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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Undergraduate Research Journals: Praising Success But Recognising Doubt And Even "Failure", Alan Jenkins
Undergraduate Research Journals: Praising Success But Recognising Doubt And Even "Failure", Alan Jenkins
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Editorial
Testing The Degradation Rates Of Degradable, Non-Degradable And Bio-Degradable Plastics Within Simulated Marine Environments, Simon T. Wellfair
Testing The Degradation Rates Of Degradable, Non-Degradable And Bio-Degradable Plastics Within Simulated Marine Environments, Simon T. Wellfair
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Plastics are a serious problem in the environment today. They cause a number of difficulties for organisms in the water which often mistake them for food and suffocate, or they become entangled in them and drown. Plastics are highly versatile and hard wearing, they survive longer than their use requires and often end up in the environment. One of the largest forms of plastic pollution is plastic bags. Many plastics bags have been deemed ‘degradable’ and have been given a time frame in which they will break down, but this does not suggest the type of environments in which they …
The Haemolytic Effect Of Verapamil On Erythrocytes Exposed To Varying Osmolarity, Tim Watts, Richard Handy
The Haemolytic Effect Of Verapamil On Erythrocytes Exposed To Varying Osmolarity, Tim Watts, Richard Handy
The Plymouth Student Scientist
The haemolytic effect of verapamil on red blood cells (RBCs) exposed to varying osmolarity was investigated. The experimental approach used a modified red cell haemolysis assay with concentrations of verapamil ranging from 50–1500 lM compared to drug free controls. The timecourse of haemolytic effects was also investigated. We also briefly determined the haemolytic effects of verapamil in Ca2+-free conditions (with added EGTA). In conditions representing decreasing osmolarity (dilution from 140–0 mM NaCl) there was a significant increase in erythrocyte haemolysis that was also dependent on verapamil concentration (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The red cells also showed a significantly increased rate of haemolysis over 5 h with increasing verapamil concentration (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The degree of RBC hypotonic haemolysis was significantly increased in a Ca2+-free medium (+EGTA) compared to normal saline and this effect was exacerbated by additions of verapamil (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Overall the data suggested that verapamil can cause haemolysis of RBCs in a predictable time- and concentration-dependent manner, and that verapamil increases the fragility of the erythrocytes further during hypotonic osmotic stress and Ca2+-free conditions. The mechanism of verapamildependent haemolysis could be directly related to the observed biphasic concentration-effect and could consequently involve several ion transport pathways.
Expression And Localisation Of Wave Isoforms In Human Schwann And Schwannoma Cells, Marei Caroline Schmid
Expression And Localisation Of Wave Isoforms In Human Schwann And Schwannoma Cells, Marei Caroline Schmid
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Schwannoma, the main tumours associated with Neurofibromatosis Type II, are caused by loss of function mutations in the NF2 gene, encoding for the tumour suppressor Merlin. Schwannoma cells display protrusive structures, due to deregulation of the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton is controlled by small Rho GTPases, such as Rac1 and Cdc42, known to be activated continuously in merlin-deficient human schwannoma cells (NF2-/-). Downstream Rac signalling leads to the activaton of Wave signalling complexes, which have been shown to bind and activate the Arp2/3 complex, a crucial regulator of the actin cytoskeleton that is involved in formation of protrusive structures. This investigation …
Seeing The Bigger Picture: An Amblyopic Advantage In The Global Integration Of Moving Visual Information?, Hannah Jeffery
Seeing The Bigger Picture: An Amblyopic Advantage In The Global Integration Of Moving Visual Information?, Hannah Jeffery
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Devices used to incorporate global information by normal and amblyopic eyes were investigated using the Classification Image (CI) technique. An orientation task with randomly orientated tilting Gabor patches and a motion-direction task using randomly directed moving discs were utilized. Participants judged the near-threshold average global orientation or motion-direction in each. CIs were calculated, adding noise samples eliciting correct responses and subtracting noise samples producing incorrect responses. Results illustrated normal participants had consistently narrow perceptive fields as was the case for amblyopes in the orientation task. For global motion-direction judgements, amblyopic perceptive fields were far wider, illustrating sparse sampling of elements. …
American Mink (Mustela Vison) And Its Impact On Native Species In The Uk, Alex W. Rey
American Mink (Mustela Vison) And Its Impact On Native Species In The Uk, Alex W. Rey
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Introduced alien species are recognised to be a major threat to native biodiversity. The American mink (Mustela vison) is a highly adaptable, naturalised predator in the UK, introduced as part of the fur trade in the 1920‟s. The species became established in the wild in the 1950‟s through purposeful releases and escapes and since establishing the mink has been held accountable for the decline of many native species, most notably the water vole (Arvicola terrestris). There are currently nine species of carnivore in the UK, and American mink presents competition for native predators, particularly those that have similar lifestyles. In …
The Role Of Zooxanthellae In Marine Invertebrates, Jonathan Wallen
The Role Of Zooxanthellae In Marine Invertebrates, Jonathan Wallen
The Plymouth Student Scientist
The importance of zooxanthellae in marine environments cannot be understated. Their role as a source of nutritive energy to corals underpins the success of reef-building systems worldwide, forming some of the most productive ecosystems on earth. The diversity of these unicellular symbiotic algae, which belong to the genus Symbiodinium, is enormous. Multiple hosts, multiple types of algae and the diverse habitats in which these organisms are found suggests a diverse reservoir of symbiont types in almost every region. This review focuses on the functional and genetic diversity of Symbiodinium, the specificity and flexibility of the host-algal association, and the implications …
Is There A Visitor Effect On Abyssinian Ground Hornbills (Bucorvus Abyssinicus), Papuan Wreathed Hornbills (Aceros Plicatus), Wrinkled Hornbills (Aceros Corrugatus) And Toco Toucans (Ramphastos Toco) In A Captive Zoo Environment?, Susanna Frances Thicks
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Research into the possible effects that zoo visitors have on the captive animals they come to visit is still relatively poorly understood. Most of the studies all ready completed have used non-human primate subjects, but there is a distinct lack of studies using non-primate species. One of the groups that are in particular need of this kind of research is birds. This study examines a potential visitor effect in captive Abyssinian Ground Hornbills (Bucorvus abyssinicus), Papuan Wreathed Hornbills (Aceros plicatus), Wrinkled Hornbills (Aceros corrugatus) and Toco Toucans (Ramphastos toco) at Paignton Zoo Environmental Park®. This study also investigates the evenness …
The Effect Of Starvation On The Size Of Mussels Selected By The Green Shore Crab, Carcinus Maenas, Brecht Morris
The Effect Of Starvation On The Size Of Mussels Selected By The Green Shore Crab, Carcinus Maenas, Brecht Morris
The Plymouth Student Scientist
The foraging behaviour of the green shore crabs, Carcinus maenas, of 24-26mm carapace width was observed over a 6 day starvation period. Edible mussels, Mytilus edulis, for each millimetre interval from 5-25mm were used to determine how prey size selection was effected by starvation. The most profitable mussel size for the studied crab size is approximately 9mm. At low starvation levels mussel size selection was relatively specific with the majority of selected mussels ranging in size from 7-12mm. Increased starvation caused greater variation in size selection with the majority of selected mussels ranging from 7-16mm, with a higher proportion of …
Variation In Both Male And Female Secondary Sexual Characters In The Diving Beetle, Agabus Bipustulatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), William James Howe
Variation In Both Male And Female Secondary Sexual Characters In The Diving Beetle, Agabus Bipustulatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), William James Howe
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Sexual conflict and intersexual arms races occur due to the differing evolutionary interests between the sexes. Under the model of sexual conflict it is predicted that this will lead to sexual dimorphism, common in diving beetles, where males have suckers which they use to attach to the females’ dorsal surface to potentially increase their copulatory ability. These are often met by female counteradaptations in an attempt to avoid multiple and potentially costly matings. This can result in a cyclical battle of responses in both sexes. Within the widely distributed species, Agabus bipustulatus there is known variation in female sculpture from …
A Critical Evaluation Of The Symbiotic Association Between Tropical Tube-Dwelling Polychaetes And Their Hermatypic Coral Hosts, With A Focus On Spirobranchus Giganteus (Pallas, 1766), Sonia Rowley
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Coral reefs are high in species diversity with a low effective population size for most species and a high incidence of specific co-evolved relationships. Hermatypic corals are associated with, and attract a variety of, symbionts and commensals which helps to maintain coral reef biodiversity. However, little is known about such associations. Tropical tube-dwelling polychaetes provide an interesting surrogate in the enhancement of current understanding of such associations posing the question: what is the nature of the symbiotic association between tropical tube-dwelling polychaetes and their hermatypic coral hosts? This question is addressed by reviewing the life history and ecology of the …
Output Feedback Nn Control For Two Classes Of Discrete-Time Systems With Unknown Control Directions In A Unified Approach, C Yang, Ss Ge, C Xiang, Ty Chai, Th Lee
Output Feedback Nn Control For Two Classes Of Discrete-Time Systems With Unknown Control Directions In A Unified Approach, C Yang, Ss Ge, C Xiang, Ty Chai, Th Lee
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics
In this paper, output feedback adaptive neural network (NN) controls are investigated for two classes of nonlinear discrete-time systems with unknown control directions: 1) nonlinear pure-feedback systems and 2) nonlinear autoregressive moving average with exogenous inputs (NARMAX) systems. To overcome the noncausal problem, which has been known to be a major obstacle in the discrete-time control design, both systems are transformed to a predictor for output feedback control design. Implicit function theorem is used to overcome the difficulty of the nonaffine appearance of the control input. The problem of lacking a priori knowledge on the control directions is solved by …
Proteomic Profiling Of Plasmodium Sporozoite Maturation Identifies New Proteins Essential For Parasite Development And Infectivity, E Lasonder, Cj Janse, G-J Van Gemert, Gr Mair, Et Al
Proteomic Profiling Of Plasmodium Sporozoite Maturation Identifies New Proteins Essential For Parasite Development And Infectivity, E Lasonder, Cj Janse, G-J Van Gemert, Gr Mair, Et Al
School of Biomedical Sciences
Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites that develop and mature inside an Anopheles mosquito initiate a malaria infection in humans. Here we report the first proteomic comparison of different parasite stages from the mosquito -- early and late oocysts containing midgut sporozoites, and the mature, infectious salivary gland sporozoites. Despite the morphological similarity between midgut and salivary gland sporozoites, their proteomes are markedly different, in agreement with their increase in hepatocyte infectivity. The different sporozoite proteomes contain a large number of stage specific proteins whose annotation suggest an involvement in sporozoite maturation, motility, infection of the human host and associated metabolic adjustments. Analyses …
Loss Of Mediterranean Marine Biodiversity In A High-Co2 World, Jm Hall-Spencer, R Rodolfo-Metalpa
Loss Of Mediterranean Marine Biodiversity In A High-Co2 World, Jm Hall-Spencer, R Rodolfo-Metalpa
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
No abstract provided.
Adaptive Predictive Control Using Neural Network For A Class Of Pure-Feedback Systems In Discrete-Time, Ss Ge, C Yang, Th Lee
Adaptive Predictive Control Using Neural Network For A Class Of Pure-Feedback Systems In Discrete-Time, Ss Ge, C Yang, Th Lee
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics
In this paper, adaptive neural network (NN) control is investigated for a class of nonlinear pure-feedback discrete-time systems. By using prediction functions of future states, the pure-feedback system is transformed into an n -step-ahead predictor, based on which state feedback NN control is synthesized. Next, by investigating the relationship between outputs and states, the system is transformed into an input-output predictor model, and then, output feedback control is constructed. To overcome the difficulty of nonaffine appearance of the control input, implicit function theorem is exploited in the control design and NN is employed to approximate the unknown function in the …
Toll-Like Receptor And Il-12 Signaling Control Susceptibility To Contact Hypersensitivity., Stefan F. Martin, Jan C. Dudda, Eva Bachtanian, Annalisa Lembo, Stefanie Liller, Christoph Dürr, Markus M. Heimesaat, Stefan Bereswill, György Fejer, Ralitsa Vassileva, Thilo Jakob, N Freudenberg, Christian C. Termeer, Caroline Johner, Chris Galanos, Ma Freudenberg
Toll-Like Receptor And Il-12 Signaling Control Susceptibility To Contact Hypersensitivity., Stefan F. Martin, Jan C. Dudda, Eva Bachtanian, Annalisa Lembo, Stefanie Liller, Christoph Dürr, Markus M. Heimesaat, Stefan Bereswill, György Fejer, Ralitsa Vassileva, Thilo Jakob, N Freudenberg, Christian C. Termeer, Caroline Johner, Chris Galanos, Ma Freudenberg
School of Biomedical Sciences
Allergic contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a T cell-mediated inflammatory skin disease. Interleukin (IL)-12 is considered to be important in the generation of the allergen-specific T cell response. Loss of IL-12 function in IL-12Rbeta2-deficient mice, however, did not ameliorate the allergic immune response, suggesting alternate IL-12-independent pathways in the induction of CHS. Because exposure to contact allergens always takes place in the presence of microbial skin flora, we investigated the potential role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the induction of CHS. Using mice deficient in TLR4, the receptor for bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IL-12 receptor (R) beta2, or both, we show that …
The Challenge Of Regulation In A Minimal Photoautotroph: Non-Coding Rnas In Prochlorococcus, Claudia Steglich, Matthias E. Futschik, Debbie Lindell, Bjoern Voss, Sallie W. Chisholm, Wolfgang R. Hess
The Challenge Of Regulation In A Minimal Photoautotroph: Non-Coding Rnas In Prochlorococcus, Claudia Steglich, Matthias E. Futschik, Debbie Lindell, Bjoern Voss, Sallie W. Chisholm, Wolfgang R. Hess
School of Biomedical Sciences
No abstract provided.
Ecological Effects Of Volcanic Co2 Vents, Jm Hall-Spencer, R Rodolfo-Metalpa
Ecological Effects Of Volcanic Co2 Vents, Jm Hall-Spencer, R Rodolfo-Metalpa
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
No abstract provided.
Management Recommendations For Sustainable Exploitation Of Mussel Seed In The Irish Sea, Ja Maguire, Am Knights, M O'Toole, G Burnell, Et Al
Management Recommendations For Sustainable Exploitation Of Mussel Seed In The Irish Sea, Ja Maguire, Am Knights, M O'Toole, G Burnell, Et Al
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
No abstract provided.
Volcanic Carbon Dioxide Vents Show Ecosystem Effects Of Ocean Acidification, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa, Sophie Martin, Emma Ransome, Maoz Fine, Suzanne M. Turner, Sonia J. Rowley, Dario Tedesco, Maria Cristina Buia
Volcanic Carbon Dioxide Vents Show Ecosystem Effects Of Ocean Acidification, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa, Sophie Martin, Emma Ransome, Maoz Fine, Suzanne M. Turner, Sonia J. Rowley, Dario Tedesco, Maria Cristina Buia
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
The atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide (p(CO(2))) will almost certainly be double that of pre-industrial levels by 2100 and will be considerably higher than at any time during the past few million years. The oceans are a principal sink for anthropogenic CO(2) where it is estimated to have caused a 30% increase in the concentration of H(+) in ocean surface waters since the early 1900s and may lead to a drop in seawater pH of up to 0.5 units by 2100 (refs 2, 3). Our understanding of how increased ocean acidity may affect marine ecosystems is at present very …
Factors That Affect Cardiovascular Health: A Review, Sarah A. Buckingham
Factors That Affect Cardiovascular Health: A Review, Sarah A. Buckingham
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Cardiovascular disease is a major public health problem in terms of both high morbidity and mortality rates and large economic costs. Cardiovascular health and risk of disease are determined by a wide range of genetic and environmental factors. This review focuses on the extent to which heredity, physical activity, diet, and psychological factors (including stress) are known to contribute to cardiovascular health or disease. A predisposition for cardiovascular disease can be inherited, but genetic counselling allows the identification of those who are most at risk and an individualised plan to include appropriate lifestyle changes can then be formulated. It is …
The Effect Of Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain (Nod) Proteins On The Secretion Of Cytokines From Macrophages, Joanne Aggett
The Effect Of Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain (Nod) Proteins On The Secretion Of Cytokines From Macrophages, Joanne Aggett
The Plymouth Student Scientist
The study of Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain (NOD) Proteins is a very new area of immunology, with the gene for NOD2 having only been mapped in 2001 (Ogura et al 2001). It holds particular significance for those researching autoimmune disorders such as Blau syndrome and Crohns Disease (CD), as it has been found that a mutation in the NOD2 gene is present in a substantial proportion of CD sufferers, and having the mutation increases a person‟s susceptibility to developing the disease later in life (Economou et al 2004). This review will look at the current research surrounding the NOD proteins and …
Nutrient Intakes At Lunchtime Of Primary School Children In Cornwall: A Comparison Of School Meals And Packed Lunches, G. A. Rees, C. J. Richards, J. Gregory
Nutrient Intakes At Lunchtime Of Primary School Children In Cornwall: A Comparison Of School Meals And Packed Lunches, G. A. Rees, C. J. Richards, J. Gregory
The Plymouth Student Scientist
No abstract provided.
Is Cardiovascular Health Affected By Exercise Type And Impact?, Sarah A. Buckingham
Is Cardiovascular Health Affected By Exercise Type And Impact?, Sarah A. Buckingham
The Plymouth Student Scientist
The principal aim of this study was to determine whether cardiovascular health, assessed by resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure and resting heart rate, was affected by exercise type (golf vs. tennis) and associated impact (low vs. high). Male and female golfers (n = 40) and tennis players (n = 40) aged between 40 and 71 years completed a short questionnaire relating to their main sport and typical exercise habits. Resting blood pressure and heart rate readings were then taken using an electronic wrist sphygmomanometer. The analysis of variance (General Linear Model) showed that overall there were no significant differences …
Environmental Variables And Macroinvertebrate Community Structure In Drainage Ditches On The Somerset Levels, Carly Hoskin
Environmental Variables And Macroinvertebrate Community Structure In Drainage Ditches On The Somerset Levels, Carly Hoskin
The Plymouth Student Scientist
1. Studies of macroinvertebrate assemblages have tended to find relationships between environmental variables and the species present in the assemblage. Here, I looked at the relationship between assemblages and environmental variables in six drainage ditches in a small area of the Somerset Levels, UK. 2. I sampled aquatic macroinvertebrates and a range of environmental physicochemical variables from the six ditches, and investigated the differing relationships between the environmental variables and a range of assemblage datasets (overall assemblage, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, and Mollusca). 3. Environmental variables surveyed were relatively homogeneous, with the exception of calcium, conductivity and nitrate. Diversity, species richness, …
An Analysis Of Dieting Methods, Fruit And Vegetable Intake, Weight Perceptions And Family Meals, In Female Adolescents, Nicola Lowles
An Analysis Of Dieting Methods, Fruit And Vegetable Intake, Weight Perceptions And Family Meals, In Female Adolescents, Nicola Lowles
The Plymouth Student Scientist
OBJECTIVES: The overall aim of the study was to examine relationships between dieting, ethnic origin and fruit and vegetable intake in adolescent girls, and to determine any difference in fruit and vegetable intake and eating with the family during the week and at weekends. SUBJECTS: A total of 823 female subjects participated in the study. The age range was between 12 – 16 years. 52.7% were White, 9.8% were Mixed race, 18.5% were Asian, 15.6% were Black and 2.1% were of another (Other) ethnic origin. All subjects attended low-income group schools in London and Coventry. METHODS: Two separate visits by …
A Review Of Combined Diet And Exercise Weight Loss Interventions In Obese And Overweight Adolescents, Nicola Lowles
A Review Of Combined Diet And Exercise Weight Loss Interventions In Obese And Overweight Adolescents, Nicola Lowles
The Plymouth Student Scientist
No abstract provided.
The Science Behind The Guidelines: A Scientific Guide To The Fao Draft International Guidelines (December 2007) For The Management Of Deep-Sea Fisheries In The High Seas And Examples Of How The Guidelines May Be Practically Implemented., Jm Hall-Spencer, Ad Rogers, Mr Clark, Km Gjerde
The Science Behind The Guidelines: A Scientific Guide To The Fao Draft International Guidelines (December 2007) For The Management Of Deep-Sea Fisheries In The High Seas And Examples Of How The Guidelines May Be Practically Implemented., Jm Hall-Spencer, Ad Rogers, Mr Clark, Km Gjerde
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
No abstract provided.
C-Jun Is A Negative Regulator Of Myelination., David B. Parkinson, Ambily Bhaskaran, Peter Arthur-Farraj, Luke A. Noon, Ashwin Woodhoo, Alison C. Lloyd, M. Laura Feltri, Lawrence Wrabetz, Axel Behrens, Rhona Mirsky, Kristján R. Jessen
C-Jun Is A Negative Regulator Of Myelination., David B. Parkinson, Ambily Bhaskaran, Peter Arthur-Farraj, Luke A. Noon, Ashwin Woodhoo, Alison C. Lloyd, M. Laura Feltri, Lawrence Wrabetz, Axel Behrens, Rhona Mirsky, Kristján R. Jessen
Peninsula Medical School
Schwann cell myelination depends on Krox-20/Egr2 and other promyelin transcription factors that are activated by axonal signals and control the generation of myelin-forming cells. Myelin-forming cells remain remarkably plastic and can revert to the immature phenotype, a process which is seen in injured nerves and demyelinating neuropathies. We report that c-Jun is an important regulator of this plasticity. At physiological levels, c-Jun inhibits myelin gene activation by Krox-20 or cyclic adenosine monophosphate. c-Jun also drives myelinating cells back to the immature state in transected nerves in vivo. Enforced c-Jun expression inhibits myelination in cocultures. Furthermore, c-Jun and Krox-20 show a …
C-Jun Is A Negative Regulator Of Myelination., David B. Parkinson, Ambily Bhaskaran, Peter Arthur-Farraj, Luke A. Noon, Ashwin Woodhoo, Alison C. Lloyd, M. Laura Feltri, Lawrence Wrabetz, Axel Behrens, Rhona Mirsky, Kristján R. Jessen
C-Jun Is A Negative Regulator Of Myelination., David B. Parkinson, Ambily Bhaskaran, Peter Arthur-Farraj, Luke A. Noon, Ashwin Woodhoo, Alison C. Lloyd, M. Laura Feltri, Lawrence Wrabetz, Axel Behrens, Rhona Mirsky, Kristján R. Jessen
Peninsula Medical School
Schwann cell myelination depends on Krox-20/Egr2 and other promyelin transcription factors that are activated by axonal signals and control the generation of myelin-forming cells. Myelin-forming cells remain remarkably plastic and can revert to the immature phenotype, a process which is seen in injured nerves and demyelinating neuropathies. We report that c-Jun is an important regulator of this plasticity. At physiological levels, c-Jun inhibits myelin gene activation by Krox-20 or cyclic adenosine monophosphate. c-Jun also drives myelinating cells back to the immature state in transected nerves in vivo. Enforced c-Jun expression inhibits myelination in cocultures. Furthermore, c-Jun and Krox-20 show a …