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Speech Development: Toddlers Don't Mind Getting It Wrong, Piers Messum, Ian S. Howard Jan 2012

Speech Development: Toddlers Don't Mind Getting It Wrong, Piers Messum, Ian S. Howard

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

No abstract provided.


Risk Management In Research-Informed Teaching, Karen Gresty, Troy Heffernan, Wei Pan, Andrew Edwards-Jones Jan 2012

Risk Management In Research-Informed Teaching, Karen Gresty, Troy Heffernan, Wei Pan, Andrew Edwards-Jones

More Faculty of Science and Engineering Research

The nature of the relationship between teaching and research is of crucial importance and it continues to be a source of controversy and concern in current literature. Interestingly, associated risks of the relationship have been largely overlooked by researchers. This project contributes a novel, epistemological approach to investigate Research-informed Teaching (RiT) by adopting the philosophy of risk management. This approach allows an exploration of both real and perceived risks of RiT from students’ and tutors’ perspectives, reflecting the analytical process of risk identification, assessment and management.1. What are the risks of incorporating Research-informed Teaching into distinct disciplines? Previous HEA-funded research …


Doing, Seeing, Or Both: Effects Of Learning Condition On Subsequent Action Perception, Alison J. Wiggett, Matthew Hudson, Angela Clifford, Steven P. Tipper, Paul E. Downing Jan 2012

Doing, Seeing, Or Both: Effects Of Learning Condition On Subsequent Action Perception, Alison J. Wiggett, Matthew Hudson, Angela Clifford, Steven P. Tipper, Paul E. Downing

School of Psychology

No abstract provided.


Implicit Social Learning In Relation To Autistic-Like Traits, Matthew Hudson, Tanja C.W. Nijboer, Tjeerd Jellema Jan 2012

Implicit Social Learning In Relation To Autistic-Like Traits, Matthew Hudson, Tanja C.W. Nijboer, Tjeerd Jellema

School of Psychology

No abstract provided.


Evolution Of Grasping Behaviour In Anthropomorphic Robotic Arms With Embodied Neural Controllers, Gianluca Massera Jan 2012

Evolution Of Grasping Behaviour In Anthropomorphic Robotic Arms With Embodied Neural Controllers, Gianluca Massera

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Theses

The works reported in this thesis focus upon synthesising neural controllers for anthropomorphic robots that are able to manipulate objects through an automatic design process based on artificial evolution. The use of Evolutionary Robotics makes it possible to reduce the characteristics and parameters specified by the designer to a minimum, and the robot’s skills evolve as it interacts with the environment. The primary objective of these experiments is to investigate whether neural controllers that are regulating the state of the motors on the basis of the current and previously experienced sensors (i.e. without relying on an inverse model) can enable …


On The Evolutionary Co-Adaptation Of Morphology And Distributed Neural Controllers In Adaptive Agents, Mariagiovanna Mazzapioda Jan 2012

On The Evolutionary Co-Adaptation Of Morphology And Distributed Neural Controllers In Adaptive Agents, Mariagiovanna Mazzapioda

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Theses

The attempt to evolve complete embodied and situated artificial creatures in which both morphological and control characteristics are adapted during the evolutionary process has been and still represents a long term goal key for the artificial life and the evolutionary robotics community. Loosely inspired by ancient biological organisms which are not provided with a central nervous system and by simple organisms such as stick insects, this thesis proposes a new genotype encoding which allows development and evolution of mor- phology and neural controller in artificial agents provided with a distributed neural network. In order to understand if this kind of …


Personality And Metamorphosis: Is Behavioral Variation Consistent Across Ontogenetic Niche Shifts?, Alexander D.M. Wilson, Jens Krause Jan 2012

Personality And Metamorphosis: Is Behavioral Variation Consistent Across Ontogenetic Niche Shifts?, Alexander D.M. Wilson, Jens Krause

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

No abstract provided.


Ocean Acidification And The Loss Of Phenolic Substances In Marine Plants., Thomas Arnold, Christopher Mealey, Hannah Leahey, A. Whitman Miller, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Marco Milazzo, Kelly Maers Jan 2012

Ocean Acidification And The Loss Of Phenolic Substances In Marine Plants., Thomas Arnold, Christopher Mealey, Hannah Leahey, A. Whitman Miller, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Marco Milazzo, Kelly Maers

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Rising atmospheric CO(2) often triggers the production of plant phenolics, including many that serve as herbivore deterrents, digestion reducers, antimicrobials, or ultraviolet sunscreens. Such responses are predicted by popular models of plant defense, especially resource availability models which link carbon availability to phenolic biosynthesis. CO(2) availability is also increasing in the oceans, where anthropogenic emissions cause ocean acidification, decreasing seawater pH and shifting the carbonate system towards further CO(2) enrichment. Such conditions tend to increase seagrass productivity but may also increase rates of grazing on these marine plants. Here we show that high CO(2) / low pH conditions of OA …


Temperate And Tropical Brown Macroalgae Thrive, Despite Decalcification, Along Natural Co2 Gradients, Vivienne R. Johnson, Bayden D. Russell, Katharina E. Fabricius, Colin Brownlee, Jason M. Hall-Spencer Jan 2012

Temperate And Tropical Brown Macroalgae Thrive, Despite Decalcification, Along Natural Co2 Gradients, Vivienne R. Johnson, Bayden D. Russell, Katharina E. Fabricius, Colin Brownlee, Jason M. Hall-Spencer

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

No abstract provided.


Sea Anemones May Thrive In A High Co2 World, David J. Suggett, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa, Toby G. Boatman, Ross Payton, Dt Pettay, Vivienne R. Johnson, Mark E. Warner, Tracy Lawson Jan 2012

Sea Anemones May Thrive In A High Co2 World, David J. Suggett, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa, Toby G. Boatman, Ross Payton, Dt Pettay, Vivienne R. Johnson, Mark E. Warner, Tracy Lawson

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

No abstract provided.


Artificial Seed Production From Encapsulated Microshoots Of Cauliflower (Brassica Oleraceae Var Botrytis), Hz Rihan, Mp Fuller, M Al-Issawi, S Burchett Jan 2012

Artificial Seed Production From Encapsulated Microshoots Of Cauliflower (Brassica Oleraceae Var Botrytis), Hz Rihan, Mp Fuller, M Al-Issawi, S Burchett

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

A cost effective protocol for the production of cauliflower microshoots suitable for encapsulation was designed. Microshoots were encapsulated in sodium chloride matrices. The use of 2% of sodium alginate and 15 g/L of dehydrate calcium chloride produced the optimal quality of artificial seeds (rigidity, conversion rate and viability). Of the various plant growth regulator combinations used with the microshoot liquid culture medium, the use of 1 mg/L of IBA (indole butyric acid) and 1 mg/L Kinetin was found to be optimal in terms of the conversion rate and viability of artificial seeds. To standardize a medium composition of artificial endosperm …


Influence Of Climate Change And Trophic Coupling Across Four Trophic Levels In The Celtic Sea., Valentina Lauria, Martin J. Attrill, John K. Pinnegar, Andrew Brown, Martin Edwards, Stephen C. Votier Jan 2012

Influence Of Climate Change And Trophic Coupling Across Four Trophic Levels In The Celtic Sea., Valentina Lauria, Martin J. Attrill, John K. Pinnegar, Andrew Brown, Martin Edwards, Stephen C. Votier

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Climate change has had profound effects upon marine ecosystems, impacting across all trophic levels from plankton to apex predators. Determining the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems requires understanding the direct effects on all trophic levels as well as indirect effects mediated by trophic coupling. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of climate change on the pelagic food web in the Celtic Sea, a productive shelf region in the Northeast Atlantic. Using long-term data, we examined possible direct and indirect 'bottom-up' climate effects across four trophic levels: phytoplankton, zooplankton, mid-trophic level fish and seabirds. During …


There Is No Evidence For A Temporal Link Between Pathogen Arrival And Frog Extinctions In North-Eastern Australia., Ben L. Phillips, Robert Puschendorf, Jeremy Vanderwal, Ross A. Alford Jan 2012

There Is No Evidence For A Temporal Link Between Pathogen Arrival And Frog Extinctions In North-Eastern Australia., Ben L. Phillips, Robert Puschendorf, Jeremy Vanderwal, Ross A. Alford

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Pathogen spread can cause population declines and even species extinctions. Nonetheless, in the absence of tailored monitoring schemes, documenting pathogen spread can be difficult. In the case of worldwide amphibian declines the best present understanding is that the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has recently spread, causing amphibian declines and extinction in the process. However, good evidence demonstrating pathogen arrival followed by amphibian decline is rare, and analysis of putative evidence is often inadequate. Here we attempt to examine the relationship between Bd arrival and amphibian decline across north-eastern Australia, using sites where a wave-like pattern of amphibian decline was …


The Use Of Near Infrared Spectroscopy In Measuring Haemodynamic Response Of The Primary Visual Cortex To A Visual Bullseye Stimulus With Various Spatial And Temporal Frequencies, Luke Perkins Dec 2011

The Use Of Near Infrared Spectroscopy In Measuring Haemodynamic Response Of The Primary Visual Cortex To A Visual Bullseye Stimulus With Various Spatial And Temporal Frequencies, Luke Perkins

The Plymouth Student Scientist

The effects of spatial and temporal frequencies of a visual, sinusoidal bullseye stimulus on haemodynamic responses in V1 were investigated using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Eight psychology undergraduates viewed a reversing bullseye pattern with differing spatial and temporal frequencies and haemodynamic responses in V1 were measured. It was found that optimum responses were recorded when the spatial frequency was 4.00 c/deg and when temporal frequency was 7.55 Hz; however no significant differences between frequencies were found. The mixed findings provided some support for past findings, implying that cells are finely tuned to detect certain stimulus properties, and demonstrated NIRS as a valid …


Social Behaviour In Captive Reticulated Giraffes (Giraffa Camelopardalis Reticulata): Analysis Of Enclosure Use And Social Interactions Between Giraffes Housed At Whipsnade Zoo, Stephanie Perry Dec 2011

Social Behaviour In Captive Reticulated Giraffes (Giraffa Camelopardalis Reticulata): Analysis Of Enclosure Use And Social Interactions Between Giraffes Housed At Whipsnade Zoo, Stephanie Perry

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Wild giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) herds have been described as random associations of individuals, but recent research has suggested that giraffe do form social bonds and have a complex social structure. The aims of this investigation were to determine whether a group of three captive giraffe associated randomly or patterned their behaviour and proximity in a way that suggests social relationships. Also to analyse how the giraffe use their enclosure in order for the zoo to develop the enrichment program to encourage the giraffe to use the enclosure more equally. Index of association and maintenance of proximity were used to analyse …


The Invasive Biology Of The Talitrid Amphipod Platorchestia Platensis In North West Europe, Rebekah Simpson Dec 2011

The Invasive Biology Of The Talitrid Amphipod Platorchestia Platensis In North West Europe, Rebekah Simpson

The Plymouth Student Scientist

The talitrid amphipod Platorchestia platensis (Kröyer, 1845) is an invasive species which has been spreading along European coasts over the last 150 years. This paper will review what is known of the distribution of P. platensis to date, before discussing potential distribution methods, evaluating potential management strategies and providing a perspective on the future distribution of this species. Despite P. platensis having worldwide distribution, very little is known about its invasive history. It has been established that the most likely methods of dispersal for P. platensis are on currents and in ballast water, though further research is needed. Although dispersal …


Current And Emerging Issues In Nosocomial Infections And Antibiotic Resistance, Zoe Tridgell Dec 2011

Current And Emerging Issues In Nosocomial Infections And Antibiotic Resistance, Zoe Tridgell

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Antibiotic resistant pathogens are a major cause of nosocomial infections and exhibit an extraordinary ability to constantly adapt and acquire resistance determinants to overcome the effects of commonly prescribed antimicrobials. Glycopeptide resistant Enterococcus faecium, multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium difficile and Escherichia coli are all pathogens of clinical interest, increasing in prevalence and causing large outbreaks of infection within hospitals. On the other hand, the emerging potential of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and linezolid resistance in Gram-positive pathogens to follow suite provides a serious concern for the future treatment of hospital-acquired infections.


Investigation Into Inter-Alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain 4 (Itih4) As A Biomarker For Prenatal Screening Of Down Syndrome Using Maternal Plasma Samples, Jessica Elliott-Friend Dec 2011

Investigation Into Inter-Alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain 4 (Itih4) As A Biomarker For Prenatal Screening Of Down Syndrome Using Maternal Plasma Samples, Jessica Elliott-Friend

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Background: Down Syndrome (DS) effects 3 per 1000 births and is a significant cause of fetal loss. Currently screening tests detect ~85% of affected pregnancies, with a 5% false-positive rate, whilst diagnosis requires invasive tests such as amniocentesis which is associated with a ~1% risk of miscarriage. More effective screening methods, or Non Invasive Prenatal Diagnosis (NIPD) methods, are required to reduce the need for invasive diagnostic tests. Aim: This study aims to investigate inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) as a potential biomarker in DS pregnancies. Method: Samples include 8 non-pregnant controls and 7 pregnant women known to …


Endotoxin Tolerance And The Immune System, Elyce Marshfield Dec 2011

Endotoxin Tolerance And The Immune System, Elyce Marshfield

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Endotoxin tolerance is a phenomenon known to cause innate immune cells, like macrophages, to produce a decreased pro-inflammatory response to a pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP), like LPS, after pre-stimulation. Innate immune cells involved have thought to be primarily monocytes/macrophages but evidence has been found for involvement of dendritic cells, neutrophils and T cells. The molecular mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance are vague. However, negative regulators such as SOCS1, IRAK-M and SHIP are believed to play a large role, along with the down-regulation of TLR4 on cell surface and gene re-programming. Clinically, sepsis is a major model of endotoxin tolerance due …


Marine Invertebrates In Hypoxia: Developmental, Behavioural, Physiological And Fitness Responses, Rebecca Loddington Dec 2011

Marine Invertebrates In Hypoxia: Developmental, Behavioural, Physiological And Fitness Responses, Rebecca Loddington

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Hypoxia is occurring in the marine environment all around the world as a result of human activities and natural biological processes such as eutrophication and water stratification. Low levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) can result in mass mortality and disruption for marine organisms. In this paper the effects of hypoxia (<5mg O2 l -1 ) will be reviewed focusing on developmental, behavioural, physiological and fitness responses of marine invertebrates. Differences in the units used and thresholds when measuring hypoxia, by different researchers, make comparisons difficult. It is clear that negative effects are being observed at higher levels than the 2.8mg O2 l -1 threshold previously proposed by Diaz and Rosenberg. Many responses to hypoxia seem to not affect marine invertebrates directly, but result in a decrease in reproductive output and physiological mechanisms for surviving long-term hypoxia seem to be poorly understood. More research should be completed above the 2.8mg O2 l1 threshold, and a priority should be quantifying the effects of hypoxia. Therefore, management targets can be enforced and a positive step can be made to combat hypoxia.


The Effects Of Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Sports Drinks On Performance And Physiological Function During An 8km Cycle Time Trial, Jack Hornsby Dec 2011

The Effects Of Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Sports Drinks On Performance And Physiological Function During An 8km Cycle Time Trial, Jack Hornsby

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Background: Supplementation in the form of sports drinks has in latter years become an integral part of professional and amateur exercise. Currently much of the research is directed at carbohydrate-electrolyte (CE) drink supplementation for exercises lasting one hour or above and has been shown to improve performance. However the effects of supplementation prior to and during intense, short term exercise on performance is less understood. Therefore the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of ingesting different CE drinks prior and during exercise on an 8km time trial (TT) performance against a placebo. Methods: Fifteen male subjects …


A Review In Overhydration Underlying Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia, Jahn Firth Dec 2011

A Review In Overhydration Underlying Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia, Jahn Firth

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) is hyponatremia occurring during or up to 24 hours after prolonged physical activity. There is clear evidence that the primary cause of EAH is overconsumption of fluids relative to fluid losses. The electrolyte imbalance, in particular sodium triggered by overhydration is the aetiologic basis behind the illness. If untreated, hyponatremia causes cerebral and pulmonary edema resulting in seizures, coma and on occasion, death. Current understanding of overhydration underlying EAH is discussed. Aetiology, pathology, diagnosis, the role of sodium and preventive measures are key focal points in this review. The body of research spans more than two decades …


The Effect Of An Invasive Species On Predation Rates Upon Intertidal Barnacles, Rachel Linaker Dec 2011

The Effect Of An Invasive Species On Predation Rates Upon Intertidal Barnacles, Rachel Linaker

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Non-indigenous species invasions are considered a large threat to native biota however the effects of which have been relatively understudied with respect to intertidal systems. Current literature surrounds the movement of species, however relatively little attempt has been made to quantify the effect. Using the invasive oyster drill Ocenebra erinacea and the native dogwhelk Nucella lapillus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of an invasive species‟ on predation rates over a one-week period feeding on the intertidal barnacle Chthamalus montagui. This was conducted by testing for the effects of increased conspecific density (abundance increase) and biodiversity (species number/identity) against …


3d Surface Topography And Reflectivity Of Anisotropic Etched Silicon Micromirrors For Biomems, Re Mackay, N Lionis, Hr Le Dec 2011

3d Surface Topography And Reflectivity Of Anisotropic Etched Silicon Micromirrors For Biomems, Re Mackay, N Lionis, Hr Le

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

This paper examines wet and dry fabrication of vertical micro-mirrors in (110) silicon for use in an innovative BioMEMS integrating gripping and micro force sensing functionalities. Wet anisotropic chemical etching in potassium hydroxide (KOH) and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) with and without isopropanol alcohol (IPA) additive was examined. Deep Reactive Ion Etched samples were produced using inductive coupled process. 3D surface roughness of samples was examined using scanning electron microscope, interferometric profilometer and atomic force microscopy. An optic fiber displacement sensor was exploited to measure the reflectivity of uncoated or coated samples with evaporated metallic thin film. The research aimed …


Probiotic Bacterial Strains Differentially Modulate Macrophage Cytokine Production In A Strain-Dependent And Cell Subset-Specific Manner., N. Habil, W. Al-Murrani, J. Beal, A. D. Foey Dec 2011

Probiotic Bacterial Strains Differentially Modulate Macrophage Cytokine Production In A Strain-Dependent And Cell Subset-Specific Manner., N. Habil, W. Al-Murrani, J. Beal, A. D. Foey

School of Biomedical Sciences

Gut mucosal macrophages play a pivotal role in driving mucosal immune responses, resulting in either activation of inflammatory immune responses to pathogenic challenge or tolerance to beneficial luminal contents such as food and commensal bacteria. Macrophage responses elicited are dependent on tissue environment and the resulting cell subset, where homeostatic macrophages resemble the M2 macrophage subset and inflammatory macrophages resemble M1s. Probiotics can modulate macrophage function with outcome dependent on subset present. Using a THP-1 monocyte cell line-derived model of CD14high/low M1 and M2 macrophages, the aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of a panel of …


Butyrate Regulation Of Distinct Macrophage Subsets: Opposing Effects On M1 And M2 Macrophages, Ad Foey Dec 2011

Butyrate Regulation Of Distinct Macrophage Subsets: Opposing Effects On M1 And M2 Macrophages, Ad Foey

School of Biomedical Sciences

Mucosal tolerance is central to efficient gastrointestinal tract function, tolerating food and commensal bacteria, whilst maintaining immune responsiveness to pathogens. Mucosal macrophages play a pivotal role in tolerance; whereas in inflammatory bowel disease, dysfunctional macrophages lead to tolerance breakdown, whereby commensals perpetuate inflammation. Macrophage subsets however, determine effector function: M1s are pro-inflammatory whereas M2s are antiinflammatory/regulatory. In addition to commensal bacteria, butyrate, a short chain fatty acid probiotic metabolite, may also modulate macrophage-mediated tolerance. The human monocytic cell line, THP-1, was used to investigate butyrate immunoregulation in M1 and M2 macrophages, generated by monocyte differentiation in the presence of PMA …


Hypoxia-Driven Cell Motility Reflects The Interplay Between Jmy And Hif-1Α, As Coutts, Im Pires, L Weston, Fm Buffa, Et Al Dec 2011

Hypoxia-Driven Cell Motility Reflects The Interplay Between Jmy And Hif-1Α, As Coutts, Im Pires, L Weston, Fm Buffa, Et Al

School of Biomedical Sciences

Junction-mediating and regulatory protein (JMY) is a novel p53 cofactor that regulates p53 activity during stress. JMY interacts with p300/CBP, which are ubiquitous transcriptional co-activators that interact with a variety of sequence-specific transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). In addition, JMY is an actin-nucleating protein, which, through its WH2 domains, stimulates cell motility. In this study, we show that JMY is upregulated during hypoxia in a HIF-1α-dependent manner. The JMY gene contains HIF-responsive elements in its promoter region and HIF-1α is recruited to its promoter during hypoxia. HIF-1α drives transcription of JMY, which accounts for its induction under hypoxia. Moreover, …


Anxiety: An Evolutionary Approach, M Bateson, B Brilot, D Nettle Dec 2011

Anxiety: An Evolutionary Approach, M Bateson, B Brilot, D Nettle

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental illnesses, with huge attendant suffering. Current treatments are not universally effective, suggesting that a deeper understanding of the causes of anxiety is needed. To understand anxiety disorders better, it is first necessary to understand the normal anxiety response. This entails considering its evolutionary function as well as the mechanisms underlying it. We argue that the function of the human anxiety response, and homologues in other species, is to prepare the individual to detect and deal with threats. We use a signal detection framework to show that the threshold for expressing the anxiety …


Toxic Marine Microalgae And Shellfish Poisoning In The British Isles: History, Review Of Epidemiology, And Future Implications, Sl Hinder, Gc Hays, Cj Brooks, Ap Davies, Et Al Dec 2011

Toxic Marine Microalgae And Shellfish Poisoning In The British Isles: History, Review Of Epidemiology, And Future Implications, Sl Hinder, Gc Hays, Cj Brooks, Ap Davies, Et Al

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

The relationship between toxic marine microalgae species and climate change has become a high profile and well discussed topic in recent years, with research focusing on the possible future impacts of changing hydrological conditions on Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) species around the world. However, there is very little literature concerning the epidemiology of these species on marine organisms and human health. Here, we examine the current state of toxic microalgae species around the UK, in two ways: first we describe the key toxic syndromes and gather together the disparate reported data on their epidemiology from UK records and monitoring procedures. …


Cognitions In Bipolar Affective Disorder And Unipolar Depression: Imagining Suicide, Sa Hales, C Deeprose, Gm Goodwin, Ea Holmes Nov 2011

Cognitions In Bipolar Affective Disorder And Unipolar Depression: Imagining Suicide, Sa Hales, C Deeprose, Gm Goodwin, Ea Holmes

School of Psychology

Hales SA, Deeprose C, Goodwin GM, Holmes EA. Cognitions in bipolar affective disorder and unipolar depression: imagining suicide. Bipolar Disord 2011: 13: 651–661. © 2011 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objective: Bipolar disorder has the highest rate of suicide of all the psychiatric disorders. In unipolar depression, individuals report vivid, affect-laden images of suicide or the aftermath of death (flashforwards to suicide) during suicidal ideation but this phenomenon has not been explored in bipolar disorder. Therefore the authors investigated and compared imagery and verbal thoughts related to past suicidality in individuals with bipolar disorder …