Digital Commons Network^™

Test 1155: International Hydro 666, 70 And 86 Diesel, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

EXPLANATION OF TEST REPORT GENERAL CONDITIONS East tractor is a production model equipped for common usage. Power consuming accessories can be disconnected only when it is convenient for the operator to do so in practice. Additional weight can be added as ballast if the manufacturer regularly supplies it for sale. The static tire loads and the inflation pressures muse conform to recommendations in the Tire Standards published by the Society of Automotive Engineers. PREPARATION FOR PERFORMANCE RUNS The engine crank case is drained and refilled with a measured amount of new oil conforming to specifications in the operator’s manual. The …

A Paleo-Indian Bison Kill In The Panhandle Of Nebraska, Larry D. Agenbroad

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

Initial excavation of the Hudson-Meng Paleo-Indian site was begun in September, 1971. Work by volunteer labor continued until mid-November when the site was closed because of winter storms and frozen ground. The discovery of an unusually large Scottsbluff point, in situ in the ribs of one of the animals indicates association of the Plano Complex and extinct bison. The bone bed is a single occupation event. representing a butchering floor activity near the actual kill site. Absence of skull fragments and lower long bones indicate quartering or halving the animals at the kill with transfer to the butcher area. Testing …

Comparative Primary Productivity Of Two Flood Control Reservoirs In The Salt Valley Watershed Of Eastern Nebraska, John L. Andersen, Gary L. Hergenrader

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

Primary productivity, Secchi disc visibility, chlorophyll, and nutrient concentrations were studied in Wagon Train and Stagecoach reservoirs during the years 1969 and 1970. The reservoirs are separated by a distance of only 12 km and are similar in nutrient content and circulation pattern. Furthermore, in both reservoirs 92-100% of the productivity occurs in the upper two meters. However, the reservoirs differ markedly in their underwater light conditions and, consequently in their primary productivity; Wagon Train Reservoir is turbid due to suspended silt and clay particles while Stagecoach Reservoir lacks this turbidity.

During the summer months blue-green algal blooms occur frequently …

Nitrate And Phosphate Content Of Ground And Surface Waters Of The White River Drainage, Northwest Nebraska, Charles E. Baker

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

Selected stream and ground water sites in the White River Drainage Basin were sampled for phosphate and nitrate content. The sampling procedure was designed to elucidate the impact of each tributary drainage area on water quality of the White River.

Concentration of nitrates found in surface waters was 5.7 ͞+ l. 7 5 ppm (͞x ± sd), while that of phosphates was 0.67 ± 0.33 ppm. Ground water contained higher concentrations of both contaminants, 8.81 ± 0.66 ppm for nitrates and 0.82 ± 0.20ppm for phosphates. The White River increased in nitrate content at each downstream sampling site. Values ranged …

The Case For Probabilistic Grammars, H. L. Berghel

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

The purpose of this paper is to briefly examine two proposed extensions of statistical/probabilistic methodology, long familiar to the sciences, to linguistics. On the one hand it will be argued that the invocation of probabilistic measures is indispensable to any sensible criteria of grammatical adequacy, and on the other hand it will be suggested that probabilistic automata can be relevant to studies of language behavior.

1. The fully adequate (categorial/generative) grammar is one with which there corresponds an algorithm by means of which we can (recognize/ generate) all and only those syntactically correct sequences in the corresponding language. At this …

Early Influences In American Indian Linguistics, Sharon E. Clark

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

Although John Wesley Powell's Indian Linguistic Families of America. North of Mexico, published in 1891 stands as the basis from which modern classifications have emerged, the study of American Indian languages had begun over two hundred and fifty years earlier.

The earliest work on American Indian languages was done by missionaries. In the spirit of conquest and conversion, the missionaries learned the Indian languages to more readily facilitate their own goals. However, as Clark Wissler notes, "a missionary might learn a language and even translate the Bible into it without concern about linguistic science: on the other hand …

The Nebraska - South Dakota High School Mathematics Contest, Henry Miot Cox

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

The Annual High School Mathematics Examination, now in its twenty fourth year, is a joint project of The Mathematical Association of America, the Society of Actuaries, Mu Alpha Theta, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, and the Casualty Actuarial Society. In Nebraska additional sponsors include the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and the Nebraska Actuaries Club.

The examination is conducted by regional contest chairmen in both the United States and Canada. More than 350,000 students in more than 6,000 high schools participate in the contest.

Questions on the Annual High School Mathematics Examination are prepared for the versatile, imaginative student. …

Adams: On Reduction Of Rigid Body Mechanics To Particle Mechanics, Michael A. Day

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

From only a brief study of the history of science, one realizes that science is a dynamic enterprise. The Ptolemaic theory of celestial motion was replaced by the Copernician theory of the solar system, the phlogiston theory was replaced by the theory of oxidation brought forth by the discoveries of Priestly and Lavoisier, the mechanics of Galileo was replaced by the mechanics of Newton, Newton's was replaced by the mechanics of Einstein. But do all such replacements basically have the same conceptual structure? It seems that they do not. For when the phlogiston theory was replaced by the theory of …

Ethnoscience As A Methodology In Indian Education: A Sioux And Apache Example, Elizabeth S. Grobsmith

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

The utility of ethnoscience as a methodology to improve American Indian education programs is discussed. Data from two native American communities is presented, focusing on the cultural conflict prevalent in their schools. The San Carlos Apache, a reservation-tribe of Western Apache in Arizona and an off-reservation community of Oglala Sioux from North-western Nebraska, are compared, emphasis being placed on the linguistic and cultural problems prohibiting effective education. Specific ethnosemantic studies are cited for their illumination of cognitive dissonance between native Americans and non-Indian teachers.

Eutrophication Of Small Reservoirs In Eastern Nebraska, Mark J. Hammer, Gary L. Hergemader

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

Numerous small reservoirs constructed in Nebraska are used for recreation and many more are being planned. While these impoundments seemingly alleviate the long standing need for recreational waters, many existing impoundments exhibit symptoms of accelerated eutrophication after only a few years of existence. It is natural that such lakes, impounding nutrient-rich water, should be productive and generate nuisances that interfere with projected recreational uses. Unfortunately, neither this fact nor the lack of feasible methods for nutrient control were perceived prior to providing recreational facilities at the reservoir sites.

Rates of eutrophication, nutrient sources, and eutrophication control have been examined in …

Every Social System Is An Automation, Eckehart Kohler

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

The Purpose of this paper is to apply a branch of mathematics which has recently come to the fore in investigations in the social sciences, namely automata theory. This application will show how automata theory may be used in the formal description of a wide variety of social phenomena.

My basic plan will be to start by describing a broad class of social systems in terms of game-theoretical notions, especially the notions of strategy and strategy mixture. Then I will define automata and show how, under a certain translation of terms, every social system of the class I have taken …

Sir James Paget's Contribution To Cancer Genetics, Anne J. Krush

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

Present day clinicians usually rely upon the most recent medical literature to assist them with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in their patients. The historian, on the other hand, delves into the past and is often rewarded by finding detailed and meticulous descriptions of diseases in the older medical literature. This is especially true of the medical writings of the 19th century before the development of mechanical devices (such as the stethoscope and the electrocardiograph) and modern laboratory tests.

Many conditions and diseases have been named for scientists who were supposed either to have discovered them or initially described …

Quantitative Analysis Of Swine Chromosomes (Mammalia: Suiidae), J.M. Rary, R.L. Murphree

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

The primary objectives of this study were: (1) to provide quantitative descriptions of the chromosomes of the domestic swine (Sus scrota: 2n=38), the European wild swine (2n=36) and the domestic-European wild hybrid (2n=37); and (2) to define chromosomal differences between the three karyotypes.

The diploid (2n) chromosome number of the domestic swine has been shown to be 38 (Ruddle, 1961; Makina et al., 1962; McConnell et al., 1963). The European wild swine of the Tellico Wildlife Management Area of Tennessee has been shown to have a diploid chromosome number of 36 (Rary et al., 1968). European …

Water Quality And Bioassay Study From Crawford National Fish Hatchery, Jerry E. Taylor

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

Water from Crawford National Fish Hatchery, Crawford, Nebraska is of high quality for rearing rainbow (Salmo gairdncrii) and brown trout (Saimo trutta). Analyses were conducted for two months during the summer of 1971 with mean results as follows: Acidity 16 mg/l, alkalinity 202 mg/l, ammonia 0.6 mg/l, calcium hardness 201 mg/l, carbon dioxide 23 mg/l, dissolved oxygen 8 mg/l, nitrates 6 mg/l, nitrites 0.02 mg/l, pH 7.6, temperature 16° C. and turbidity 4.6 J.T.V .. Bioassay studies indicated lethal concentrations of ammonia and carbon dioxide to brown trout to be 12 mg/l and 150 mg/l respectively.

A Study Of Ecotypes In Vernonia Gigantea Gigantea (Compositae), Lowell Urbatsch

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

Vernonia gigantea (Walt.) Trel. ssp. gigantea is distributed throughout the Eastern United States. It ranges from eastern Texas to northern Florida and northward to southeastern Nebraska and southern New York. Vernonia gigantea ssp. gixantea exhibits weak correlation with a latitudinal gradient. Reciprocal transplant experiments were carried out using cloned pairs of plants from different areas of the taxon's range to determine if this correlation is due to genetic differences or to environmental factors. Differences in flowering response between northern and southern populations were noted in the garden transplants. An experimental crossing program was carried out among individuals from different localities …

Clovis Projectile Point Occurrences In Northwestern Nebraska, Larry D. Agenbroad

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

Two Clovis projectile point finds are reported from the Panhandle of Nebraska (Dawes and Sioux Counties). Both are surface finds and both bear resemblance to finds in Arizona and Oklahoma.

Two recent Clovis projectile point finds from the Panhandle of Nebraska warrent description. The artifacts are in the possession discoverer, Mr. William (Bill) Hudson of Crawford, Nebraska. Both artifacts are surface finds in local areas of bad land topography in Dawes and Sioux Counties. The rarity of Occurrence of this distinctive projectile point in Nebraska, whether surface find or not, makes the discoveries of importance. To my knowledge (Agenbroad, 1971), …

Niches Of Nebraska Scientists. Charles Edwin Bessey (1845-1915), Harald G. O. Holck

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

When I recently undertook to pay tribute to Dr. Charles E. Bessey, I realized that appraisals of his long years of devoted, manifold services to Nebraska and the nation already had been written by qualified contemporaries. It soon became apparent that I could not add significantly to the two biographies by Raymond J. Pool, written in 1915, the year of Bessey's death, and in 1919, the University semi-centennial year, nor to the illustrated account, published in Nebraska History in 1953, of his sustained efforts culminating in fulfillment of his dream of establishing a man-made National Forest (Pool, 1915; 1919; 1953). …

Cognitive Egocentricity Of The Child Within Piagetian Developmental Theory, Violet Kalyan-Masih

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

In popular usage of the term, an egocentric person is a conceited and boastful individual who is preoccupied with his own self-importance. There is, however, a fundamental difference between the cognitive egocentricity of a child as defined by Piaget, and the egocentricity of an adult as is commonly understood. A child is egocentric because he cannot take someone else's point of view; an adult is egocentric because he will not - in one case, it is cognitive inability; in the other, social insensitivity. "Cognitive egocentrism," according to Piaget, “…stems from a lack of differentiation between one's own point of view …

The Concept Of Caste: Cross-Cultural Applications, Bruce Labrack

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

The concept of caste has undergone a thorough re-examination by social scientists in the past three decades. The result has been a redefinition of caste and the application of the term 'caste' to social situations found outside the Indian subcontinent. A review of some of the varieties of caste reported in Japan, Africa, Tibet, Korea and North America are outlined and brief historical summaries illustrate the differing conditions under which these systems arose. Utilizing a broad definition of caste, the structural components and concomitants of castes are compared using the features of birth-ascription, endogamy, ritual pollution and traditional occupation. These …

The Normative Incompleteness Of Social Theories, Werner Leinfellner

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

1. There are two main reasons to use a metalanguage, when we analyse a given informal language (a) of science. The first reason is to avoid semantic antinomies of the liar type. The concept of a metalanguage, widely used since Tarski (1956: 152-268), proposed to split up the normal informal scientific language (a) into an object language (b) and a metalanguage (c). Only within the metalanguage (c) we can speak about the object language (b). Ordinary informal languages are according to Tarski "closed languages." Closed languages make no differences between semantic expressions such as "true," which refer to expressions of …

Analytic Continuation By Means Of The L(R,T)Summability Transform, Stanley D. Luke

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

1. Let A = (a_nm) and x = [S_m] (n, m = 0,1,2, ... ) be a matrix and a sequence of complex numbers, respectively. We write

(1) t_n == A_n(x) = ^∞Ʃ_m=o a_nm S_m, and say that the sequence x (and the corresponding series ^∞Ʃ_m=o (S_m - S_m-1), with S_-1 = 0 is summable A to the sum t if each of the series in (l) converges and lim_n t_n exists and equals t. We say that the …

Physical Fitness Status In An Urban Police Force, Kenneth D. Rose, Robert J. Robertson, Ford M. Royer

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

Cardiovascular fitness levels were determined for eight urban police officers by maximal treadmill stress testing and pulmonary evaluation. Average age, height, and weight characteristics were 33.1 years, 182.9 cm and 101.6 kg respectively. Measurements of heart rate and blood pressure were obtained for the pre-exercise, exercise, and post-exercise periods. Lactic acid levels were determined at pre-exercise and again at post-exercise. Maximal aerobic power and pulmonary volumes and mechanics were also determined. Average maximal aerobic power and terminal heart rate for the treadmill test were 28.51 ml/kg/min and 186.5 BPM respectively. Four of the police officers were found to be in …

The Dirac Relation, Einstein Coefficients, And The Blackbody Spectrum, D.W. Schlitt

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

This investigation of some interesting interrelationships in physics was brought about by a mistake. In late 1970 a paper appeared in Physical Review Letters which purported to calculate the effect of the presence of nearby rooms on the emissions and absorption transition probabilities of an atom, (Koutsoyannis 1970). The authors of the paper claimed to show that the usual Dirac relations between these probabilities were altered by collision effects.

It was subsequently pointed out by several physicists that there was a serious mathematical error in the paper which invalidated the results. This was acknowledged in a subsequent erratum. The paper …

Notes Regarding Skull Characteristics Of Oxetocyon Cuspidatus Green, (Mammalia, Canidae), Lloyd Tanner

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

The original description for the genus and species of the small canid, Oxetocyon Cuspidatus Green was propsed on a single upper molar from the Oligocene of South Dakota. The teeth contained in the skull present evidence, which would suggest that Oxetocyon Cuspidatus Green from late Oligocene deposits is most closely related to the canids.

A Floristic Study Of Dawes County, Nebraska, Lowell E. Urbatsch, Robert Eddy

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

Physical features pertinent to the flora of Dawes County are summarized. A checklist of the known taxa with notes on ecology and origin of each form follows the Literature cited.

This study was undertaken because the need for a reasonably complete list of flowering plants and for a plant collection of the Chadron vicinity has been felt in the botany courses taught at Chadron State College.

The plants reported in this annotated list were collected from several sites throughout the county by the authors during the 1970 and 1971 growing seasons. However, in order to make the list more complete, …

Values And Goals: Nebraska Reservation Indians, V. Kalyan-Masih

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

An Interview Schedule consisting of 20 questions was given to 89 persons living on three reservations in Nebraska around Macy, Winnebago, and Niobrara. This paper is based on data from three of the questions about their judgments of 'good' and 'bad', and those aspects of Indian culture which should be emphasized.

The data were content analyzed. Responses were coded as units of value-statements and assigned to various categories. Five inter-related value clusters or themes emerged: culturally-oriented such as, pride in Indianness; group-oriented such as, sharing, being non-interfering; individually-oriented such as, courage both physical and moral, good judgment in the use …

Attempted Resolutions Of The "Allais" Paradox, Edward D. Booth

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

A long standing debate among decision and value theorists concerns the consistency of individual as well as collective preferences. Two traditional yet diametrically opposed positions have been staked out. A von Neumann. Morgenstern decision theorist (hereafter reference to the von Neumann. Morgenstern system will be abbreviated NM) maintains that individual preferences are exhibited behavioristically and that from empirical observations alone a consistent set of axioms can be (or have been) constructed which describe and predict individual decision making and, in addition, may be regarded as norms of future behavior (von Neumann and Morgenstern, 1953: 31-33). Others have denied that such …

Biθstat, A Computer Program Providing Simple Statistics For Biological Samples, J. M. Hillerud

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

A computer program developing simple statistics (N, MIN, MAX, RANGE, MEAN, MEDN, SDEV, CVAR, and standard errors of the latter four) is available at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

Data are read into an array of 40 measurements (six columns; maximum 9999.9mm) for a sample maximum of 50 specimens. The "shape" of the array may be adjusted within the maximum "area" of 2000 T'-field nodes in each data-set. The data-card input field provides IDENTIFICATION (cc 1-8), CARD (an A, 13, C or Din c 9 indicates measurements 1-10, 11-20, 21-30 and 31-40 respectively within the array), SEX (M or T' …

Preliminary Analysis Of The Bison Bones From The Hudson-Meng Site, Sioux County, Nebraska, Dale S. Hoffman, Wayne L. Farrens, Daryl L. Mcdonald

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

History of Exploration

The Hudson-Meng archaeological site (Nebraska No. 25 SX 115) is located in northwestern Sioux County, Nebraska. It occurs in a drainage from a still-active spring on the property of Mr. Albert Meng. Preliminary excavation was begun in the fall of 1968 by Dr. Larry D. Agenbroad of Chadron State College after the site was brought to his attention by Mr. Bill Hudson, a local amateur archaeologist. Large scale excavation was begun in the spring of 1971 by volunteer students and faculty from Chadron State College.

Description of the Site

When work was halted in the fall of …

A Modified Transhipment Algorithm For Trucking, Harold James Johnson

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

The transportation of goods and merchandise within any city is an essential part of urban life. These trucks, however, add greatly to the traffic congestion and illusion. Consequently, some approach is desired to reduce the effect. One such approach can be to restrict truck traffic during rush hours and on specific roads. However, a more desirable approach includes minimization of the truck-miles required to transport the merchandise. One such technique is the transhipment algorithm which concerns the flow through an intermediate point. The current algorithm is a minor modification of the distribution problem and it is not very efficient. Thus, …