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Bite Size Oral Health Promotion., Robert Witton Jan 2010

Bite Size Oral Health Promotion., Robert Witton

Peninsula Dental School

UNLABELLED: Improving health is part of the Government's wider public health agenda and central to this theme is the requirement to help patients make informed healthy choices. The aim of the article is to review the basis of oral health promotion in primary dental care, explain why it is necessary and to give some practical tips on behaviour change in practice. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Understanding and relating well to your patients can make oral health promotion more successful, with communication skills being paramount in achieving this goal, along with the creation of a supportive health-orientated practice environment.


Impaired Immune Tolerance To Porphyromonas Gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide Promotes Neutrophil Migration And Decreased Apoptosis., S Zaric, C Shelburne, R Darveau, Dj Quinn, S Weldon, Cc Taggart, Wa Coulter Jan 2010

Impaired Immune Tolerance To Porphyromonas Gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide Promotes Neutrophil Migration And Decreased Apoptosis., S Zaric, C Shelburne, R Darveau, Dj Quinn, S Weldon, Cc Taggart, Wa Coulter

Peninsula Dental School

Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the tissues supporting the teeth, is characterized by an exaggerated host immune and inflammatory response to periopathogenic bacteria. Toll-like receptor activation, cytokine network induction, and accumulation of neutrophils at the site of inflammation are important in the host defense against infection. At the same time, induction of immune tolerance and the clearance of neutrophils from the site of infection are essential in the control of the immune response, resolution of inflammation, and prevention of tissue destruction. Using a human monocytic cell line, we demonstrate that Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a major etiological …


Oxidative Stress Of Burkholderia Cenocepacia Induces Insertion Sequence-Mediated Genomic Rearrangements That Interfere With Macrorestriction-Based Genotyping, Pavel Drevinek, Adam Baldwin, Laurens Lindenburg, Lovleen Tina Joshi, Angela Marchbank, Sarka Vosahlikova, Christopher G. Dowson, Eshwar Mahenthiralingam Jan 2010

Oxidative Stress Of Burkholderia Cenocepacia Induces Insertion Sequence-Mediated Genomic Rearrangements That Interfere With Macrorestriction-Based Genotyping, Pavel Drevinek, Adam Baldwin, Laurens Lindenburg, Lovleen Tina Joshi, Angela Marchbank, Sarka Vosahlikova, Christopher G. Dowson, Eshwar Mahenthiralingam

Peninsula Dental School

ABSTRACT Burkholderia cenocepacia can cause serious infections and epidemics in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). A CF population in the Czech Republic experienced an epidemic outbreak caused by a B. cenocepacia ST-32 strain. The clonality of the isolates was evident by multilocus sequence typing; however, fingerprinting profiles obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed substantial band variability. We investigated whether the PFGE pattern diversity resulted from genomic rearrangements mediated by insertion sequences (IS); in addition, we determined whether stressful growth conditions altered the transposition activity of these IS. DNA probes for IS commonly found in B. cenocepacia were designed using …


An Investigation Into Sustainable Forest Policies And Practices In Syria, Rim Rateb Al Berni Jan 2010

An Investigation Into Sustainable Forest Policies And Practices In Syria, Rim Rateb Al Berni

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

Appreciation of how forest land can be managed in a sustainable way in arid and semi-arid zones (ASAZs) of centralized countries is limited. Accordingly, this thesis seeks to analyse the role of government and communities, including women, in the formulation and implementation of sustainable forest management (SFM) policy and practices in the semi-arid environment of Syria where such land is limited in extent (e.g. 3% forest and 57% rangeland) and yet where its high biodiversity value is of international significance. The thesis employs a variety of methods: a case study approach (Syria); a questionnaire (i.e. 142 respondents); face-to-face interviews (i.e. …


Aqueous And Solid Phase Interactions Of Radionuclides With Organic Complexing Agents, Estela Reinoso-Maset Jan 2010

Aqueous And Solid Phase Interactions Of Radionuclides With Organic Complexing Agents, Estela Reinoso-Maset

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

Characterising the geochemistry and speciation of major contaminant radionuclides is crucial in order to understand their behaviour and migration in complex environmental systems. Organic complexing agents used in nuclear decontamination have been found to enhance migration of radionuclides at contaminated sites; however, the mechanisms of the interactions in complex environments are poorly understood. In this work, radionuclide speciation and sorption behaviour were investigated in order to identify interactions between four key radionuclides with different oxidation states (Cs(I) and Sr(II) as important fission products; Th(IV) and U(VI) as representative actinides), three anthropogenic organic complexing agents with different denticities (EDTA, NTA and …


Resilience Against Death Anxiety In Relationship To Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder And Psychiatric Co-Morbidity, Mark Hoelterhoff Jan 2010

Resilience Against Death Anxiety In Relationship To Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder And Psychiatric Co-Morbidity, Mark Hoelterhoff

Other Faculty of Science and Engineering Theses

Research was conducted examining death anxiety from existential, psychodynamic, cognitive and sociological perspectives. The intent was to consider the role of death anxiety on well-being; four studies were conducted to examine how death anxiety influenced PTSD and mental health among people who have experienced a life-threatening event. These studies were conducted using undergraduate university students in Lithuania. The first study used a mixed-method design and in phase 1, participants (N=97) completed self-report questionnaires that gathered information on demographics, death anxiety, trauma and well-being. Results indicated a significant correlation between death anxiety and PTSD, but not psychiatric co-morbidity. Phase 2 attempted …


Effects Of Oil Exposure And Oil-Related Compounds On The Immune System Of The Arctic And Temperate Scallops, Chlamysislandica And Pecten Maximus, Marie Lyn Lynhannam Jan 2010

Effects Of Oil Exposure And Oil-Related Compounds On The Immune System Of The Arctic And Temperate Scallops, Chlamysislandica And Pecten Maximus, Marie Lyn Lynhannam

Other Faculty of Science and Engineering Theses

With the current expansion of offshore oil activities in Arctic regions, there is an urgent need to establish the potential effects of oil-related compounds on Arctic organisms. The scallop Chlamys islandica is distributed throughout the sub-Arctic and has been proposed as a sentinel species for this region. In addition, the temperate scallop Pecten maximus occurs in regions of oil activity and, with increasing sea temperatures, the limit of its distribution may extend further into sub-Arctic regions. P. maximus also accumulates contaminants to a greater extent than the current temperate sentinel Mytilus edulis. A hierarchical approach, similar to that adopted to …


The Development Of Reasoning Heuristics In Autism And In Typical Development, Kinga Ella Morsanyi Jan 2010

The Development Of Reasoning Heuristics In Autism And In Typical Development, Kinga Ella Morsanyi

Other Faculty of Science and Engineering Theses

Reasoning and judgment under uncertainty are often based on a limited number of simplifying heuristics rather than formal logic or rule-based argumentation. Heuristics are low-effort mental shortcuts, which save time and effort, and usually result in accurate judgment, but they can also lead to systematic errors and biases when applied inappropriately. In the past 40 years hundreds of papers have been published on the topic of heuristics and biases in judgment and decision making. However, we still know surprisingly little about the development and the cognitive underpinnings of heuristics and biases. The main aim of my thesis is to examine …


Factors Controlling The Quality And Safety Of Fish Using Mackerel (Scomber Scombrus) Shelf-Life Model In The Context Of Sanitary And Phytosanitary (Sps) Measures For The Gambian Fisheries., Bamba A.M. Banja Jan 2010

Factors Controlling The Quality And Safety Of Fish Using Mackerel (Scomber Scombrus) Shelf-Life Model In The Context Of Sanitary And Phytosanitary (Sps) Measures For The Gambian Fisheries., Bamba A.M. Banja

Other Faculty of Science and Engineering Theses

Food quality, including safety, is a major concern facing the food industry today. The effects of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures in the fisheries sector of The Gambia including the factors affecting the safety and spoilage of fish were investigated. Effects of SPS measures are important impediments for exporting fish and fishery products originating from The Gambia to the international food commodity trade. The inadequate scientific and technical expertise in addition to the general lack of information and finance are the major contributing factors to these impediments. The Government must build capacity, improve infrastructure and increase the number of trained …


Communicating Marine Environmental Health: Connecting Science, Social And Policy Values, Rebecca Louise Jefferson Jan 2010

Communicating Marine Environmental Health: Connecting Science, Social And Policy Values, Rebecca Louise Jefferson

Other Faculty of Science and Engineering Theses

Human activities are degrading marine ecosystems and undermining the ecological functions and processes which provide valued goods and services. European and UK marine policy developments aim to implement the Ecosystem Approach to support better management of activities and maintain the health of regional seas. Current public perceptions of the UK marine environment are overwhelmingly negative, creating a barrier to engaging society with marine environmental issues and policy. This thesis conducts a study of the attributes of a suite of 72 UK marine species to identify those which contribute most to marine ecological health. The findings show that structurally complex species …


Amergent Music: Behavior And Becoming In Technoetic & Media Arts, Norbert F. Herber Jan 2010

Amergent Music: Behavior And Becoming In Technoetic & Media Arts, Norbert F. Herber

Other Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Business Theses

Technoetic and media arts are environments of mediated interaction and emergence, where meaning is negotiated by individuals through a personal examination and experience—or becoming—within the mediated space. This thesis examines these environments from a musical perspective and considers how sound functions as an analog to this becoming. Five distinct, original musical works explore the possibilities as to how the emergent dynamics of mediated, interactive exchange can be leveraged towards the construction of musical sound. In the context of this research, becoming can be understood relative to Henri Bergson’s description of the appearance of reality—something that is making or unmaking but …


Participation As Media: A Compositional System For Staging Participation With Reflective Scenography, Karin Sondergaard Jan 2010

Participation As Media: A Compositional System For Staging Participation With Reflective Scenography, Karin Sondergaard

Other Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Business Theses

The practice-led research develops a compositional system for staging participation within reflective scenographies, and suggests an artistic concept of 'participation as media', which propose the participatory involvement as compositional material in itself. The research takes a starting point in the author's expert practice as a performer and director, and identifies key compositional problems from analysis of previous productions of participatory artworks. The practice-led research processes were organised into two laboratory events, a series of method investigations, and the production of two participatory installation artworks Mirror-Zone-Site and Zen- Sofa Arrangement. The approach is to rethink theatre as a complex communicational system …


Inter-Continental Patterns In The Fine-Scale Spatial Ecology Of Rain Forest Termites, Olivia Ingrid Scholtz Jan 2010

Inter-Continental Patterns In The Fine-Scale Spatial Ecology Of Rain Forest Termites, Olivia Ingrid Scholtz

Other Faculty of Science and Engineering Theses

In this thesis I describe fine-scale spatial patterns in rain forest termites, from the colony to the assemblage level, sampled from one hectare plots in Central African and South East Asian lowland rain forest. By so doing the ecological interactions that structure this functionally important and abundant soil community were identified. The African termite assemblage, dominated by soil-feeding termites, saturated the upper soil profile (collected from 90% of soil pits). In contrast termites were collected from <50% of soil pits in Asia, with this difference reflecting the lower species densities and abundances of soil-feeding termites in Asian forests. Territoriality and inter-specific competition was shown to be important between colonies of soil-feeding species in the African plot. The termite assemblages were spatially associated with several environmental properties. However these could not explain the spatial patterns in the functional components of the assemblages. Wood-feeding termites were highly patchily distributed, due to the heterogeneous nature of their food material, but also due to possible competitive interactions for this. Humus-feeding termites were homogenously structured, due to the continuous nature of soil as their feeding and nesting material. True soil-feeding termites, unique to the African assemblage, were heterogeneously distributed despite the equally continuous nature of their feeding and nesting material. This structure may arise from facilitative interactions, such as co-operative defence against ant predation which may be intense in African systems, or through the transfer of soil material at different stages of decomposition. Competition for space is apparent in both regions, both at the colony level among soil-feeding genera, and between aggregations of functional groups. Positive and negative biotic interactions, operating at various spatial and functional scales, appear to be important in influencing how assemblage composition is spatially structured. If indeed facilitation is important in maintaining the taxonomic and functional diversity in termite assemblages, it would be valuable to confirm the mechanism(s) that drives this (i.e. predation and/or food transfer), as these may then influence ecosystem stability.


The Physiological And Molecular Characteristics Of Chemically Induced Abiotic Stress Resistant Mutants Of Cauliflower (Brassica Oleracea Var. Botrytis), Fazal Hadi Jan 2010

The Physiological And Molecular Characteristics Of Chemically Induced Abiotic Stress Resistant Mutants Of Cauliflower (Brassica Oleracea Var. Botrytis), Fazal Hadi

Other Faculty of Science and Engineering Theses

N-nitroso-N-ethyleurea (NEU) and N-nitroso-N-methyleurea (NMU) induced mutants and control plants had been maintained in in-vitro condition for 3 years by continuous sub-culturing and screened 2 generations for resistant mutants selection. In this study highly resistant mutants were regenerated and assessed by leaf discs assay for drought, salt and frost resistance to confirm the persistence of mutation over generations of subculture. Assessment was carried out using mannitol (drought stress), NaCl (salt stress) and freezing (frost stress). Cold-acclimated and non-acclimated leaves were assessed for frost resistance. Results confirmed the persistence of mutations in clones with enhanced tolerance levels to stresses over control …


An Evaluation Of The Relative Influences Of Elevated Temperature And Ocean Acidification On Processes Influencing The Distribution Of Intertidal Barnacles, Helen Sarah Findlay Jan 2010

An Evaluation Of The Relative Influences Of Elevated Temperature And Ocean Acidification On Processes Influencing The Distribution Of Intertidal Barnacles, Helen Sarah Findlay

Other Faculty of Science and Engineering Theses

Ocean acidification and climate change are occurring as a result of anthropogenic release of carbon dioxide (C02) into the atmosphere. Changes in climate and ocean chemistry are occurring concomitantly and at a faster rate than previously recorded in Earth's history, yet little is understood about how they will influence the population dynamics and ecology of many marine organisms. The barnacle Semibalanus balanoides is a major space occupier on rocky shores in northern Europe and hence changes in its population ecology can have a broad influence on other species. An intertidal high CO2 microcosm system was developed in order to determine …


A Biophysical Model Of The Role Of The Outer Hair Cell In Cochlear Nonlinearity, Beibei Jiang Jan 2010

A Biophysical Model Of The Role Of The Outer Hair Cell In Cochlear Nonlinearity, Beibei Jiang

Other Faculty of Science and Engineering Theses

It has been observed that the response characteristics of the basilar membrane in normal living cochleae are both frequency and level-sensitive (Robles & Ruggero 2001). The quality factor of the tuning curve is large at low sound levels and decreases as the sound level increases, and the peak of the tuning curve moves towards lower frequencies as the sound level increases. The current study proposes a nonlinear cochlear model that responds adaptively to the incoming sounds via feedback control arising from the mechanical attributes of the cochlear partition. These attributes are dependent on the membrane potential of the outer hair …


In Momentum: The Navigation, Narration, And Negotiation Of Continuing Professional Development By Mid-Career Artists In South West England, Karen Mary Smith Jan 2010

In Momentum: The Navigation, Narration, And Negotiation Of Continuing Professional Development By Mid-Career Artists In South West England, Karen Mary Smith

Other Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Business Theses

This thesis explores the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) of mid-career artists in England and the South West of England in particular during 2000 to 2010. It identifies what their needs are and asks what CPD means to them; how they navigate their careers through their practice; how they articulate their needs; and how they negotiate to fulfil those needs. It examines to what extent the providers’ thinking about, and provision of, CPD in the region is aligned with the needs of the artists themselves. The individual narratives of artists are represented at the centre of this research. The research was …


An Exploration Into How Students With Dyslexia Identify With Their Condition, With Particular Reference To The Tensions Which Surround Public And Private Perceptions Of Dyslexia, Deborah A Shenton Jan 2010

An Exploration Into How Students With Dyslexia Identify With Their Condition, With Particular Reference To The Tensions Which Surround Public And Private Perceptions Of Dyslexia, Deborah A Shenton

Other Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Business Theses

This thesis, discusses the implications of the social and private constructions of dyslexia for the individual with dyslexia and the dyslexic identity. In view of the difficulties inherent in higher education this study interviews people with dyslexia who successfully entered degree courses at university. It explores their experiences in an effort to gain an understanding of how people with dyslexia form an identity. Issues surrounding 'dyslexia' have increasingly focused on its credibility as a 'genuine' medical and disabling condition. The social expectations of the condition and the differing social and medical models of conditions warranting the label 'disability' have complicated …


Why Bother With Podcasting? A View From The Legal Practice Course, Maggie Hemsworth Jan 2010

Why Bother With Podcasting? A View From The Legal Practice Course, Maggie Hemsworth

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

No abstract provided.


Behavioral Correlations Across Activity, Mating, Exploration, Aggression, And Antipredator Contexts In The European House Cricket, Acheta Domesticus, Alexander D.M. Wilson, Emily M. Whattam, Rachel Bennett, Laksanavadee Visanuvimol, Chris Lauzon, Susan M. Bertram Jan 2010

Behavioral Correlations Across Activity, Mating, Exploration, Aggression, And Antipredator Contexts In The European House Cricket, Acheta Domesticus, Alexander D.M. Wilson, Emily M. Whattam, Rachel Bennett, Laksanavadee Visanuvimol, Chris Lauzon, Susan M. Bertram

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

No abstract provided.


Boldness And Reproductive Fitness Correlates In The Eastern Mosquitofish,Gambusia Holbrooki, Alexander D.M. Wilson, Jean Guy J. Godin, Ashley J.W. Ward Jan 2010

Boldness And Reproductive Fitness Correlates In The Eastern Mosquitofish,Gambusia Holbrooki, Alexander D.M. Wilson, Jean Guy J. Godin, Ashley J.W. Ward

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

AbstractAnimals are known to exhibit ‘personality’; that is, individual differences in behaviour that are consistent across time and/or situations. One axis of personality of particular importance for behavioural ecology is boldness, which can be defined as the tendency of an individual to take risks. The relationship between individual personality and fitness correlates, particularly those involved in reproduction, remains largely unexplored. In the current study, we used female Eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) to ascertain whether certain reproductive traits (e.g. stage of pregnancy, fecundity) are correlated with individual personality in two wild populations in New South Wales, Australia. To quantitatively assess this …


Effects Of Ocean Acidification And High Temperatures On The Bryozoan Myriapora Truncata At Natural Co2 Vents, Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa, Chiara Lombardi, Silvia Cocito, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Maria Cristina Gambi Jan 2010

Effects Of Ocean Acidification And High Temperatures On The Bryozoan Myriapora Truncata At Natural Co2 Vents, Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa, Chiara Lombardi, Silvia Cocito, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Maria Cristina Gambi

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

No abstract provided.


Seamounts As Refugia From Ocean Acidification For Cold-Water Stony Corals, Derek P. Tittensor, Amy R. Baco, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, James C. Orr, Alex D. Rogers Jan 2010

Seamounts As Refugia From Ocean Acidification For Cold-Water Stony Corals, Derek P. Tittensor, Amy R. Baco, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, James C. Orr, Alex D. Rogers

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

No abstract provided.


Pyrosequencing Of Mytilus Galloprovincialis Cdnas: Tissue-Specific Expression Patterns, Ja Craft, Ja Gilbert, B Temperton, Ke Dempsey, K Ashelford, B Tiwari, Th Hutchinson, Jk Chipman Jan 2010

Pyrosequencing Of Mytilus Galloprovincialis Cdnas: Tissue-Specific Expression Patterns, Ja Craft, Ja Gilbert, B Temperton, Ke Dempsey, K Ashelford, B Tiwari, Th Hutchinson, Jk Chipman

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

No abstract provided.


Perfluorodecalin Enhances In Vivo Confocal Microscopy Resolution Of Arabidopsis Thaliana Mesophyll, George R. Littlejohn, João D. Gouveia, Christoph Edner, Nicholas Smirnoff, John Love Jan 2010

Perfluorodecalin Enhances In Vivo Confocal Microscopy Resolution Of Arabidopsis Thaliana Mesophyll, George R. Littlejohn, João D. Gouveia, Christoph Edner, Nicholas Smirnoff, John Love

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

No abstract provided.


Novel Variation Associated With Species Range Expansion, James Buckley, Jon R. Bridle, Andrew Pomiankowski Jan 2010

Novel Variation Associated With Species Range Expansion, James Buckley, Jon R. Bridle, Andrew Pomiankowski

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Abstract When species shift their ranges to track climate change, they are almost certain to experience novel environments to which they are poorly adapted. Otaki and co-workers document an explosion of wing pattern variation accompanying range expansion in the pale grass blue butterfly. This pattern can be replicated in the laboratory using artificial selection on cold shocked pupae, at temperature extremes typical of recently colonized environments. We discuss how this phenotypic plasticity may be associated with successful colonization and how significant local adaptation is likely to re-establish developmental control. Integrating knowledge of trait plasticity into current genetic models of adaptation …


Some Will Pay For What Others Will Pay To Avoid): Vernacular Typography And Popular Culture: Part Of Portfolio Kurl Up N Dye, I Rae Jan 2010

Some Will Pay For What Others Will Pay To Avoid): Vernacular Typography And Popular Culture: Part Of Portfolio Kurl Up N Dye, I Rae

School of Art, Design and Architecture

No abstract provided.


From Placebo To Self-Help: Investigating Retention, Outcome And Mechanisms In Self-Directed Gratitude Interventions, Adam William Alfred Geraghty Jan 2010

From Placebo To Self-Help: Investigating Retention, Outcome And Mechanisms In Self-Directed Gratitude Interventions, Adam William Alfred Geraghty

School of Psychology Theses

The research presented in this thesis explored unguided self-help therapy, primarily using a gratitude technique. Psychological mechanisms that underlie the placebo response may also play a primary role in beneficial response to unguided selfhelp therapy. Retention (whether participants completed the intervention), outcome (whether the technique effectively reduced symptoms), and mechanisms (the psychological processes which antecede outcome and retention), were investigated with participants engaging in procedures to improve a diverse range of symptoms, namely, mood, sleep disturbance, body dissatisfaction, depression and anxiety. Studies one and two investigated the role of two placebo mechanisms, response expectancy and motivational concordance, as predictors of …


Fabrication And Characterizations Of Ysz Electrolyte Films For Sofc, M-F Han, Z Yang, Z Liu, H-R Le Jan 2010

Fabrication And Characterizations Of Ysz Electrolyte Films For Sofc, M-F Han, Z Yang, Z Liu, H-R Le

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) has been widely used as electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The effect of fabrication process on the properties of YSZ electrolyte thick film is discussed in the paper. With YSZ nano-powders of about 20-60nm as raw material, YSZ green adobe was fabricated by tape calendering process. Three-step sintering process was performed firstly holding at 1000 degrees C for 2h, then raising to 1300 similar to 1400 degrees C, then decreasing to 1200 similar to 1300 degrees C within 30 minutes, and finally calcining at 1200 similar to 1300 degrees C for 5 similar to …


Multimodal Structure Of Baroclinic Tides In The South China Sea, V. Vlasenko, N. Stashchuk, C. Guo, X. Chen Jan 2010

Multimodal Structure Of Baroclinic Tides In The South China Sea, V. Vlasenko, N. Stashchuk, C. Guo, X. Chen

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

The modelling of baroclinic tides generated in the northern South China Sea is studied using a fully-nonlinear non-hydrostatic numerical model. The focus of the modelling efforts was on the vertical structure of internal waves in the vicinity of the Luzon Strait. The barotropic tidal flow interacting with a two-ridge bottom topography in the area of the Luzon Strait produces a complex baroclinic tidal signal. A multimodal baroclinic bore with counter-phase displacement of isopycnals generated over the ridges and propagating westward disintegrates into a series of large-amplitude solitary internal waves. The leading first-mode solitary wave of depression is followed by a …