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The Potential Impact Of Introduced Commensal Rodents On Island Flora, Gillian Key, Renata Platenberg, Andrew Easby, Kathleen Mais

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 17th (1996)

The impact of introduced commensal rodents on island flora has been relatively little studied compared with their impact on the fauna. The effects on vegetation composition, regeneration, and decomposition are largely unknown, but potentially great. Preliminary studies were carried out in the Galapagos Islands between 1993 and 1994 on the diet of introduced rats, Rattus spp. and feral house mice, Mus musculus, seed recovery rates and subsequent germination rates of seeds. R. rattus diet was primarily vegetation and 48% of rats had seeds in their stomachs. Significant differences were found between body size and overall contribution of both …

Mole Control-A Historical Perspective, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 17th (1996)

Various methods and approaches, including chemical and physical repellents, flooding, burrow fumigants, poison baits, vibrating devices and exclusion, have been explored for reducing mole problems. In addition to these, habitat management through reducing the moles food supply has received considerable attention, but environmental concerns and the lack of consistent results have tempered this approach. Over the years, trapping remains the best and most useful method of mole control. The pros and cons of some of the methods are discussed, along with some historical perspectives. The emphasis is placed on the Broad-footed mole, Scapanus latimanus, of California.

Results Of A Non-Lethal Survey And Report Provided To The New Mexico Legislature, J. Alan May

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 17th (1996)

Social and political pressures affect decision making regarding wildlife damage management issues tremendously. In fact, these areas are included in the Animal Damage Control decision model outlined in the programmatic Environmental Impact Statement. Growing concern regarding pain and suffering of animals trapped by ADC Specialists prompted two actions by the 41st Legislature of the State of New Mexico in 1994. The legislature directed New Mexico ADC not to spend over three-quarters of its $304,000 appropriation on lethal methods. The legislature also passed a memorial bill requesting the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, in cooperation with the U.S. Fish …

Conference Participants

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 17th (1996)

The number of registered attendees was 340. The participants came from 31 states, the District of Columbia, and from 9 other countries. The wide representation from the United States and countries throughout the world contributed to the success of the Conference by providing a highly knowledgeable and diversified group for the exchange of research progress, new ideas, and information on a wide range of vertebrate pest topics.

Preliminary Study Of The Genetics Of Resistance In The House Mouse, Colin V. Prescott

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 17th (1996)

A wild house mouse (Mus domesticus) population originally trapped near Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom, and maintained as a colony in the laboratory, was subjected to the discriminating feeding period of the warfarin resistance test, as used by Wallace and MacSwiney (1976) and derived from the work of Rowe and Redfern (1964). Eighty percent of this heterogeneous population survived the resistance test. A similar proportion of the population was found to survive the normally lethal dose of bromadiolone administered by oral gavage. The majority of this population of mice were classified as "warfarin-resistant" and "bromadiolone-resistant." The dose of l0 …

Palatability Of Rodenticide Baits In Relation To Their Effectiveness Against Farm Populations Of The Norway Rat, Roger J. Quy, David P. Cowan, Colin Morgan, Tom Swevney

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 17th (1996)

The palatability of 12 rodenticide baits, formulated to vary from poorly accepted to well accepted, was measured in laboratory choice tests against Wistar and wild-caught Norway rats. The baits, derived from six bait bases and two active ingredients, difenacoum and bromadiolone, were simultaneously tested in the field against 24 farm infestations (2/formulation) in order to investigate the relationship between palatability and efficacy. Bait acceptance in laboratory tests, with EPA meal as the challenge diet, varied from 7.0 to 50.6% for Wistar rats and 3.7 to 85.1 % for wild rats. Changing the challenge diet to a ground-up laboratory animal food …

The Evolution Of Aphis Two Gas Cartridges, Craig A. Ramey, Edward W. Schafer Jr

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 17th (1996)

The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has two federal (Section 3) vertebrate pesticide registrations with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for gas cartridges to control damage to American agricultural resources and reduce threats to public health and safety. The gas cartridges are pyro-fumigant devices that produce primarily carbon monoxide when ignited. In sealed burrows or dens, carbon monoxide is highly toxic when inhaled, leading to tissue hypoxia. Carbon monoxide is recommended by the American Veterinary Medicine Association's panel for euthanatizing animals because it quickly induces unconsciousness without pain and with minimal discernible discomfort. …

Population Densities And Disease Surveys Of Wild Pigs In The Coast Ranges Of Central And Northern California, Rick A. Sweitzer, Ian A. Gardner, Ben J. Gonzales, Dirk Van Vuren, Walter M. Boyce

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 17th (1996)

In 1994 and 1995, 233 different wild pigs were captured during population research at seven research sites focused primarily in the coastal regions of central and northern California. Mark-resight data and information on wild pig movements were used to assess wild pig population densities at those sites. Population densities ranged from 1.01 wild pigs/km² in Mendocino County in 1994 to 3.32 wild pigs/km² in Santa Clara County in 1995. Comparisons of population densities between years at three research sites suggested that wild pig populations increased in 1995 in response to favorable forage conditions after the wet fall and …

Animal Liberation And The Lessons Of Nature, Steve F. Sapontzis

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 17th (1996)

Although they provide catchy labels, "animal liberation" and "animal rights" have occasioned considerable misunderstanding and much pointless debate. 1 want, here, to explicate what I believe is being sought for animals under these labels. This explication should help to undo some of the misunderstandings about liberating animals and extending moral rights to them. After this explication, I will turn to the issue of the way in which scientific knowledge of natural entities, processes, and organizations is and is not relevant to animal liberation.

PART I: WHAT ANIMAL LIBERATION IS ABOUT

One of these misunderstandings concerns the use of "animal" in …

Plant Secondary Chemicals As Non-Lethal Vertebrate Repellents, Richard W. Watkins, David P. Cowan, Elaine L. Gill

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 17th (1996)

Few effective repellents are currently available for the non-lethal management of vertebrate pests. This is perhaps not surprising considering the ad hoc nature of past applications which assumed that the target pest species would have the same attraction/aversion preferences as man. A more rational approach is to identify compounds that have real biological significance for the pest species. Plants have evolved an array of defense chemicals (secondary plant compounds) that inhibit the feeding of vertebrate herbivores, because they are either innately aversive or they generate a conditioned aversion. These compounds are, therefore, ideally suited for use in the reduction of …

The Pocket Gopher As A Pest In Mexico, Desley Whisson, Beatriz Villa-C

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 17th (1996)

Pocket gophers of the genus Orthogeomys and Pappogeomys are major pests in rangeland and agricultural areas throughout Mexico. Control relies on the indiscriminate use of fumigants and poison baits. These controls are applied in a haphazard manner; do not provide long-term benefits and the non-target hazards and public safety risks are perceived to be extremely high. Studies indicate that as a result of reinvasion of treated areas or territory expansion of animals surviving the control procedure, controls relying on removal of animals may be limited unless applied at frequent (every three months or less) intervals.

The Washington Adcp—A Private Collaborative Effort To Address Biological, Economical And Social Constraints To Reduce Wildlife Damage, Georg Ziegltrum, Dale L. Nolte

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 17th (1996)

The Washington Animal Damage Control Program (WADCP) operates within the general structure of the Washington Forest Protection Association. The general goal of the WADCP is to resolve wildlife damage issues in an economically feasible and socially acceptable manner. The four components of the WADCP are program management and administration; support of individual member activities; research, monitoring, and surveys; and promotional and educational activities. An overview of each of these components is provided.

2. Multicultural And Crosscultural Assessment: Dilemmas And Decisions, Juris G. Draguns

Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology

Cross-cultural psychologists aspire to scientific objectivity and cultural sensitivity. These two objectives are pursued simultaneously, yet they often exercise a pull in divergent directions. If the investigator's concepts, instruments, and procedures are designed to maximize cultural appropriateness, they may not be usable within other cultures. If, however, comparability is the principal consideration, sensitivity to the unique culture that is being investigated may be compromised.

The assessment of disturbed behavior across cultures is not exempt from these two pressures. In this chapter, four objectives are pursued. First an attempt is made to take stock of the present state of multicultural assessment. …

4. Toward A Methodology For Measuring And Assessing Racial As Distinguished From Ethnic Identity, Janet E. Helms

Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology

In the 1970s, as an offshoot of the civil rights movements of that era, applied psychologists began to grapple with the issues of how to measure racial and ethnic identity. Given the increased emphasis on improving the life circumstances of disenfranchised peoples in the United States, practitioners and applied social and behavioral scientists sought pragmatic strategies for determining how best to intervene in the environments primarily of peoples of color in order to contribute to positive mental health outcomes for them as well as society more inclusively (Sue, 1992).

However, as Helms (1990a) noted, the sophistication of theoretical models and …

Transactional Analysis Of The Creative Process, Donna Glee Williams

Professional and Organizational Development Network in Higher Education: Archives

Teachers of the creative process understand intuitively that different types of students need different types of teaching. The art students who splash paint with abandon over miles of canvas but have no interest in craftsmanship or self-evaluation need a different sort of intervention than the young artists who are so bullied by their own self-criticism that they can hardly bear to make a mark. The music students who by dint of excessive practice produce music-box accuracy--completely without fire--need a different sort of help than their sloppy but passionate colleagues. Our task as instructors is to understand our students’ needs and …

Development Of A Bovine X Chromosome Linkage Group And Painting Probes To Assess Cattle, Sheep, And Goat X Chromosome Segment Homologies, F. Abel Ponce De León, Sakthikumar Ambady, Gregory A. Hawkins, Steven M. Kappes, Michael D. Bishop, James M. Robl, Craig W. Beattie

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

The X chromosome linkage group is conserved in placental mammals. However, X chromosome morphological differences, due to internal chromosome rearrangements, exist among mammalian species. We have developed bovine chromosome painting probes for Xp and Xq to assess segment homologies between the submetacentric bovine X chromosome and the acrocentric sheep and goat X chromosomes. These painting probes and their corresponding DNA libraries were developed by chromosome micromanipulation, DNA micropurification, microcloning, and PCR amplification. The bovine Xp painting probe identified an interstitially located homologous segment in the sheep and goat Xq region, most probably resulting from chromosome inversion. Ten type II (microsatellite) …

Reduction Of Brochothrix Thermosphacta On Beef Surfaces Following Immobilization Of Nisin In Calcium Alginate Gels, C. N. Cutter, G. R. Siragusa

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Lean and adipose beef carcass tissues inoculated with Brochothrix thermosphacta (BT) (approx. 4·50 log₁₀ cfu cm^-2) were left untreated (U) or treated with 100 µg ml^-1 nisin (N), calcium alginate (A) or 100 µg ml^-1 nisin immobilized in a calcium alginate gel (AN). Tissue samples were refrigerated after treatments and bacterial populations and nisin activity were determined at 0, 1, 2 and 7 d. U, A and N treatments of lean and adipose tissues did not suppress bacterial growth (>6 log₁₀ cfu cm^-2 by day 7) while treatments of lean and adipose …

Effectiveness Of A Steam-Vacuum Sanitizer For Reducing Escherichia Coli 0157:H7 Inoculated To Beef Carcass Surface Tissue, W. J. Dorsa, C. N. Cutter, G. R. Siragusa

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

A steam-vacuum sanitizer reduced aerobic plate counts associated with bovine faecal cantamination from 5·5 log₁₀ cfu cm^-2 to 3·0 ± 0·21 log₁₀ cfu cm^-2 on beef carcass short plates. The same beef carcass short plates inoculated with 7·6 ± 0·09 log₁₀ cfu cm^-2 Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in faeces, yielded an average residual level of E. coli 0157:H7 of 2·1 ± 0·21 log₁₀ cfu cm^-2 after steam-vacuum treatments. This study deomonstrates the effectiveness of a steam vacuum sanitizer for removing E. coli 0157:H7 from beef carcasses.

Plant Identification For The Rio Grande Delta, William P. Kuvlesky, Jr.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

The Rio Grande Delta of Texas is one of the most diverse ecological areas in Texas. The area is favorite among ornithologists due to the presence of many species that winter there or migrate through the area. Similarly, the Delta harbors several rare mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and a host of invertebrates, which are found nowhere else in North America. Most ecologists attribute this unique faunal diversity to the great variety of vegetation that characterizes the Rio Grande Delta. Accurately identifying the vegetation is therefore an important aspect of field research performed in the region.

Gray Wolf Status In North Dakota, Daniel S. Licht, Louis E. Huffman

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Recent occurrences and reports of gray wolves (Canis lupus) in North Dakota have generated public interest and created demands on management agencies. We summarized reports of wolves in North Dakota received from the public and government personnel, and evaluated suitability of habitat for wolves. We suggest that in recent years dispersing wolves have sporadically occurred in all quarters of the state except the southwest, and non-dispersing wolves have occurred in the Turtle Mountains region in north-central North Dakota. Habitat data from the 1,500 km² Turtle Mountains physiographic region, bisected by the North Dakota/Manitoba border, suggest the potential …

Evolution Of A Field Biologist, Karen A. Smith

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

In My Double Life, biologist Frances Hamerstrom reveals her evolution from an affluent childhood in early 1900s Boston to a rugged and spirited field biologist. She writes in first person with short, easy-reading chapters about her life, generally in chronological order from childhood to present. The anecdotes are concise, witty, and spiced with humor in her characteristic, blissful confidence. There are many unique black-and-white photographs reproduced, as well as pen-and-ink illustrations mostly by her artist-daughter, Elva Hamerstrom Paulson. Half of the book's chapters are borrowed from earlier works, in particular her award-winning Strictly for the Chickens (1980). This new …

Raptor Nesting Chronology In Northwestern North Dakota, Robert K. Murphy, John T. Ensign

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Nesting chronology of raptors is sparsely documented in North Dakota. During 1981-94, we determined hatching dates at 298 nest attempts by eight species of raptors on and within 10 km of Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge, northwestern North Dakota. Mean hatching dates for most common species were 17 April for great horned owl (Bubo virginianus)(SD = 8.4 days, n = 70 nests), 1 June for red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)(7.3, 99), 19 June for northern harrier (Circus cyaneus)(11.1, 37), 24 June for Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii)(4.6, 19), and 27 June for Swainson's hawk ( …

Variation In Selection Of Microhabitats By Merriam's Turkey Brood Hens, Mark A. Rumble, Stanley H. Anderson

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

We studied microhabitats of Merriam's turkey (Meleagris gallopavo merriami) brood hens in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) ecosystem in South Dakota from 1986 to 1988. Cluster analysis indicated three groups of microhabitats, open-shrub, open-grass/forb and forest, based on vegetation characteristics at sites selected by brood hens. Poults of brood hen that selected open-shrub microhabitats were younger than those that selected forest microhabitats. Open-shrub and open grass/forb microhabitats had high herbaceous cover. Herbaceous vegetation provides habitat for invertebrates required in diets of poults and was selected by brood hens for feeding. Brood hens selected forest microhabitats more …

Highly Reactive Form Of Copper And Reagents Thereof, Reuben D. Rieke

Department of Chemistry: Faculty Publications

A novel Zerovalent copper species and an organocopper reagent are disclosed. The Zerovalent copper species is directly produced by reaction of a reducing agent with a combination of copper(I) cyanide or halide and an alkali metal halide salt. The organocopper reagent resulting from the reaction of the zerovalent copper species and an organic compound having one or more stable anionic leaving groups is a stable reagent that will not significantly homocouple and under controlled conditions tolerates the presence of nitrile, epoxide, imine, enone, ketone, ester, allyl and benzyl groups within the organo radical. The reagent can be controlled so that …

PhosphoEnolPyruvate Carboxylase: A Ubiquitous, Highly Regulated Enzyme In Plants, Raymond Chollet, Jean Vidal, Marion H. O'Leary

Center for Plant Science Innovation: Faculty Publications

Since plant phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was last reviewed in the Annual Review of Plant Physiology over a decade ago (O’Leary 1982), significant advances have been made in our knowledge of this oligomeric, cytosolic enzyme. This review highlights this exciting progress in plant PEPC research by focusing on the three major areas of recent investigation: the enzymology of the protein; its posttranslational regulation by reversible protein phosphorylation and opposing metabolite effectors; and the structure, expression, and molecular evolution of the nuclear PEPC genes. It is hoped that the next ten years will be equally enlightening, especially with respect to the three-dimensional …

A Methodology For Drought Preparedness, Donald A. Wilhite

National Drought Mitigation Center: Faculty Publications

Drought is a normal, recurrent feature of climate that affects virtually all countries to some degree. The number of drought-induced natural disasters has grown significantly since the 1960s, largely as a result of increasing vulnerability to extended periods of precipitation deficiency rather than be-cause of an increase in the frequency of meteorological droughts. This increase in drought-induced natural disasters has resulted in a considerable growth of interest in drought mitigation and prepar-edness worldwide. The purpose of a national preparedness plan is to reduce societal vulnerability to drought through the adoption of preventive, anticipatory policies and programs. This paper de-scribes a …

8: Reducing The Impacts Of Drought: Progress Toward Risk Management, Donald A. Wilhite

National Drought Mitigation Center: Faculty Publications

Images of malnutrition, famine and a degraded African landscape were commonplace during the 1980s and appear likely to continue well into the 1990s and beyond. Glantz (1987) has shown that drought has hindered the ability of much of sub-Saharan Africa to achieve a sustained level of agricultural production and, as a result, has retarded progress toward economic development. Linkages between drought and economic development, although most obvious in Africa, exist throughout much of the developing world.

G96-1302 Managing Varroa In The Midwest, Marion D. Ellis, Frederick P. Baxendale

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

There are important regional differences in varroa population dynamics and control. This NebGuide offers recommendations on varroa management for beekeepers in the Midwest.

Varroa management has become an essential aspect of successful beekeeping since the mite was first discovered in the United States in 1987. Unlike most parasites which coexist with their host, varroa eventually destroy honey bee colonies of European descent. A good understanding of this important bee parasite is essential for successful beekeeping.

Ec96-779 Lagoons For Management Of Livestock Manure, Gerald R. Bodman

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

A lagoon is a specifically designed manure storage facility. A properly designed lagoon also functions as a treatment system. Manure in any storage facility undergoes some biological decomposition. However, any decomposition of organic matter which occurs in a conventional storage is coincidental and not part of the design procedure or considerations.

The proper design of a lagoon gives special consideration to biological decomposition of organic matter. In fact, the design is intended to promote or enhance the breakdown of organic matter.

This publication discusses the types of lagoons. It covers the design, construction, and guidelines of maintaining a lagoon.

Zebra Mussel Infestation Of Unionid Bivalves (Unionidae) In North America, Don W. Schloesser, Thomas F. Nalepa, Gerald L. Mackie

United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications

In 1989, zebra mussels received national attention in North America when they reached densities exceeding 750,000/m² in a water withdrawal facility along the shore of western Lake Erie of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Although water withdrawal problems caused by zebra mussels have been of immediate concern, ecological impacts attributed to mussels are likely to be the more important long-term issue for surface waters in North America. To date, the epizoic colonization (i.e., infestation) of unionid bivalve mollusks by zebra mussels has caused the most direct and severe ecological impact. Infestation of and resulting impacts caused by zebra …