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Some Winter Flowering Plants, R. W. Poulter

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

While collecting native specimens for a herbarium during the fall of 1923, it was noticed that several species bloomed quite late, and would stand freezing and thawing time after time, without apparent damage to the flowers. A geranium which was left out of doors in a flower pot, and lived until the latter part of December, aroused our curiosity as to just how much cold weather some plants would stand.

Action Of Thionyl Chloride On Diacetone-Glucose, James B. Allison

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Diacetone-glucose was treated with thionyl chloride in hopes of replacing the free hydroxy group by chlorine. The sodium salt of diacetone-glucose (and other diacetonehexoses) in inert solvents, reacts instantaneously with thionyl chloride. The reaction product is apparently the di-(diacetone-glucose)-ester of sulfurous or sulfonic acid. One fraction has been obtained crystalline but no analysis was attempted due to the small yields. The product reacts with hydrazine to form the 3-hydrazino-diacetone-glucose which would indicate a structure analogous to that of the 3-toluol-sulfono-diacetone-glucose.

Observations On The Nutritive Value Of Skimmed Milk Powder, L. T. Anderegg

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Diets containing skim milk powder as the source of protein and vitamins other than A, produce results different from comparable diets made up from whole milk powder. Growth is about normal or may be better than normal. Reproduction and rearing of young is not normal. There are few or no litters, and the young almost invariably die. The period of producing the first litters may be much delayed. Addition of yeast or wheat embryo has resulted in normal growth and in the normal rearing of the first litters of young. The second generation rats are growing normally and appear to …

The Preparation Of Zeolytic Water Softening Materials, Eston L. Barthel

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Raw untreated green sand is very colloidal and has little or no water softening power. By heating the green sand to 400°C and subsequently treating it with a salt (NaCl) solution, a stable zeolitic sand is obtained which has good water softening power. This method is in actual use at the present time. It has been found that by modifying this treatment a zeolite with greater water softening power is obtained. The sand is first treated with a concentrated calcium chloride solution, and subsequently with a concentrated sodium chloride solution. The sand is then rapidly heated to a temperature of …

A Comparison Of Grades In Chemistry With The Same And With Different Instructors, F. E. Brown, Kenneth L. Bird

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

An analysis of 10453 enrollments in freshman chemistry was made. Of these 3648 had the same instructor in recitation and laboratory, and 6805 had different instructors; 5.4% of those having the same instructor failed; 8.3% of those having different instructors failed. 3.1 % of those having the same instructor received a grade of 95% or above; only 1.9% of those having different instructors received a grade of 95% or above. Taking 80% as the dividing point, of those having the same instructor 41.6% were below and 58.4% above. Of those having different instructors 48.9% were below 80% and 51.1 % …

The Effect Of Pressure On The Rate Of Decomposition Of Potassium Chlorate-Manganese Dioxide Mixtures, F. E. Brown, H. M. Mclaughlin

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

It has been believed that pressure has no effect on the rate of decomposition of potassium chlorate. At 125° oxygen is evolved from a mixture of MnO₂: KClO₃:: 1: 2 if the pressure is below 0.1 mm. of mercury but not at atmospheric pressure. At 175° oxygen is evolved from the same mixture at 2-3 mm. pressure of mercury but not at atmospheric pressure. At 300° the same mixture decomposes almost explosively at atmospheric pressure but will remain 90% undecomposed after seven hours at 320° if the pressure is above 300 atmospheres.

Structural Evidences Of An Iron-Carbon Eutectoid, H. E. Flanders, Anson Hayes

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Photographic evidence is presented which shows that there is produced in the critical range a large number of small carbon spots throughout the ferrite matrix. Since the spots are not present above the range or in pearlite or solid solution areas they are considered to be the result of the precipitation of carbon and ferrite at the iron-carbon eutectoid. The details of the mechanism of CO x CO₂ acting as catalysts to break down cementite is presented from the standpoint of cementite being metastable. When this is the case a pressure gradient will exist for CO from the cementite …

The Possibility Of A New Vitamin For Reproduction, V. G. Heller

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Fifth generation animals have been reared on 5 per cent of yeast as the sole source of vitamin B in the diet. This does not support the view that a new vitamin is necessary for reproduction. The majority of the young are not reared on synthetic diets containing as much as 8 per cent of yeast as the only source of vitamin B. 5 per cent of salt mixture 185 in the diet is detrimental to the production of young. The toxicity of yeast is not a factor because third generation animals have been reared on 45, 40, 35 and …

Possible Uses Of Waste Chlorine, Jack Hussey, O. R. Sweeney

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

The demand for electrolytic caustic has glutted the chlorine market. Studies are underway looking towards the utilization of chlorine. It has been found that by passing chlorine through lime covered with water in the presence of iron or manganese as a catalyst that practically quantitative yields of oxygen are evolved. The method is believed to be commercially applicable for producing oxygen. It is also a superior method for laboratory demonstration and use.

The Stability Of Iron Carbide And Calculations Of Its Heat Of Formation From Equilibrium Studies, Harold L. Maxwell, Anson Hayes

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Values of the equilibrium constants for the system: (1) Fe₃C+CO₂ ⇔ 3Fe+2CO have been determined at temperatures of 650°C and 700°C. The value of K for this reaction at 6S0°C is 1.66 and at 700°C is 2.21. Values of the equilibria constants for the system: (2) C + CO ⇔ 2CO as calculated by Juptner and determined experimentally by Boudouard; Thead and Wheeler; and checked in part in this laboratory, are smaller than the values of K for reaction (1) at the same temperature. This indicates that iron carbide is metastable with respect to carbon and alpha …

Chemical Engineering And Agriculture, Julian E. Mac Farland

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Chemical engineering is finding extensive application in two important phases of agriculture, the preparation of fertilizers to enrich the soil and the better utilization of waste agricultural products. The second phase has been studied at Iowa State College, particularly in regard to corncobs and oat hulls. They contain pentosans, which can be converted to furfural, a potentially valuable product. Cobs may be destructively distilled to yield useful products including a char which can be highly activated. Cobs or oat hulls may be treated with a phenol to form a black resin which can be manipulated into a valuable insulating and …

Solubility In Austenite Of Carbon From Carbon And Of Carbon From Iron-Carbide, H. L. Maxwell, Anson Hayes

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

For the well-established equilibria: (1) Fe₃C+CO₂ ⇔ 3Fe+2CO + Δ H₁ (2) C + CO₂ ⇔ 2CO + Δ H₂ (3) [C]₁ + CO₂ ⇔ 2CO (4) [C]₂ + CO₂ ⇔ 2CO (5) [C] + CO₂ ⇔ 2CO

Where [C] = concentration of dissolved carbon in austenite, [C]₁ = saturated value of carbon from carbon, [C]₂= saturated value of carbon from iron carbide, and K₁, K₂, K₃... are the gaseous equilibrium constants for these reactions. Thermodynamics demands K₂ = …

Relation Of Starch To The Strength Of Wheat Flour, G. G. Naudain, J. H. Buchanan

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

The condition of the starch of wheat flour is undoubtedly a factor that will indicate the strength of flour. A microscopical examination subsequently checked by baking tests shows that flour containing the larger proportion of small starch grains will be a stronger flour. A study of the action of various reagents shows the small grains to be more resistant. This may be indicated by the following studies: 1) by microscopically measuring the swelling of the grains: 2) by measuring the viscosity of flours, and starch from flour: 3) by measuring imbibition of flour, and starch from flour. The following relationships …

Metabolism And Vitamin A, V. E. Nelson, C. M. Mccay

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

The following determinations were made on urines of rats receiving a control diet and a diet lacking vitamin A: volume, specific gravity, acidity, ammonia, urea, total N, uric acid, creatin, creatinine, total solids, albumin and sugar. The volume, specific gravity, total solids, acidity and ammonia were greater on the control diet. The animals on the deficient diet excreted a much larger percentage of their nitrogen in the form of urea than the animals on the complete ration. Uric acid, creatine and creatinine did not vary. Sugar was not found. Albumin was found in both cases, and appears to be a …

A Comparative Study Of The Removal Of Corn And Cottonseed Oil Stains From Wool And Silk, Ruth O'Brien, Barbara Wentch

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

This study was made in an effort to explain the development by dry cleaning of brown stains on silk and wool garments soiled with salad oils made from vegetable oils. The results indicate that age, light, and oxygen alone are negligible factors - the chief contributing cause being heat in the presence of air. This condition is brought about by hot pressing before cleaning or drying in a tumbler in a dry cleaning plant. Corn oil is particularly troublesome, due apparently to the larger percentage of esters of unsaturated fatty acids.

Some Recent Studies Concerning Organometallic Compounds, H. H. Parker, F. Schulze, W. B. King, J. M. Peterson, H. Gilman

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

In connection with studies concerned with the mechanism of reactions and the proof of structure, insofar as such work involves organometallic compounds, it is necessary to determine specifically the mode of attachment of the metal to such polyvalent elements as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. For this reason, experiments are in progress on organobarium and organostrontium halides, as well as organomagnesium halides where the metal is attached particularly to sulfur and to oxygen. Because the polar nature of organometallic compounds makes them of such promise in the electronic interpretation of reactions, a quantitative study is being made of the reaction …

The Relation Of Substituents In The Hydrocarbon Radicals To The Formation And Reactions Of Certain Mixed Ethers, L. Chas. Raiford, J. C. Colbert

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Preliminary work in this laboratory indicates that substituents in the ring have an influence on the formation and decomposition of certain mixed ethers. The work now in progress concerns the activating or retarding influence of groups in the para position on the formation and reduction of such ethers. The present work undertakes to compare the activity of 2:nitro:4-chlor phenol and 2:4-dinitro phenol. The methyl and ethyl ethers have been prepared, the ethers from the first being formed in lower yield than from the second. The benzyl ethers were obtained in fair yield from the corresponding potassium salts. The phenyl and …

The Electrometric Determination Of Lime, H. V. Wright

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Because of the inaccuracies of the Scaife method for the determination of lime, the hydrogen electrode has been tried as an instrument for analyzing lime. It is found that a characteristic curve may be obtained which will enable the analyst to distinguish between the Ca O, Ca Co₃ and the Mg O present in a sample of lime. Hydrochloric or oxalic acid may be used for titration, but the hydrochloric seems to give best results.

Method Of Preparing Silica Absorbents, O. R. Sweeney, Frederic D. Pfeffer, Arthur L. Redstone

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

In the manufacture of phosphate fertilizer, compounds of fluorine are evolved. The amount of fluorine occurring in the phosphate rock used each year in the United States is about 8000 tons. It is proposed to utilize this material industrially. If the tower gases are passed through the water, reaction 3 SiF₄ + 3 H₂O → H₂Sio₃ + 2 H₂SiF₆ takes place. The solution is treated to recover the silicon fluoride as MgSiF₄. The precipitated silicic acid is filtered out, dried and has good adsorptive properties. The adsorption value depends …

The Decompostion Of Potassium Chlorate In The Presence Of Iron Oxide, F. E. Brown, W. C. Orr White

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

The decomposition temperature of potassium chlorate is known to be lowered by the presence of varying quantities of different substances, especially oxides, which act in the capacity of catalytic agents in causing the evolution of oxygen. In most instances chlorine is also liberated. This investigation on the effect of iron oxide was begun as one of a series of experiments to determine the effectiveness of various oxides in catalyzing the decomposition of potassium chlorate.

Diet In Relation To Reproduction And Rearing Of Young, L. T. Anderegg

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Any information which aids in securing an answer to the question as to what constitutes an optimum diet is of the utmost importance. The employment of the biological method of investigation has been exceedingly fruitful of results in this field. By this method the diet is submitted to actual feeding tests with experimental animals and their behavior thereon is observed. For this purpose the rat is most frequently employed on account of its relatively small food consumption, its omniverous habit, and its comparatively short reproductive cycle and span of life. It is thus possible to get the life histories of …

Substances In Rain And Snow, Nicholas Knight

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

It seems important to gain a knowledge of the substances that come down in the rains and snows on account of the agricultural and hygenic significance. Similar work has been carried on for some time in the chemical laboratories of Cornell College and in many other places. Our special purpose is to determine the amounts of nitrogen compounds, chlorine, and sulphates in the rains and snows of this locality.

Early Devonic Planation In Continental Interior, Charles Keyes

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

When the present Iowa Geological Survey first began operations, 30 odd years ago, one of the surprising results connected with the determinations relating to the general stratigraphy of the State was a notable absence of Early Devonic sediments. The great magnitude and evident large diastrophic importance of this hiatus in sedimentation was naturally insufficiently regarded at the time; and early transference of personal activities to distant fields prevented further persuance of the theme.

The Apache Region, Arizona, And Its Indians, Albert B. Reagan

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

The subject of this paper is considered under three headings: geology, archeology, and ethnology. The geological part, though introduced mainly as an introduction to the archeological-ethnological sections of the article to show what kind of a country the ancients lived in and the present aborigines occupy, gives the formations in detail from the Ellison Dome on the west line of the reservation eastward across it, giving them as successively exposed around the dome and in the canyons from the older pre-Cambrian to the Quaternary. The archeological part gives the ruins of the region in detail, bringing to light many ruins …

A Section In Some Late Tertiary And Quaternary Marls Near De Land, Florida, Thomas H. Macbride

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

An excavation at De Land this winter revealed some highly fossiliferous marls and clays. They are separated by bands of nodular sandy clays in such a way as to suggest the sequence intimated in the title. The fossils will check this assignment. A part of a chelonian carpace in one of the older beds adds interest to the investigation.

The Geology Of The Region About Belton In Northwestern Montana, Robert H. Seashore

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

This report deals with the geology of the region about Belton, Montana, which adjoins the southwest corner of Glacier National Park. It includes sections in the valleys of Lake McDonald and the lower twenty-five miles of the Middle Fork of the Flathead River, which cuts across the Belton Hills, Apgar Mountains, Flathead Range and Whitefish-Kootenay Range. The bed rocks are of the Lewis and Galton contemporaneous phases of the Belt Series, and have been faulted into a series of parallel blocks which dip from 20 to 75 degrees to the northeast, and trend north 45 degrees west. Two examples of …

The Algona Recessional Stages Of The Wisconsin Glaciation In Iowa, John E. Smith

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

The city of Algona is the best known locality near the maximum southern extent of these recessional stages of the Wisconsin glaciation in Iowa. This city is near the most pronounced concentration of the chief moraine in mass and height, hence the name.

A Preliminary Map Of The Wisconsin Till In Iowa, John E. Smith

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

This map shows the positions of the margin, of the recessional stages and of the substages respectively of the Wisconsin ice sheet in Iowa where these positions have been determined. The outer boundary shown is taken chiefly from the maps of the Iowa Experiment Station and of the U.S. Soil Survey. The margin of the Altamont moraine is taken principally from the maps by the Iowa Geological Survey.

The Algona Recessional Stages Of The Wisconsin Till In Iowa, John E. Smith

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

The principal moraine of this Wisconsin group in Iowa extends from the northeastern corner of Winnebago County in a southwesterly direction, passing just west of Forest City into Kossuth County, in a large rounding curve whose margin is near Irvington south of Algona. This margin swings northwestward from the Des Moines River, crosses into Palo Alto County just north of Whittemore and passes a mile or more north of Medium Lake reaching the west fork of the Des Moines River about a mile north of Osgood. This moraine is much larger in Kossuth and Hancock counties than in the other …

Pleistocene Mammalian Remains Recently Found In Iowa, A. O. Thomas

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

This is a continuation of the report made to the Academy two years ago. Some large limb bones from Clinton county, a few ribs from Shell Rock, and a toe bone from Salem belong to either the elephant or mastodon; a fine elephant tooth from Mason City and another from Melvin and in addition a remarkable dorsal spine from Salem complete the proboscideans. Part of a Cervalces skull from Langworthy, the molar of a horse from Missouri Valley, and a few slender limb bones of a deer from Spencer complete the list.