex Adaptive Systems Approaches To Coastal Systems, Ken Kingston Jan 2003

Applications Of Complex Adaptive Systems Approaches To Coastal Systems, Ken Kingston

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

This thesis investigatesth e application of complex adaptives ystemsa pproaches (e. g. Artificial Neural Networks and Evolutionary Computation) to the study of coastal hydrodynamica nd morphodynamicb ehaviour.T raditionally, nearshorem orphologicalc oastal systems tudiesh ave developeda n understandingo f thosep hysicalp rocesseso ccurringo n both short temporal, and small spatial scales with a large degree of success. The associated approachesa nd conceptsu sedt o study the coastals ystema t theses calesh ave Primarily been linear in nature.H owever,w hent hesea pproachetso studyingt he coastals ystema re extendedto investigating larger temporal and spatial scales,w hich are commensuratew ith the aims of coastal …

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The Detection Of Genetic Toxicity In Marine Organisms, Vikki Cheung Jan 2003

The Detection Of Genetic Toxicity In Marine Organisms, Vikki Cheung

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

Studies were undertaken to measure genetic toxicity at the molecular and cytogenetic levels of biological organisation in marine invertebrates and flatfish. The responses in the early life stages and adult life stages of marine invertebrates (Mytilus edulis and Platynereis dumerilii) were measured following exposures to the physical agent ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and representative compounds of the chemical group, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in laboratory conditions. Also, the potential changes of toxicity of PAH contaminants caused by interactive effects with UVR were evaluated. In a collaborative study with researchers at the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), genotoxic measurements …

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Importance Of Seagrass Beds As A Habitat For Fishery Species Around Jersey, Emma Louise Jackson Jan 2003

Importance Of Seagrass Beds As A Habitat For Fishery Species Around Jersey, Emma Louise Jackson

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

Worldwide, seagrass habitats have been identified as important nursery areas, refugia and feeding grounds for many faunal species, including those of commercial and recreational value. Their importance as both permanent and temporary habitats has been recognised in UK fisheries management and conservation strategies; however, it must be emphasised that current knowledge of the roles of seagrass habitats originates mostly fromm research carried out outside the UK. Also, the subtidal distribution of Zostera around the British Isles has not been rigorously quantified at many locations. Local studies are essential for providing the relevant information required by fishery agencies to make valued …

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Spatial And Temporal Variation In Diet And Prey Preference Of Nursery-Bound Juvenile Lemon Sharks (Negaprion Brevirostris) At Bimini, Bahamas, Steven Paul Newman Jan 2003

Spatial And Temporal Variation In Diet And Prey Preference Of Nursery-Bound Juvenile Lemon Sharks (Negaprion Brevirostris) At Bimini, Bahamas, Steven Paul Newman

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

Prey selection has never been determined in an elasmobranch, primarily because of the large home ranges possessed by adults making accurate quantification of prey in the environment problematic. Juvenile lemon sharks spend their first few years of life within protected nursery grounds, enabling the first quantification of prey selection due to the restricted area that they inhabit. Growth and survival of juvenile lemon sharks strongly influences adult fitness and recruitment, and therefore prey selection may play an important role in the life history of lemon sharks. The selection of a preferred species or size of prey by juvenile lemon sharks …

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Highly Branched Isoprenoid Alkenes From Diatoms: A Biosynthetic And Life Cycle Investigation, Guillaume Gabriel Masse Jan 2003

Highly Branched Isoprenoid Alkenes From Diatoms: A Biosynthetic And Life Cycle Investigation, Guillaume Gabriel Masse

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

In addition to the production of phytol (from chlorophylls) and sterols, a limited number of diatom species are capable of synthesising unusual C25 and C30 highly branched isoprenoid (HBl) alkenes. At the outset of the current investigation, the structures of most C25 and C30 HBIs had been identified. Some environmental factors had been shown to control their production, although a detailed understanding of these remained unclear. In addition, the biological functions of the chemicals remained unknown, and the reasons for their production by some species and not by others, was not understood. Investigations on the distributions of C25 and C30 …

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Speciation Analysis Of Arsenic And Selenium By Hplc And Mass Spectrometry, Sarah Fitzpatrick Jan 2003

Speciation Analysis Of Arsenic And Selenium By Hplc And Mass Spectrometry, Sarah Fitzpatrick

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

New methodologies have been developed for the determination of arsenic and selenium species in a variety of environmentally important matrices. A simple liquid chromatographic separation technique based upon mini-column technology was developed to obtain a simultaneous, fast, efficient and reliable separation of relatively toxic from relatively non-toxic arsenic and selenium species. The relatively toxic arsenic and selenium species studied were inorganic Asv, AsIII, SeVI and SeIV. The relatively non-toxic species of arsenic and selenium studied were AsBet, DMA and Se Met. Optimum conditions were found to be the use of a Hamilton PRP X100 12-20 µm anion-exchange resin with column …

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Investigation Of Primary Productivity Along The Atlantic Meridional Transect (50°N To 33°S) Through Fast Repetition Rate Fluorometry, Claudia Yuki Omachi Jan 2003

Investigation Of Primary Productivity Along The Atlantic Meridional Transect (50°N To 33°S) Through Fast Repetition Rate Fluorometry, Claudia Yuki Omachi

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

Phytoplankton physiology and primary productivity at basin scales were determined using in situ data from fast repetition rate (FRR) fluorometry. Samples were collected along the Atlantic Meridional Transect cruise 11 (AMTll, September-October 2000), between 50°N and 33°S in the Atlantic Ocean. Because of the large-scale nature of the study, consistent knowledge about oceanographic conditions and the phytoplankton community structure of each sampling station were required. The province analysis was carried out by detecting the regional variations of water mass characteristics in the upper 200 m layer. Temperature versus salinity diagrams were plotted at each station and further analyses of nitrate …

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Uncertainty Contributions To Species Specific Isotope Dilution Analysis, Rob Clough Jan 2003

Uncertainty Contributions To Species Specific Isotope Dilution Analysis, Rob Clough

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

Mercury speciation in solid sample matrices has been investigated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with multicollector sector field (MCSF) and quadrupole (Q) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for species specific isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). 199Hg enriched methylmercurychloride has been synthesised and recovered in the solid form for use as a spike material. The stability of methylmercury during the IDMS procedure was investigated using 199Hg and 13C labelled methylmercury isotopomers and ¹H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. IntermoIecuJar exchange of the methylmercury halide counter ion was observed, the halide counter ion order of preference was l>Br>Cl. …

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In Situ Measurement Of Trace Metals In Coastal Waters, Kate Ann Howell Jan 2003

In Situ Measurement Of Trace Metals In Coastal Waters, Kate Ann Howell

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

This thesis describes the use of in situ and laboratory techniques for monitoring of trace metals and master variables in the environment. Chapter 1 presents a general overview of trace metals, their sources, sinks and roles in estuaries and near coastal zones, their general characteristics and the importance of their behaviour in estuaries. Filtration and commonly used analytical methods for trace metals detemriinations in natural waters are also discussed. Chapter 2 highlights the importance of colloids (in the size range 0.2 to 0.4 \im) to membrane clogging and concludes that cojloids account for a significant part of clogging of membrane …

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Characterisation Of Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity In The Sea Anemone Aiptasia Pallida And An Evaluation Of Responses To Environmental Stress, Clare Emma Morrall Jan 2003

Characterisation Of Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity In The Sea Anemone Aiptasia Pallida And An Evaluation Of Responses To Environmental Stress, Clare Emma Morrall

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

Studies were undertaken to investigate the presence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS; E.C. 1.14.13.39) activity in number of cnidarian species from shallow marine subtropical environments. Enzyme activity was assayed by measuring the conversion of 3H L-arginine to 3H L-citrulline (the citrulline assay). This assay was shown to be sufficiently sensitive for studies of this nature but was not optimised for use with cnidarian preparations. As a result, confidence in the accuracy of the generated assay results is limited. NOS activity was nevertheless demonstrated in the sea anemone A. pallida, in the zooxanthellae associated with A. pallida, Symbiodinium spp. and in …

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The Oceanography And Modelling Of The Pontevedra Ria (Nw Spain), Andrew W. Dale Jan 2003

The Oceanography And Modelling Of The Pontevedra Ria (Nw Spain), Andrew W. Dale

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

A multidisciplinary study the oceanography of the Pontevedra Ria (NW Spain), including hydrography, biogeochemistiy and biogeochemical modelling, has been performed. The hydrographical variability of the Pontevedra Ria was dependent on freshwater inputs and upwelling of nutrient-rich East North Atlantic Central Water from the shelf. Intrusions of the Poleward Current were also detected during winter. A stratified box model approach predicted that upwelling water fluxes into the ria of 2-4x10³ m³ s-1, of which >30% rises to the surface waters inside the ria. Freshwater residence time varied from ~4-9 d in the central ria and 1-4 d in the internal ria. …

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Sandy Tin Tailings In Malaysia: Characterization And Rehabilitation, David Stuart Tompkins Jan 2003

Sandy Tin Tailings In Malaysia: Characterization And Rehabilitation, David Stuart Tompkins

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

Cassiterite extraction in West Malaysia has left a legacy of some 80,000 hectares of nutrient-poor, drought-prone, quartz sandy tailings. Their proximity to urban centres has long made them a target for agricultural and forestry enterprises, and various techniques have been developed to overcome their intractability, including amendment with bulky organic matter and replacement with natural soils. Although reasonably successful, these approaches have often failed to acknowledge that a percentage of the original heavy mineral suite remains in sandy tailings, exerting possible phytotoxic effects and certainly raising concerns about the suitability of sandy tailings for agronomic crop production. To determine the …

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Risk Factors Associated With The Mucociliary Apparatus In Intensive Care Patients, Ross James Kay Jan 2003

Risk Factors Associated With The Mucociliary Apparatus In Intensive Care Patients, Ross James Kay

Peninsula Medical School Theses

Initially, there were two principal aims of this investigation. A laboratory based project studying the effect of elevated fraction of inspired oxygen on the ciliary coverage of rat trachea in culture and a clinically based investigation of the ciliary coverage and frequency of ciliary ultrastructural abnormalities in the bronchus of intensive care unit patients. The mucociliary apparatus is the main airway defence mechanism protecting the lungs from respiratory infections. It is vital in intubated patients, as they lack the back up clearance mechanism normally provided by the cough reflex. Ciliary coverage and ultrastructural integrity are two key components of effective …

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An Investigation Of T Cell Dysregulation In B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia, Sophie Grace Scrivener Jan 2003

An Investigation Of T Cell Dysregulation In B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia, Sophie Grace Scrivener

Other Faculty of Health Theses

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) is characterized by an accumulation of clonal malignant B cells within lymphoid tissue, the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. Whilst abnormalities of these B cells are the essential cause of this disease, the aim of this research project was to investigate whether the T cell compartment may play a role in the aetiology of this disease by evaluating the expression of key surface antigens involved in both activation of and interaction with B cells and other antigen presenting cells of the immune system. There were marked abnormalities in the expression of certain key activation …

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The Role Of Acute Normovolaemic Haemodilution In Gastro-Intestinal Surgery, Grant Sanders Jan 2003

The Role Of Acute Normovolaemic Haemodilution In Gastro-Intestinal Surgery, Grant Sanders

Other Faculty of Health Theses

Background: Allogeneic transfusion confers a risk to the recipient and the recent introduction of leucocyte depleted blood has increased cost pressure on health resources. Colorectal surgery is a high blood usage field with 43% of all patients in our unit being transfused, over a three year period. Patient perceptions: Despite the risks associated with transfusion, a majority of patients are willing to have an allogeneic transfusion (85%) and think it is safe (89%), which may have implications in the uptake of alternatives available. The effect of bowel preparation Picolax bowel preparation causes significant dehydrating effects which may impair acute normovolaemic …

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A Study Of The Molecular Genetics Of Renal Cell Carcinoma In Man, Martin Ollerenshaw Jan 2003

A Study Of The Molecular Genetics Of Renal Cell Carcinoma In Man, Martin Ollerenshaw

Other Faculty of Health Theses

The aim was to measure the expression levels of hypoxia inducible factor 1-α (HJF-lα), glucose transporter one (GLUT-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) isoforms 165 and 189 mRNA in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Patients with RCC underwent radical nephrectomy at Derriford Hospital, Plymouth. Tumour as well as matched normal tissue from the kidney was harvested, snap frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen, and used to quantitate VEGF 165, VEGF 189, GLUT-1 and HJF-1α mRNA expression using ribonuclease protection assays, and quantified using a Phosphor-imager system. The VEGF 165 isoform was increased in the tumour tissue in comparison …

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The Effect Of Field Boundary Type On The Community Structure, Spatial Distribution And Physiological Condition Of Overwintering Arthropods, With Special Reference To Carabidae And Staphylinidae (Coleoptera), Georgianne J.K. Griffiths Jan 2003

The Effect Of Field Boundary Type On The Community Structure, Spatial Distribution And Physiological Condition Of Overwintering Arthropods, With Special Reference To Carabidae And Staphylinidae (Coleoptera), Georgianne J.K. Griffiths

Other Faculty of Science and Engineering Theses

The potential of different field boundary types in lowland farmland to contribute to arthropod biodiversity and sustainable agriculture was investigated. Field boundaries, categorised according to nationally applicable definitions, were found to represent ecologically differing habitats based on their woody abundance and the frequency of young and mature emergent trees. These habitat characteristics were determining factors in the community structure and composition of overwintering epigeal arthropods. Hedgerows supported the most species rich carabid and staphylinid assemblage. Degraded hedgerow boundaries supported the most equitable carabid community, and provided a refuge for carabid species with poor dispersal power to a greater extent that …

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Benefits Of Fermented Liquid Diets For Sows And Their Piglets, Vlasta Demeckova Jan 2003

Benefits Of Fermented Liquid Diets For Sows And Their Piglets, Vlasta Demeckova

Other Faculty of Science and Engineering Theses

A programme of study was undertaken to asses the antimicrobial and potential immunological properties of fermented liquid feed fed to sows in late gestation period. A liquid feed fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum fed to the pregnant sow in late gestation had the potential to beneficially modify the microflora the lactating sows introduces into the environment, which was consequently reflected in beneficial changes in the gut microflora of their litters. In addition, colostrum from sows fed FLF had a significantly greater mitogenic activity on both intestinal ce11s (79326 ± 3069 CPM) and blood lymphocytes (1903 ± 204 CPM) compared with colostrum …

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Philosophies Of Colour: Gender And Acculturation, Helen V Andrew Jan 2003

Philosophies Of Colour: Gender And Acculturation, Helen V Andrew

Other Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Business Theses

My hypothesis is that 'Colour' as idea acts as a dynamic in the production of meaning and as such is part of what Le Doeuff (1991: 46-49) argues are deeply held epistemes that structure and govern our ways of thinking. I have dealt with the difficulties attendant on the analysis of a phenomenon as insubstantial as colour (as idea and as precept) by assuming Goethe's (1810: 305-323) concept of the enrobement of colour to objects without also attaching Goethe's theoretical hypothesis of moral associations to colour. Thus I combine four different methodologies to broadly related areas and cloak each in …

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The Kinesfield : A Study Of Movement-Based Interactive And Choreographic Art, Gretchen Elizabeth Schiller Jan 2003

The Kinesfield : A Study Of Movement-Based Interactive And Choreographic Art, Gretchen Elizabeth Schiller

Other Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Business Theses

Through the exploration of practice and theory, this thesis aims to elucidate the characteristics of movement-based interactive art and the kinesfield, a term developed during the course of the research to describe the publics' body-medium. Movement-based interactive art is based on choreographed movements of the body, media and specialized technologies which facilitate new forms of participatory movement experience. This emergent art form has initiated new methods of experiencing and presenting dance in the public domain. lt is argued that this leads to new artistic developments which may constitute a paradigm shift of the concept of the body-medium in the field …

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Children And Family Values : A Critical Appraisal Of 'Family' In Schools, Rowena Alexandra Passy Jan 2003

Children And Family Values : A Critical Appraisal Of 'Family' In Schools, Rowena Alexandra Passy

Other Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Business Theses

Prompted by the Labour government's proposal to introduce education on family relationships into the National Curriculum, this research project was set up to investigate how teachers portrayed 'family' within the classroom and the reactions that children had to the images that were presented. The intention was to highlight any problems that might arise from including 'family' into the formal curriculum. The fieldwork was conducted in three primary and three secondary schools. Two of each of the schools were located in the West Country and the remaining two, in order to give some ethnic and cultural balance to the project, were …

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The Oviposition Behaviour Of The Black Vine Weevil Otiorhynchus Sulcatus (Fabr), Tony John Goodwin Jan 2003

The Oviposition Behaviour Of The Black Vine Weevil Otiorhynchus Sulcatus (Fabr), Tony John Goodwin

Other Faculty of Science and Engineering Theses

Within the constraints of the experiments conducted vine weevil were found to exhibit a strategy of volume of indiscriminate oviposition rather than a strategy of definitives it eselection characteristic of a true oviposition behaviour. A series of experiments was conducted to determine oviposition and host plant interactions under conditions of choice and absence of choice of host plant. It was found that oviposition was greatest for Yew, followed by polyanthus, fushcia, strawberry and (despite the name) was found to be least on vine plants. Variation was attributed to a combination mainly of ground cover and partially quality of host. Oviposition …

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Creating Emotionally Aware Performance Environments: A Phenomenological Exploration Of Inferred And Invisible Data Space, Richard Mark Povall Jan 2003

Creating Emotionally Aware Performance Environments: A Phenomenological Exploration Of Inferred And Invisible Data Space, Richard Mark Povall

Other Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Business Theses

The practical research undertaken for this thesis - the building of interactive and non-interactive environments for performance - posits a radical recasting of the performing body in physical and digital space. The choreographic and thematic context of the performance work has forced us', as makers, to ask questions about the nature of digital interactivity which in turn feeds the work theoretically, technically and thematically. A computer views (and attempts to interpret) motion information through a video camera, and, by way of a scripting language, converts that information into MIDI' data. As the research has developed, our company has been able …

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A Correlation Framework For Continuous User Authentication Using Data Mining, Harjit Singh Jan 2003

A Correlation Framework For Continuous User Authentication Using Data Mining, Harjit Singh

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Theses

The increasing security breaches revealed in recent surveys and security threats reported in the media reaffirms the lack of current security measures in IT systems. While most reported work in this area has focussed on enhancing the initial login stage in order to counteract against unauthorised access, there is still a problem detecting when an intruder has compromised the front line controls. This could pose a senous threat since any subsequent indicator of an intrusion in progress could be quite subtle and may remain hidden to the casual observer. Having passed the frontline controls and having the appropriate access privileges, …

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An Experimental Study Of The Ecological Impacts Of Hydraulic Bivalve Dredging On Maerl, C Hauton, Jm Hall-Spencer, Pg Moore Jan 2003

An Experimental Study Of The Ecological Impacts Of Hydraulic Bivalve Dredging On Maerl, C Hauton, Jm Hall-Spencer, Pg Moore

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

No abstract provided.

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The Cardiotoxicity Of Carbon Monoxide, Ashvin P. Patel Jan 2003

The Cardiotoxicity Of Carbon Monoxide, Ashvin P. Patel

Peninsula Medical School Theses

The mechanism(s) responsible for the cardiotoxicity of CO are not clear and do not appear to arise solely from tissue hypoxia. Tissue hypoxia is produced by CO binding to haemoglobin and reducing the amount of oxygen carried by the blood in vivo. CO-induced hypoxia in vivo may be responsible for producing conditions such as those found during ischaemia/reperfusion (l/R) injury. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during l/R injury is established and responsible for cellular/tissue damage from the oxidative damage. We postulate that oxidative stress is responsible for the CO-associated cardiac morbidities found in some cases following severe acute exposure to …

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Influence Of Natural And Anthropogenic Disturbance On The Soft Bottom Macrobenthic Community Of The Campeche Bank, Mexico, Hector Abuid Hernandez-Arana Jan 2003

Influence Of Natural And Anthropogenic Disturbance On The Soft Bottom Macrobenthic Community Of The Campeche Bank, Mexico, Hector Abuid Hernandez-Arana

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

The structure of macrobenthic communities was investigated in carbonate and transitional carbonate-terrigenous sediments of the Southern Gulf of Mexico (Campeche Bank). The aim was to assess the influence of natural disturbance represented by winter storms and river runoff and the putative influence of oil-related activities using a regional approach. At a scale of > 100 km community composition of benthic macroinfauna was characterised as distinct assemblages within the carbonate and transitional sedimentary provinces controlled by natural disturbance. The carbonate assemblage was numerous and diverse influenced by a heterogeneous substratum. Winter storms had a severe impact with mortality probably resulting from abrasion …

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Development And Modelling Of A Point Source Integrating Cavity Absorption Meter (Psicam), Christophe Jean-Yves Joel Lerebourg Jan 2003

Development And Modelling Of A Point Source Integrating Cavity Absorption Meter (Psicam), Christophe Jean-Yves Joel Lerebourg

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

The absorption coefficient is a fundamental parameter in understanding the underwater light field, for solving the Radiative Tranfer Equation and understanding/interpreting remotely sensed data from the ocean. Measuring the absorption coefficient is particularly complicated in coastal areas where the optical properties of the water body are the result of a complex mixture of dissolved and particulate components, but mainly because of the interfering effect that scattering has upon the measurements. A great variety of in situ instruments and laboratory techniques have been developed to measure total absorption or the absorption by the various fractions that constitute the total absorption. They …

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A Stochastic Frontier Approach To Total Factor Productivity Measurement In Bangladesh Crop Agriculture, 1961–1992, T Coelli, S Rahman, C Thirtle Jan 2003

A Stochastic Frontier Approach To Total Factor Productivity Measurement In Bangladesh Crop Agriculture, 1961–1992, T Coelli, S Rahman, C Thirtle

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

This paper applies a stochastic production frontier model to measure total factor productivity growth, technical efficiency change and technological change in Bangladesh crop agriculture for the 31 observations from 1960/61 to 1991/92, using data for 16 regions. The results reveal that technical change followed a U‐shaped pattern, rising from the early 1970s, when the green revolution varieties were adopted, giving an overall rate of technical progress at 0.27 per cent per year. However, technical efficiency declined throughout, at an estimated annual rate of 0.47 per cent. The combined effect of slow technical progress, dominated by the fall in technical efficiency …

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A New Hplc-Elsd Method To Quantify Indican In Polygonum Tinctorium L. And To Evaluate Beta-Glucosidase Hydrolysis Of Indican For Indigo Production., Lg Angelini, E Campeol, S Tozzi, Kg Gilbert, Dt Cooke, P John Jan 2003

A New Hplc-Elsd Method To Quantify Indican In Polygonum Tinctorium L. And To Evaluate Beta-Glucosidase Hydrolysis Of Indican For Indigo Production., Lg Angelini, E Campeol, S Tozzi, Kg Gilbert, Dt Cooke, P John

Peninsula Medical School

A method to quantify the indigo precursor indican (indoxyl-beta-D-glucoside) in Polygonum tinctorium L. has been developed. Plant material was extracted in deionized water, and indican was identified and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). Results confirmed that with this method it is possible to measure indican content in a short time, obtaining reliable and reproducible data. Using this method, leaf indican content was quantified every 15 days during the growing season (from May to October) in P. tinctorium crops grown in a field experiment in Central Italy. Results showed that indican …

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