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Articles 3871 - 3900 of 6795
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Holocene Fluctuations In Human Population Demonstrate Repeated Links To Food Production And Climate, Andrew Bevan, Sue Colledge, Dorian Fuller, Ralph Fyfe, Stephen Shennan, Chris Stevens
Holocene Fluctuations In Human Population Demonstrate Repeated Links To Food Production And Climate, Andrew Bevan, Sue Colledge, Dorian Fuller, Ralph Fyfe, Stephen Shennan, Chris Stevens
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences
No abstract provided.
Tidal Conversion And Mixing Poleward Of The Critical Latitude (An Arctic Case Study), Tom P. Rippeth, Vasiliy Vlasenko, Nataliya Stashchuk, Brian D. Scannell, J. A.Mattias Green, Ben J. Lincoln, Sheldon Bacon
Tidal Conversion And Mixing Poleward Of The Critical Latitude (An Arctic Case Study), Tom P. Rippeth, Vasiliy Vlasenko, Nataliya Stashchuk, Brian D. Scannell, J. A.Mattias Green, Ben J. Lincoln, Sheldon Bacon
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
The tides are a major source of the kinetic energy supporting turbulent mixing in the global oceans. The prime mechanism for the transfer of tidal energy to turbulent mixing results from the interaction between topography and stratified tidal flow, leading to the generation of freely propagating internal waves at the period of the forcing tide. However, poleward of the critical latitude (where the period of the principal tidal constituent exceeds the local inertial period), the action of the Coriolis force precludes the development of freely propagating linear internal tides. Here we focus on a region of sloping topography, poleward of …
On Unconventional Computing For Sound And Music, Er Miranda, A Kirke, E Braund, A Antoine
On Unconventional Computing For Sound And Music, Er Miranda, A Kirke, E Braund, A Antoine
School of Art, Design and Architecture
No abstract provided.
An Approach To Building Musical Bioprocessors With Physarum Polycephalum Memristors, E Braund, Er Miranda, Er Miranda
An Approach To Building Musical Bioprocessors With Physarum Polycephalum Memristors, E Braund, Er Miranda, Er Miranda
School of Art, Design and Architecture
No abstract provided.
The Potentiating Effect Of Mandelate And Lactate On Chemically-Induced Germination In Members Of Bacillus Cereus Sensu Lato., Ah Bishop
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
Endospores of the genus Bacillus can be triggered to germinate by a limited number of chemicals. Mandelate had powerful additive effects on the levels and rates of germination produced in non-heat-shocked spores of Bacillus anthracis strain Sterne, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis when combined with l-alanine and inosine. Mandelate had no germinant effect on its own but was active with these germinants in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations higher than 0.5 mM. The maximum rate and extent of germination were produced in B. anthracis by 100 mM l-alanine with 10 mM inosine; this was equaled by just 25% of these …
Comparative Costs And Activity From A Sample Of Uk Clinical Trials Units, D Hind, Bc Reeves, S Bathers, C Bray, Et Al
Comparative Costs And Activity From A Sample Of Uk Clinical Trials Units, D Hind, Bc Reeves, S Bathers, C Bray, Et Al
Peninsula Medical School
BACKGROUND: The costs of medical research are a concern. Clinical Trials Units (CTUs) need to better understand variations in the costs of their activities. METHODS: Representatives of ten CTUs and two grant-awarding bodies pooled their experiences in discussions over 1.5 years. Five of the CTUs provided estimates of, and written justification for, costs associated with CTU activities required to implement an identical protocol. The protocol described a 5.5-year, nonpharmacological randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted at 20 centres. Direct and indirect costs, the number of full time equivalents (FTEs) and the FTEs attracting overheads were compared and qualitative methods (unstructured interviews …
A Comparison Of Inferential Analysis Methods For Multilevel Studies: Implications For Drawing Conclusions In Animal Welfare Science, Kn Stevens, L Asher, K Griffin, M Friel, N O'Connell
A Comparison Of Inferential Analysis Methods For Multilevel Studies: Implications For Drawing Conclusions In Animal Welfare Science, Kn Stevens, L Asher, K Griffin, M Friel, N O'Connell
Peninsula Medical School
Investigations comparing the behaviour and welfare of animals in different environments have led to mixed and often conflicting results. These could arise from genuine differences in welfare, poor validity of indicators, low statistical power, publication bias, or inappropriate statistical analysis. Our aim was to investigate the effects of using four approaches for inferential analysis of datasets of varying size on model outcomes and potential conclusions. We considered aggression in 864 growing pigs over six weeks as measured by ear and body injury score and relationships with: less and more enriched environments, pig's relative weight, and sex. Pigs were housed in …
Genetic Optimisations For Satisfiability And Ramsey Theory, Andrew Barnes
Genetic Optimisations For Satisfiability And Ramsey Theory, Andrew Barnes
The Plymouth Student Scientist
The art of using evolutionary mechanisms for identifying satisfiability has produced a range of efficient solutions to this otherwise computationally challenging problem. Since their first use these evolutionary methods have been changed and adapted to produce increasingly efficient solutions. This paper introduces two unique alternatives to the optimisation of these methods, the first through the introduction of alternative mutation operators and the second through utilizing a grammatical encoding which has been proven to improve neuroevolution. The goal of this paper is to identify whether these two alternatives are candidates for future investigation in improving evolutionary satisfiability solvers.
Effects Of Predation Risk And Temperature On Foraging Behaviour Of Littorina Littorea, Sarah Curtin
Effects Of Predation Risk And Temperature On Foraging Behaviour Of Littorina Littorea, Sarah Curtin
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Predator-prey interactions are a fundamental feature of ecological communities. The majority of studies have focussed on the consequences of predators reducing the abundance of their prey through direct consumption (density-mediated interaction, DMIs). However, predators can also interact with prey by inducing costly behavioural and/or physiological defence strategies such as reduced foraging, anti-predator behaviour and investment in defensive structures. Evidence suggests that the cost of these phenotypic responses, termed trait-mediated interactions (TMIs), may be greater than that of DMIs. The strength of TMIs may depend on the environmental context in which prey must decide between food and safety. Because temperature can …
Undergraduate Research As A Form Of Learning, Amelia Welch
Undergraduate Research As A Form Of Learning, Amelia Welch
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Guest editorial: Amelia Welch, Final Year Student, Marine Biology, Plymouth University
Toll-Like Receptor 7: Expression Patterns Within Mammalian Trigeminal And Dorsal Root Ganglia And Its Selected Facial Innervation Target, The Tongue, Sara Kawamura
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to be expressed in the mammalian nervous system where they play an important role in the hosts’ immune defence against bacterial and viral pathogens. Recent studies have looked into the expression of a wide range of TLRs in various neuronal sub-populations of the central and peripheral nervous systems. However, the co-expression of TLRs within the sub-populations of neurons as well as the expression of TLRs in the terminals of various innervation targets are yet to be understood. In this study, Immunohistochemistry was used to quantify the expression of TLR7 with known neurochemical markers in two …
The Long Term Effects Of Social Deprivation On Black-Capped Capuchins (Sapajus Apella) Rescued From The Primate Pet Trade, Kate Bee
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Captivity is often physically and psychologically damaging to primates, who have complex ethological and social needs. It is widely agreed that primates do not make suitable domestic pets, however it is still legal to keep some species of primates as pets in the UK.The effects of the exotic pet trade on primate welfare are poorly documented. It is extremely likely that it will be detrimental towards their physical and mental health, especially when kept in isolation from other primates, but there is little evidence to show the long-term implications of social deprivation.This study observed the long term-effects of social isolation …
The Effects Of Turbulence On Vertical Distributions And Concentrations Of Phytoplankton In (Case Ii) Coastal Waters, Daniel Ford
The Effects Of Turbulence On Vertical Distributions And Concentrations Of Phytoplankton In (Case Ii) Coastal Waters, Daniel Ford
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Estuaries are extensive habitats that are vulnerable to rising sea levels; a detailed understanding of biological and physical interactions is required to predict future change. Surveys were conducted in an estuarine system across contrasting tidal states, of neap ebb and spring flood, to evaluate how changes in vertical turbulent mixing affect vertical phytoplankton distributions. Profiles of temperature, salinity, irradiance, shear microstructure and fluorescence were undertaken at multiple stations along the Tamar Estuary, UK. Results confirmed that turbulent mixing was predominately controlled by stratification, with lower mixing occurring on the neap ebb tide. At stations where the average water column mixing …
Genetics Reveal The Identity And Origin Of The Lionfish Invasion In The Mediterranean Sea, M Bariche, P Kleitou, S Kalogirou, G Bernardi
Genetics Reveal The Identity And Origin Of The Lionfish Invasion In The Mediterranean Sea, M Bariche, P Kleitou, S Kalogirou, G Bernardi
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
Following aquarium releases, invasive lionfishes have colonized large areas of the Caribbean and western Atlantic, resulting in an immense ecological damage. The early stages of that invasion are poorly known. Indeed, a lag of time between the introduction and detection often preclude genetic characterization of that crucial phase. With elevated awareness, the recent invasion of Pterois miles was quickly detected in the Mediterranean Sea. We hereby show that the very first individuals establishing populations in the Mediterranean Sea display haplotypes that nest within the large genetic diversity of Red Sea individuals, thus indicating an invasion via the Suez Canal. We …
To Group Or Not To Group? Good Practice For Housing Male Laboratory Mice, S Kappel, P Hawkins, M Mendl
To Group Or Not To Group? Good Practice For Housing Male Laboratory Mice, S Kappel, P Hawkins, M Mendl
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
It is widely recommended to group-house male laboratory mice because they are ‘social animals’, but male mice do not naturally share territories and aggression can be a serious welfare problem. Even without aggression, not all animals within a group will be in a state of positive welfare. Rather, many male mice may be negatively affected by the stress of repeated social defeat and subordination, raising concerns about welfare and also research validity. However, individual housing may not be an appropriate solution, given the welfare implications associated with no social contact. An essential question is whether it is in the best …
Pelagic Habitat: Exploring The Concept Of Good Environmental Status, Mark Dickey-Collas, Abigail Mcquatters-Gollop, Eileen Bresnan, Alexandra C. Kraberg, John P. Manderson, Richard D.M. Nash, Saskia A. Otto, Anne F. Sell, Jacqueline F. Tweddle, Verena M. Trenkel
Pelagic Habitat: Exploring The Concept Of Good Environmental Status, Mark Dickey-Collas, Abigail Mcquatters-Gollop, Eileen Bresnan, Alexandra C. Kraberg, John P. Manderson, Richard D.M. Nash, Saskia A. Otto, Anne F. Sell, Jacqueline F. Tweddle, Verena M. Trenkel
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
Marine environmental legislation is increasingly expressing a need to consider the quality of pelagic habitats. This paper uses the European Union marine strategy framework to explore the concept of good environmental status (GES) of pelagic habitat with the aim to build a wider understanding of the issue. Pelagic ecosystems have static, persistent and ephemeral features, with manageable human activities primarily impacting the persistent features. The paper explores defining the meaning of "good", setting boundaries to assess pelagic habitat and the challenges of considering habitat biodiversity in a moving medium. It concludes that for pelagic habitats to be in GES and …
Phaeoviruses Discovered In Kelp (Laminariales), Da Mckeown, K Stevens, Af Peters, P Bond, Et Al
Phaeoviruses Discovered In Kelp (Laminariales), Da Mckeown, K Stevens, Af Peters, P Bond, Et Al
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
Phaeoviruses are latent double-stranded DNA viruses that insert their genomes into those of their brown algal (Phaeophyceae) hosts. So far these viruses are known only from members of the Ectocarpales, which are small and short-lived macroalgae. Here we report molecular and morphological evidence for a new Phaeovirus cluster, referred to as sub-group C, infecting kelps (Laminariales) of the genera Laminaria and Saccharina, which are ecologically and commercially important seaweeds. Epifluorescence and TEM observations indicate that the Laminaria digitata Virus (LdigV), the type species of sub-group C, targets the host nucleus for its genome replication, followed by gradual degradation of the …
Thiopental To Desflurane-An Anaesthetic Journey. Where Are We Going Next?, J. R. Sneyd
Thiopental To Desflurane-An Anaesthetic Journey. Where Are We Going Next?, J. R. Sneyd
More Faculty of Health Research
Development targets in anaesthetic pharmacology have evolved from minimizing harm caused by unwanted effects through an era in which rapid onset and offset of drug effect were prioritised. Today's anaesthetists have access to a library of effective drugs whose characteristics offer controllable hypnosis, analgesia and paralysis with manageable off-Target effects. The availability of these agents at generic prices inhibits commercial interest and this is reflected in the limited number of current anaesthetic drug development projects. Recently, questions around neonatal neurotoxicity, delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction have stimulated research to characterise these phenomena and explain them in mechanistic terms. Emergent basic …
Targeted Pre-Treatment Of Hemp Bast Fibres For Optimal Performance In Biocomposite Materials: A Review, Ming Liu, Anders Thygesen, John Summerscales, Anne S. Meyer
Targeted Pre-Treatment Of Hemp Bast Fibres For Optimal Performance In Biocomposite Materials: A Review, Ming Liu, Anders Thygesen, John Summerscales, Anne S. Meyer
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics
Global interest in the use of plant fibres in natural fibre reinforced composites (NFCs) is growing rapidly. The increased interest is primarily due to the advantageous properties of natural fibres including biodegradability, low cost, low density and high stiffness and strength to weight ratio. In order to achieve strong NFCs, well separated and cellulose-rich fibres are required. Hemp is taking a center stage in this regard as a source of suitable natural plant cellulose fibres because natural hemp bast fibres are long and inherently possess high strength. Classical field and water retting methods have been used for centuries for removal …
Mudstones And Embedded Concretions Show Differences In Lithology-Related, But Not Source-Related Biomarker Distributions, Sk Lengger, Im Melendez, Re Summons, K Grice
Mudstones And Embedded Concretions Show Differences In Lithology-Related, But Not Source-Related Biomarker Distributions, Sk Lengger, Im Melendez, Re Summons, K Grice
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences
The mudstones of the Western Australian Gogo Formation harbour numerous carbonate concretions which often contain preserved fossils of Lagerstätte-like quality. These are especially notable in places where the mudstone has eroded, giving way to nodule fields, which afford valuable paleobiological records. It is, however, a challenge to determine their paleoenvironmental context. Here, we analysed concretions from a core drilled in the Canning Basin Gogo Formation. At two different depths, concretions were compared to the surrounding mudstone found at the same depth. Electron microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy showed that the concretions were carbonate-rich and contained detrital fragments. Biomarker data showed that …
Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus) Social Structure In The Shannon Estuary, Ireland, Is Distinguished By Age- And Area-Related Associations., Simon N. Ingram, Isabel Baker, Joanne O'Brien, Katherine Mchugh, Simon Berrow
Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus) Social Structure In The Shannon Estuary, Ireland, Is Distinguished By Age- And Area-Related Associations., Simon N. Ingram, Isabel Baker, Joanne O'Brien, Katherine Mchugh, Simon Berrow
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
No abstract provided.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (Tdcs): A Beginner's Guide For Design And Implementation, Hayley Thair, Amy L. Holloway, Roger Newport, Alastair D. Smith
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (Tdcs): A Beginner's Guide For Design And Implementation, Hayley Thair, Amy L. Holloway, Roger Newport, Alastair D. Smith
School of Psychology
No abstract provided.
Biomediation Of Sediment Gravity Flow Dynamics, M Craig, J Baas, K Amos, L Strachan, A Manning, D Paterson, J Hope, S Nodder, M Baker
Biomediation Of Sediment Gravity Flow Dynamics, M Craig, J Baas, K Amos, L Strachan, A Manning, D Paterson, J Hope, S Nodder, M Baker
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
No abstract provided.
The Association Of Social Anxiety Disorder, Alcohol Use Disorder And Reproduction: Results From Four Nationally Representative Samples Of Adults In The Usa., B Miloyan, A Bulley, B Brilot, T Suddendorf
The Association Of Social Anxiety Disorder, Alcohol Use Disorder And Reproduction: Results From Four Nationally Representative Samples Of Adults In The Usa., B Miloyan, A Bulley, B Brilot, T Suddendorf
School of Psychology
Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) are highly prevalent and frequently co-occur. The results of population studies suggest that SAD tends to precede AUD, and the results of laboratory studies suggest that alcohol use facilitates social behaviors in socially anxious individuals. Therefore, we posited that, in a modern context, a tendency to consume alcohol may be positively selected for among socially anxious individuals by its effect on the likelihood of finding a partner and reproducing. We tested the hypothesis that a higher proportion of individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of SAD and AUD reproduce (i.e., have at …
Haunted Bodies: Cell Switching, Getting Lost And Adaptive Geographies, Jane Grant, Joanne Bob Whalley
Haunted Bodies: Cell Switching, Getting Lost And Adaptive Geographies, Jane Grant, Joanne Bob Whalley
School of Art, Design and Architecture
No abstract provided.
Let’S Improv It: The Embodied Investigation Of Social Collaboration, K Łucznik, A Jackson, A Sakuta, E Siarava
Let’S Improv It: The Embodied Investigation Of Social Collaboration, K Łucznik, A Jackson, A Sakuta, E Siarava
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences
How do we share embodied knowledge? How do we understand the world through our bodies? How can we effectively interpret and communicate somatic experiences to a wider audience? These questions emerged during a collaborative research project Let’s Improv It (August 2016, Plymouth University), which set out to explore how kinaesthetic empathy and multisensory perception help us to understand our own actions, intentions and emotions, as well as those of others. We additionally questioned the role and perception of physical and emotional touch within embodied knowledge. After a five-day practice-led investigation, a 20-minute improvised somatic movement score was developed with the …
Cognitive Innovation, Irony And Collaboration, Michael Punt, Susan L. Denham, Susan L. Denham
Cognitive Innovation, Irony And Collaboration, Michael Punt, Susan L. Denham, Susan L. Denham
School of Art, Design and Architecture
No abstract provided.
Analyzing Ambiguity In The Standard Definition Of Creativity, T Colin
Analyzing Ambiguity In The Standard Definition Of Creativity, T Colin
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics
The increasingly rich and diverse literature on creativity has its core in psychology, but spans the cognitive sciences from artificial intelligence to philosophy and borrows from the wider humanities. Perhaps because of this immense breadth, there remains considerable disagreement with respect to the identity of the object of research. How to define creativity? According to the “standard definition,” creativity consists of “e?ectiveness and originality.” This definition is (relatively) consensual and therefore appears to capture something common to academic concepts of creativity. I conduct a conceptual analysis of the definition; thereby, I isolate and describe two ambiguities. Firstly, the defini-tion leaves …
Creation Through Polychronization, J Matthias
Creation Through Polychronization, J Matthias
School of Art, Design and Architecture
I have recently suggested that some of the processes involved in the collaborative composition of new music could be analogous to several ideas introduced by Izhikevich in his theory of cortical spiking neurons and simple memory, a process which he calls Polychronization. In the Izhikevich model, the evocation of simple memories is achieved by the sequential re-firing of the same Polychronous group of neurons which was initially created in the cerebral cortex by the sensual stimulus. Each firing event within the group is contingent upon the previous firing event and, in particular, contingent upon the timing of the firings, due …
Playing With/As Systems: Short Paper, Discussion And Demonstration, M Straeubig
Playing With/As Systems: Short Paper, Discussion And Demonstration, M Straeubig
School of Art, Design and Architecture
Complex phenomena such as play, creativity or innovation are familiar, yet difficult to describe in a systematic manner. In this short article I propose six necessary conditions for any comprehensive description of play. Against this background I discuss my systems-theoretic, constructivist and practice-informed approach to play.