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The Risk Of Disease Transmission To Livestock Posed By Contamination Of Farm Stored Feed By Wildlife Excreta, M. J. Daniels, M. R. Hutchings, A. Greig

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

Livestock feed is susceptible to contamination from wildlife excreta during on farm storage. Pathogens associated with diseases such as paratuberculosis, salmonella and cryptosporidiosis are present in wild rodent and bird excreta. Feed stores on four farms in the east of Scotland were monitored monthly over the winter of 1998/9 to quantify the levels of wildlife faecal contamination. A mean of 79.9 rodent (95% confidence interval: 37.5–165.9) and 24.9 (14.3–41.7) bird faeces were deposited per m² of stored feed per month. It was estimated that individual cattle and sheep could encounter 1,626 and 814 wildlife faeces over the winter.

A …

The Blue Crab: Diseases, Parasites And Other Symbionts, Jeffrey D. Shields, Robin M. Overstreet

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A critical review of the microbial diseases, parasites, and other symbionts of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus.

A Model Life Table For Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) From The Indian River Lagoon System, Florida, U.S.A., Megan K. Stolen, Jay Barlow

United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications

Data gathered from 220 stranded bottlenose dolphins (Tzmiop tvuncatlls) in the Indian River Lagoon system, Florida, were used to derive a life table. Survivorship curves were fit to the data using Siler’s competing-risk model and a maximum likelihood approach. Population growth was estimated to be between r = 0.0 and 0.046 based on the observed numbers of stranded dolphins. Variance in survival rates was estimated using an individual-based, age-structured population projection model. We estimate that the overall annual mortality rate for this population was 9.8% per year. Sex-specific differences in survivorship were apparent with females outliving males. The …

Seasonal Distribution Of Migratory Tree Bats (Lasiurus And Lasionycteris) In North America, Paul M. Cryan

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Despite evidence of migration in North American tree bats (genera Lasiurus and Lasionycteris), details regarding seasonal movements in these widely distributed species are few. This study attempted to clarify patterns of seasonal distribution by mapping museum occurrence records by month. Monthly changes in the distribution of records indicate seasonal movements of tree bats. Northward migration during spring by Lasiurus cinereus appears to stem from wintering grounds in California and Mexico. During summer, male L. cinereus is mainly distributed in western North America, whereas females dominate samples from eastern regions. Lasiurus borealis winters in southeastern areas and expands its range …

Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia Coli In Montana: Bacterial Genotypes And Clinical Profiles, Jill K. Jelacic, Todd Damrow, Gilbert S. Chen, Srdjan Jelacic, Martina Bielaszewska, Marcia Ciol, Humberto M. Carvalho, Angela R. Melton-Celsa, Alison D. O'Brien, Phillip I. Tarr

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

The diseases and virulence genes associated with Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are characterized incompletely. We analyzed, by polymerase chain reaction, 82 STEC isolates collected prospectively in Montana and profiled associated illnesses by patient chart review. All E. coli O157:H7 contained stx₂-group genes, as well as eae, iha, espA, and ehxA; 84% contained stx₁. Non-O157:H7 STEC less frequently contained stx₁( P = .046 ), stx₂ (P < .001), iha (P < .001), eae, and espA (P = .039 for both), were isolated less often from patients treated in emergency departments (P = .022), and …

2003 Nebraska Swine Report, Duane Reese

Nebraska Swine Reports

Nutrition
Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Economics of Pigs Fed Diets Containing a Corn Germ-Corn Bran Product
Vitamin B₁₂ Requirement for Weanling Pigs
Vitamin B₁₂ and Mecadox^® Supplementation in Weanling Pig Diets
Do Crowded Pigs Respond to Paylean^®?
Comparison of Swine Performance When Fed Diets Containing Corn Root Worm Protected Corn, Parental Line Corn, or Conventional Corn Grown during 2000 in Nebraska
Energy and Nitrogen Utilization of Roundup Ready^® Corn (Event nk603) and Non-Transgenic Corn in Young Pigs
Effect of a Low Phytate, Nutrient Dense Corn on Pig Performance
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Swine …

Vitamin B12 And Mecadox® Supplementation In Weanling Pig Diets, Sara S. Blodgett, Phillip S. Miller, Robert Fischer

Nebraska Swine Reports

An experiment was conducted to assess the responsiveness of weanling pigs to an antibiotic-like compound (Mecadox®) and vitamin B₁₂. Pigs (initial weight 11.3 lb) were fed one of four diets for a total of 35 days: 1) Negative control, common nursery diet with no added Mecadox® or vitamin₁₂; 2) Mecadox®, common nursery diet with 50 g/ton added Mecadox®; 3)B₁₂ common nursery diet with 36.28 µg/lb added vitamin B₁₂. Pig weights and feed disappearance were measured weekly to determine average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (ADG/ADFI). Pigs were …

Do Crowded Pigs Respond To Paylean®?, Mike Brumm, Phillip S. Miller, Robert C. Thaler

Nebraska Swine Reports

Paylean® is a feed additive that improves feed efficiency, daily gain and carcass merit in finishing pigs. Restrictions in space allocation are known to reduce daily feed intake and daily gain. Thus, pigs may not respond as expected to dietary additions of Paylean® if feed intake is reduced due to crowding. A 2 x 2 factorial design was used to examine the potential interaction of Paylean® and space allocation. Experimental treatments were: 1)14 or 19 pigs per pen (8.0 vs 5.9 ft²/pig); and 2) Paylean® for four weeks prior to slaughter (0 or 9 g/T). In this experiment, …

The Ceres-Rice Model-Based Estimates Of Potential Monsoon Season Rainfed Rice Productivity In Bangladesh, Rezaul Mahmood, Mark Meo, David R. Legates, Mark L. Morrissey

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

Agricultural practices in Bangladesh are largely dependent on the monsoonal rainfall. Historically, Bangladesh often experiences severe droughts and floods during the monsoon months, with significant crop losses during both extreme conditions. This article provides a quantitative assessment of potential monsoon-season aman rice for four transplanting dates: 1 June, 1 July, 15 July, and 15 August. A crop-growth simulation model, the CERES-Rice, is applied to sixteen locations representing major rice-growing regions of Bangladesh to determine baseline yield estimates for four transplanting dates. The applications were conducted for 1975 through 1987. Average potential yield in Bangladesh is 6,907, 5,039, 3,637, and 1,762 …

Comparison Of Two Heifer Development Systems On A Commercial Nebraska Ranch, Tim Loy, Don C. Adams, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Dillon Feuz, Jacqueline A. Musgrave, Burke Teichert

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A trial was conducted at a commercial Nebraska ranch to evaluate the effectiveness of a bred heifer development program that minimized the use of harvested feed. Two management systems were imposed on 505 March-calving bred heifers during the winter before the calving season, one including the use of hay (CON), and one relying solely on winter range and supplementation (TRT). During the winter period, heifers in the TRT system lost less condition and had similar weight gains to CON. Two-year-old pregnancy rates did not differ between systems. A partial budget analysis of the two development programs indicated that the TRT …

Fear And Loathing: The Modulatory Affect Of Stress On Memory Formation And Its Wildlife Management Implications, Arla G. Hile

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

An ongoing challenge for wildlife managers is that target species habituate to or forget about hazing, even though the animals must be somewhat stressed by the hazing. Although stress and efficient memory formation/retrieval are considered to be incompatible, research suggests that the effect of stress on memory is complex. Mild and intense stress can impair memory formation and chronic stress can disrupt memory retrieval. Intermediate stress, however, actually enhances the formation of new memories, particularly long-term memories. Unfortunately, these conclusions are based data from only a very few domesticated species under highly controlled conditions. In nature the variation in baseline …

Biochemistry Of Ensiling, John A. Rooke, Ronald D. Hatfield

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The biochemistry of ensiling is essentially a simple process, which, however, can become complex when interactions among plant enzymes and the activities of numerous microbial species become involved. The desired effect is the conversion of simple plant sugars such as glucose and fructose to lactic acid by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in an anaerobic fermentation. When sufficient lactic acid has been produced, all microbial activity is suppressed, primarily through the effect of undissociated lactic acid, and the silage can then be stored anaerobically until required for feeding. Complications arise because:

1. There are always aerobic periods at the start and …

Detection Of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli O157:H7 By Using A Multiplex Real-Time Pcr Assay For Genes Encoding Intimin And Shiga Toxins, Vijay K. Sharma, Evelyn A. Dean-Nystrom

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

A multiplex real-time PCR (R-PCR) assay was designed and evaluated on the ABI 7700 sequence detection system (TaqMan) to detect enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 in pure cultures, feces, and tissues. Three sets of primers and fluorogenic probes were used for amplification and real-time detection of a 106-bp region of the eae gene encoding EHEC O157:H7-specific intimin, and 150-bp and 200-bp segments of genes stx1 and stx2 encoding Shiga toxins 1 and 2, respectively. Analysis of 67 bacterial strains demonstrated that the R-PCR assay successfully distinguished EHEC O157:H7 serotype from non-O157 serotypes and provided accurate profiling of genes encoding intimin …

Chemical Repellents For Reducing Crop Damage By Blackbirds, Michael L. Avery, John L. Cummings

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Chemical repellants are intended to prevent birds from feeding on a particular food (the crop) at a given location. To be considered effective, a chemical repellent must produce 1 of 2 responses (1) depredating birds remain but feed on an alternative non-crop food item or (2) depredating birds leavc and go elsewhere to feed. The search for a safe, cost-effective chemical repellent has spanned decades. During the 1950s, 196Os, and 199Os, repellent screening programs, using captive red-winged blackbirds (Aaelaius Dboeniceus), brown-headed cowbirds (Molorhrus ater), and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), identified numerous potentially useful compounds. …

Restoration Of The Red Wolf, Michael K. Phillips, V. Gary Henry, Brian T. Kelly

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

"WOLFERS" IN NORTHEASTERN North Carolina were busy on February 5, 1768. Records from the Tyrrell County courthouse read: “Giles Long and Thomas Wllkinson awarded one pound for a certified wolf scalp; Jeremiah Norman awarded two pounds for certified wolf and wild-cat scalps; Davenport Smithwick awarded one pound for a certified wolf-scalp. Such was the nature of the war on the wolf: people killed them for money. The belief of the time held that the war was necessary because it was humankind's manifest destiny to tame the wilderness. And for the wilderness to be tame, the wolf had to be exterminated. …

Chemical Defense And Mammalian Herbivores, Bruce A. Kimball, Frederick D. Provenza

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

1. Plant Metabolism 2. Phytochemical Variation in Plants 3. Plant Defense Theory 4. Mammalian Metabolism of Phytochemicals 5. Mammalian Herbivory Related Chapters

Effects Of Sediment Load On Emergence Of Aquatic Invertebrates And Plants From Wetland Soil Egg And Seed Banks, Robert A. Gleason, Ned H. Euliss Jr., Daniel E. Hubbard, Walter G. Duffy

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

Intensive agricultural activities near prairie wetlands may result in excessive sediment loads, which may bury seed and invertebrate egg banks that are important for maintenance and cycling of biotic communities during wet/dry cycles. We evaluated effects of sediment burial on emergence of plants and invertebrates from seed and invertebrate egg banks. Sediment-load experiments indicated that burial depths of 0.5 cm caused a 91.7% reduction in total seedling emergence and a 99.7% reduction in total invertebrate emergence. Results of our burial experiments corroborated prior research on seedling emergence. However, our study demonstrated that invertebrate emergence is also highly susceptible to the …

Wolf Social Ecology, L. David Mech, Luigi Boitani

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

THE FIRST REAL BEGINNING to our understanding of wolf social ecology came from wolf 2204 on 23 May 1972. State depredation control trapper Lawrence Waino, of Duluth, Minnesota, had caught this female wolf 112 km ( 67 mi) south of where L. D. Mech had radio-collared her in the Superior National Forest 2 years earlier. A young lone wolf, nomadic over 100 km² (40 mi²) during the 9 months Mech had been able to keep track of her, she had then disappeared until Waino caught her. From her nipples it was apparent that she had just been …

References, L. David Mech, Luigi Boitani

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

Abrams, P. A. 2000. The evolution of predator-prey interactions. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 31:79-105.

Abuladze, K. I. 1964. Osnovy Tsestodologii. Vol. IV. Teniatylentochnye gel' minty zhivotnykh i cheloveka i vyzyvaevaniia. Nauka, Moscow. 530 pp.

Achuff, P. L., and R. Petocz. 1988. Preliminary resource inventory of the Arjin Mountains Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland, Switzerland. 78 pp.

Ackerman, B. B., F. A. Leban, M. D. Samuel, and E. 0. Garton. 1990. User's manual for program Home Range. 2d ed. Technical Report no. 15. Forestry, Wildlife, and Range Experiment Station, University ofldaho, Moscow.

Acorn, …

Wolf Population Dynamics, Todd K. Fuller, L. David Mech, Jean Fitts Cochrane

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

A LARGE, DARK WOLF poked his nose out of the pines in Yellowstone National Park as he thrust a broad foot deep into the snow and plowed ahead. Soon a second animal appeared, then another, and a fourth. A few minutes later, a pack of thirteen lanky wolves had filed out of the pines and onto the open hillside.

Wolf packs are the main social units of a wolf population. As numbers of wolves in packs change, so too, then, does the wolf population (Rausch 1967). Trying to understand the factors and mechanisms that affect these changes is what the …

Effects Of Ungulates And Prairie Dogs On Seed Banks And Vegetation In A North American Mixed-Grass Prairie, Jace T. Fahnestock, Diane L. Larson, Glenn E. Plumb, James K. Detling

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

The relationship between vegetation cover and soil seed banks was studied in five different ungulate herbivoreprairie dog treatment combinations at three northern mixed-grass prairie sites in Badlands National Park, South Dakota. There were distinct differences in both the seed bank composition and the aboveground vegetation between the off-prairie dog colony treatments and the on-colony treatments. The three on-colony treatments were similar to each other at all three sites with vegetation dominated by the forbs Dyssodia papposa, Hedeoma spp., Sphaeralcea coccinea, Conyza canadensis, and Plantago patagonica and seed banks dominated by the forbs Verbena bracteata and Dyssodia papposa. The …

Coyotes; Coyotes In Yellowstone National Park: The Influence, Eric M. Gese

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

No abstract provided.

The S-Locus And Unilateral Incompatibility, C. Nathan Hancock, Katsuhiko Kondo, Brian Beecher, Bruce Mcclure

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Plants have many ways to regulate the type of pollen that arrives on the stigma surface. Once there, further control mechanisms regulate compatibility. The latter controls are largely based on biochemical interactions that support compatible pollination and prevent incompatible matings. S-RNase-based selfincompatibility (SI) systems are the most phylogenetically widespread mechanisms for controlling pollination. Studies of Nicotiana establish a firm link between SI and unilateral interspecific incompatibility. Although implicated in both inter- and intraspecific compatibility, S-RNase operates through at least three distinct genetic mechanisms that differ in their dependence on non-S-RNase factors. Identification and characterization of these non-S-RNase factors is currently …

Nutrition Of Floricultural Crops: How Far Have We Come?, Ellen T. Paparozzi

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

According to Seeley (1979), even though the Society for Horticultural Science was formed in 1903, it wasn't until the 1930s that research papers on the subject of floriculture were published in our journal. There were, however, numerous college and university bulletins about floricultural crops which included fertilizer studies (for example, Blake, 1915).

Despite the sluggish start, in the last 25 years, in the American Society of Horticultural Science's three journals (Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, HortScience, and HortTechnology) alone, there have been over 240 publications relating to the nutrition of floricultural crops. Journal such as …

Food Supplements Modulate Changes In Leucocyte Numbers In Breeding Male Ground Squirrels, Gwendolyn C. Bachman

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Immunosuppression may be an important cost of reproduction in breeding males. It can result from elevated levels of testosterone or stress hormones and may serve to lower the energetic cost of maintaining immune function at a time of high demand. This suggests that greater access to energy resources could reduce immunosuppression as a cost of reproduction, minimizing the trade-off between energetic investment in current reproductive effort and survival. I examined the impact of food availability on immune function by provisioning male Belding’s ground squirrels in the field from the time they emerged from hibernation to the start of breeding. Temporal …

Dynamic Versus Instantaneous Models Of Diet Choice, Brian O. Ma, Peter A. Abrams, Chad Brassil

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

We investigate the dynamics of a series of two-prey-one predator models in which the predator exhibits adaptive diet choice based on the different energy contents and/or handling times of the two prey species. The predator is efficient at exploiting its prey and has a saturating functional response; these two features combine to produce sustained population cycles over a wide range of parameter values. Two types of models of behavioral change are compared. In one class of models (“instantaneous choice”), the probability of acceptance of the poorer prey by the predator instantaneously approximates the optimal choice, given current prey densities. In …

The Safety Of Genetically Modified Foods Produced Through Biotechnology, Robert M. Hollingworth, Leonard F. Bjeldanes, Michael Bolger, Ian Kimber, Barbara Jean Meade, Steve L. Taylor, Kendall B. Wallace

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

The Society of Toxicology (SOT) is committed to protecting and enhancing human, animal, and environmental health through the sound application of the fundamental principles of the science of toxicology. It is with this goal in mind that the SOT defines here its current consensus position on the safety of foods produced through biotechnology (genetic engineering). These products are commonly termed genetically modified foods, but this is misleading, since conventional methods of microbial, crop, and animal improvement also produce genetic modifications and these are not addressed here.
The available scientific evidence indicates that the potential adverse health effects arising from biotechnology-derived …

Consumption Of Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Enriched Eggs And Serum Lipids In Humans, Ji-Young Lee, Nancy M. Lewis, Sheila Scheideler, Timothy P. Carr

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

This study examined the effectiveness of consuming omega-3 fatty acid-enriched eggs (Omega Eggs) in increasing total diclary omega-3 fatty acids. Also examined was the impact of Omega Egg consumption on serum lipids. Sixteen hypercholesterolemic men and women with baseline serum total cholesterol concentrations of 5.17-7.76 mmol/L (200-300 mg/dL) followed the National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet guidelines under the following conditions: (a) Step 1 diet without eggs, (b) Step I diet plus 12 regular eggs per week, and (c) Step I diet plus 12 Omega Eggs per week. The study design was a repeated 3 x 3 Latin square …

Future Directions For The Integrated Csfii-Nhanes: What We Eat In America–Nhanes, Johanna Dwyer, Mary Frances Picciano, Daniel J. Raiten

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The history of the integration of the dietary data collection from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) is reviewed. The purposes and process of the workshop are presented. The three key topics of the workshop are summarized. The key roles of cosponsors and participants are acknowledged.

Normal Acquisition And Loss Of Bone Mass, Steven A. Abrams

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The natural patterns of bone mass accumulation and loss with age represent the templates of individual life cycle periods that are distinguished by marked, physiologically and genetically identifiable, changes in bone mass. During the third trimester of pregnancy, maternal calcium absorption increases and the fetus accumulates about two-thirds of the total bone mass of the term infant. In early infancy, human milk calcium is derived primarily from maternal bone stores, which incur substantial bone losses that are quickly replenished during and after weaning. At puberty, a marked increase in bone mass occurs in conjunction with the initial physical and hormonal …