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Nebline, August 1999 Aug 1999

Nebline, August 1999

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

Late summer lawn care practices
Control of ground ivy in the lawn
Harvesting guide for fruits and vegetables
Tips on watering lawns
Chives and garlic chives
Dealing with unwanted guests
What’s living in your mulch?
Water treatment equipment considerations
Monarch butterflies and Bt corn
Wheat growing information on the web
Predicting the last irrigation for corn, milo and soybeans
Calibrating a handheld sprayer
Seed alfalfa in August
Fall preparation to sodseed pastures
Don’t spill when you fill
Tractor safety tips (part 8)
Festival of color
Hay storage
Develop regular lawn equipment maintenance schedule
Food safety education impact—Lancaster County NEP
Healthy …


Announcements: August 1999 Aug 1999

Announcements: August 1999

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Contents:

Disaster Management Workshops

National Workshop on Dynamic Crop Simulation Modeling

International Conference on Integrated Drought Management

15th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils

2000 National Disaster Medical System Conference


Elastic Wave Propagation And Scattering In Heterogeneous, Anisotropic Media: Textured Polycrystalline Materials, Joseph A. Turner Aug 1999

Elastic Wave Propagation And Scattering In Heterogeneous, Anisotropic Media: Textured Polycrystalline Materials, Joseph A. Turner

Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience: Faculty Publications

The propagation of elastic waves through heterogeneous, anisotropic media is considered. Appropriate ensemble averaging of the elastic wave equation leads to the Dyson equation which governs the mean response of the field. The Dyson equation is given here in terms of anisotropic elastic Green’s dyadics for the medium with and without heterogeneities. The solution of the Dyson equation for the mean response is given for heterogeneities that are weak. The formalism is further specified for the case of equiaxed cubic polycrystalline metals with a single aligned axis. The Green’s dyadics in this case are those for a transversely isotropic medium. …


Communication Characteristics Of Children With Developmental Apraxia Of Speech, Laura Jean Ball Aug 1999

Communication Characteristics Of Children With Developmental Apraxia Of Speech, Laura Jean Ball

Dissertations and Doctoral Documents, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023–

Speech-language pathology researchers have pursued a strategy to identify children with distinct DAS characteristics in an effort to study the characteristics, possible cause(s), and interventions for this disorder. Increasingly, reports indicate that children with suspected DAS experience a range of speech, language, social interaction, behavioral, and academic disabilities. Investigators in DAS continue to recommend intervention strategies that focus primarily on motor speech impairments, although it is clear that few children with a distinct version of DAS exist.

Evaluations of communication skills were obtained from 36 children identified with suspected DAS for this research project. Hierarchical cluster analysis was completed on …


Genetic And Structural Analyses Of Cytoplasmic Filaments Of Wild-Type Treponema Phagedenis And A Flagellar Filament-Deficient Mutant, Jacques Izard, William A. Samsonoff, Mary Beth Kinoshita, Ronald J. Limberger Aug 1999

Genetic And Structural Analyses Of Cytoplasmic Filaments Of Wild-Type Treponema Phagedenis And A Flagellar Filament-Deficient Mutant, Jacques Izard, William A. Samsonoff, Mary Beth Kinoshita, Ronald J. Limberger

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

Unique cytoplasmic filaments are found in the treponeme genus of spirochete bacteria. Their function is unknown, but their location underneath the periplasmic flagellar filaments (PFF) suggests a role in motility and/or cell structure. To better understand these unique structures, the gene coding for the cytoplasmic filaments, cfpA, was identified in various treponemal species. Treponema phagedenis cfpA was 2,037 nucleotides long, and the encoded polypeptide showed 78 to 100% amino acid sequence identity with the partial sequence of CfpA from T. denticola, T. vincentii, and T. pallidum subsp. pertenue. Wild-type T. phagedenis and a …


Deliberate Introductions Of Species: Research Needs, John J. Ewel, Dennis J. O'Dowd, Joy Bergelson, Curtis C. Daehler, Carla M. D'Antonio, Luis Diego Gómez, Doria R. Gordon, Richard J. Hobbs, Alan Holt, Keith R. Hopper, Colin E. Hughes, Marcy Lahart, Roger R. B. Leakey, William G. Lee, Lloyd L. Loope, David H. Lorence, Svata M. Louda, Ariel E. Lugo, Peter B. Mcevoy, David M. Richardson, Peter M. Vitousek Aug 1999

Deliberate Introductions Of Species: Research Needs, John J. Ewel, Dennis J. O'Dowd, Joy Bergelson, Curtis C. Daehler, Carla M. D'Antonio, Luis Diego Gómez, Doria R. Gordon, Richard J. Hobbs, Alan Holt, Keith R. Hopper, Colin E. Hughes, Marcy Lahart, Roger R. B. Leakey, William G. Lee, Lloyd L. Loope, David H. Lorence, Svata M. Louda, Ariel E. Lugo, Peter B. Mcevoy, David M. Richardson, Peter M. Vitousek

Svata M. Louda Publications

Research questions about introductions

Several research questions need to be answered to help ensure that proposed introductions are done wisely and safely.

Guarding against risks without sacrificing benefits:
How can the potential benefits and costs of introductions best be evaluated in economic, environmental, and social terms?
Should all introductions be regulated?
How different must organisms or recipient ecosystems be from those assessed previously to warrant independent assessment?
When is it appropriate to assess and regulate taxa other than species?
What are appropriate ecological and political boundaries for regulation?

Alternatives to introductions:
How and when can indigenous organisms be domesticated so …


Posttranscriptional Regulation Of Mammalian Methionine Synthase By B12, Sumedha Gulati, Lawrence C. Brody, Ruma V. Banerjee Jul 1999

Posttranscriptional Regulation Of Mammalian Methionine Synthase By B12, Sumedha Gulati, Lawrence C. Brody, Ruma V. Banerjee

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Methionine synthase is one of two key enzymes involved in the removal of the metabolite, homocysteine. Elevated homocysteine levels constitute a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and for neural tube defects. In cell culture, the activity of methionine synthase is enhanced several-fold by supplementation with its cofactor, B12. The mechanism of this regulation is unknown, although it has been ascribed to a shift from apoenzyme to holoenzyme. Using sensitive assay techniques as well as a combination of Northern and Western analyses, we demonstrate that the effect of B,, on induction of methionine synthase activity is paralleled by an …


Fish & Wildlife News: July/August 1999 Jul 1999

Fish & Wildlife News: July/August 1999

Fish and Wildlife News

Contents:

Bald Eagle Soaring to Recovery 2
New Directorate Appointments 3
Biologists Discover Lynx Kittens 7
Preview National Wildlife Refuge Week 9
Refuge Management Goes Under the Sea 13
Learning About Fisheries in Region 1 14
Student Career Program Fulfills a Promise 18
Service Reaches Out to Ranchers 21
FWS and Tribes: Partnership Success Story 21
Tracking the Elusive Sage Grouse 24
New Feature: Fish & Wildlife Honors... 30
Fish & Wildlife...In Brief 31


Center For Grassland Studies Newsletter, Summer 1999, Volume 5, No. 3 Jul 1999

Center For Grassland Studies Newsletter, Summer 1999, Volume 5, No. 3

Center for Grassland Studies: Newsletters

Contents:

Managing Intensively Used Turfs by Robert (Bob) Shearman, Department of Horticulture, UNL

Management Practices and Plant Diversity on Some Privately-Owned Meadows in the Middle Loup River Valley by Steven Rothenberger, Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney

Grassland Ecology Is Theme of CGS Seminar Series

Grazing Lands Technical Assistance Available

Rancher's Forum October 6

Regional Grazing Project Approved

Moderate Grazing Promotes Plant Diversity

Looking for a Few Good Forage Publications


Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre Newsletter, Volume 6-1, Summer 1999 Jul 1999

Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre Newsletter, Volume 6-1, Summer 1999

Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre: Newsletters and Publications

Message of Appreciation-NonToxic Shot International News Cooperative Research with Aboriginal Groups CCWHC as Observers on Eastern Canadian Harp Seal Hunt "Emerging" Diseases Spinal Cord Degeneration in a Bald Eagle Common Loon Killed by Bald Eagle Mass Stranding of Long-Finned Pilot Whales on PEI Congenital Limb Deformity in a Red Fox Mycoplasmosis Epidemic in Evening and Pine Grosbeaks Fatal Sphaeridiotrema sp Infection in Lesser Scaup Aspergillosis in Mallard Ducks Septicemic Pasteurellosis-Elk Trumpter Swans-Wye Marsh Long-Eared Owls Canada Geese-Unusual Cases Poisoning of Bohemian Waxwings Polioencephalomalacia in Deer and Pronghorns Brucellosis in Marine Mammals of Arctic Canada


Textile Society Of America Newsletter 11:2 – Summer 1999, Textile Society Of America Jul 1999

Textile Society Of America Newsletter 11:2 – Summer 1999, Textile Society Of America

Textile Society of America: Newsletters

Textiles in Tucson
TSA Board Members
TSA News
Letter from the President
Letter from the Editor
People in the News
TSA Call for Papers: 7th Biennial Symposium
Career/Research Opportunities
Grants/Fellowships
Info Xchange
Exhibition Reviews
Conferences
Exhibitions
Lectures/Workshops
Tours/Courses
Membership Application


The Probe, Issue 202 – July 1999 Jul 1999

The Probe, Issue 202 – July 1999

The Probe: Newsletter of the National Animal Damage Control Association

Bird Strike USA Meeting a Success -- Eugene LeBoeuf, Bird Strike Scientist, HQ Air Force Safety Center, KirtlandAFB, New Mexico, and Past President, NADCA
Position Available: Wildlife Biologist, JFK Airport
Hawk Starts Grass Fire
Juicy Fruit Gum Remedy Story Persists
Cambodian Artifacts Threatened by Bats
Predator Killings Planned: State Game Managers Target Cougars, Coyotes
Video review: "Cleaning Skulls for Pleasure or Profit" by Ken Carver, Maplewood, MN. VHS. Approx. 120 minutes. $19.95 postpaid.
House Backs Funding of Program That Targets Predators
Armadillos Considered Delicacies By Some; Leprosy Threat by Others


Review Of The Life Of Margaret Laurence By James King, Walter E. Swayze Jul 1999

Review Of The Life Of Margaret Laurence By James King, Walter E. Swayze

Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013)

Advance publicity for James King's biography of the best-loved author in the history of Canadian literature aroused hostility among many readers who had been eager for the book to appear. With its emphasis on the revelation of Laurence's suicide and on her marital stresses, her sexual drive, and her drinking, the promotional campaign recalled the conclusion of William Watson's brilliant essay "The Punishment of Genius" (1890): "Such is the lot of the modern man of genius; living, he may escape the poisoned arrow; but dead, he is a banquet for the ghoul."

The book itself proves to be less sensational …


Review Of Indians In The United States And Canada: A Comparative History By Roger L. Nichols, Russel Lawrence Barsh Jul 1999

Review Of Indians In The United States And Canada: A Comparative History By Roger L. Nichols, Russel Lawrence Barsh

Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013)

On the first page of this encyclopedic essay on North American Indian history, the reader learns that there were "no empires or kingdoms" among aboriginal Americans. This remark is difficult to reconcile with the growing archaeological evidence of regional territorial struggles among the Mississippian city-states that sheltered a majority of the continent's indigenous population. More importantly, it implies from the outset that history began when Europeans introduced complexity and conflict. Pre-Columbian ideologies, memories, and political alignments are therefore essentially irrelevant to an understanding of post-invasion events. Nichols's work is a minefield of similarly pat generalizations.

A comparative analysis of the …


Poetic Redress Her Body, Her House In The Fire, Dwellers, Debra Dudek Jul 1999

Poetic Redress Her Body, Her House In The Fire, Dwellers, Debra Dudek

Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013)

Canadian women's position of being a colony within a colony enables women writers to be both separate from and united to a larger Canadian identity. Margaret Laurence's Manawaka texts, and The Fire-Dwellers in particular, construct feminist and nationalist myths that provide women with versions of themselves so they might recognize, and therefore strategize, methods of empowerment. Furthermore, The Fire-Dwellers is a novel that is concerned with issues of modernity. This novel contains a modernist aesthetic that is based upon a rejection of dominant structures and is defined by stylistic and ideological features which share concerns with feminist aesthetics in their …


Margaret Laurence's ''Album'' Songs Divining For Missing Links And Deeper Meanings, Wes Mantooth Jul 1999

Margaret Laurence's ''Album'' Songs Divining For Missing Links And Deeper Meanings, Wes Mantooth

Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013)

While Margaret Laurence's artistic legacy rests primarily, and rightly so, on her output of novels, her memoirs and published letters reveal tantalizing glimpses into a much less known, and yet not unrelated, aspect of her artistic interests-a lifelong passion for music, which included a desire to explore song-writing as a creative outlet. Drawing on these memoirs and letters, along with my own primary research, I have tried to sketch a portrait of Laurence's musical life, with a particular focus on how her musical interests coalesced in The Diviners' "Album"-four songs included in the text of The Diviners, compiled …


Journal Of Telecommunications In Higher Education Jul 1999

Journal Of Telecommunications In Higher Education

ACUTA Journal

In This Issue

6 Meeting Bandwidth Challenges on Campus

12 Voice-over-LAN: A Solution for Convergence in the Enterprise

20 Going Beyond Best Effort IP Networking

25 The Politics of Convergence

32 Pursuing the Promise of the Paperless Office

38 New Visions for University Cellular Service

44 Maintaining Excellence at UMB


Dnak And The Heat Stress Response Of Pseudomonas Syringae Pv. Glycinea, Lisa M. W. Keith, James E. Partridge, Carol L. Bender Jul 1999

Dnak And The Heat Stress Response Of Pseudomonas Syringae Pv. Glycinea, Lisa M. W. Keith, James E. Partridge, Carol L. Bender

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

The dnaK gene from Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea PG4180 was cloned and sequenced. The dnaK coding region was 1,917 bp and contained a putative O32 heat shock promoter 86 bp upstream of the translational start site. grpE, another heat shock gene, was found immediately upstream of the putative dnaK promoter. The predicted amino acid sequence of dnaK showed relatedness to the ATPase and substrate binding domains commonly found in heat shock proteins, as well as the highly conserved signature sequence motifs belonging to the Hsp70 protein family. Furthermore, the PG4180 dnaK gene complemented an Escherichia coli dnaK mutant …


Review Of Magic Lies-; The Art Of W.O. Mitchell Edited By Sheila Latham And David Latham, Ken Mitchell Jul 1999

Review Of Magic Lies-; The Art Of W.O. Mitchell Edited By Sheila Latham And David Latham, Ken Mitchell

Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013)

Western Canadian novelist W. O. Mitchell died in March 1998, dramatically punctuating the appearance of this handsome book that sets out to determine the significance of his life's work. For fifty years W. O. "Bill" Mitchell has been a dominant icon of writing in Canada. This thick collection of literary essays, reminiscences, and anecdotes attempts to redress the relative absence of critical commentary the writer has received.

The book is uneven and often contradictory, as one might expect from an assembly of academics, relatives, former students, and theater colleagues. But as the Lathams say in their introduction, "The popularity of …


Morphogenesis Is Coordinated With Nuclear Division In Germinating Aspergillus Nidulans Conidiospores, Steven D. Harris Jul 1999

Morphogenesis Is Coordinated With Nuclear Division In Germinating Aspergillus Nidulans Conidiospores, Steven D. Harris

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Germinating Aspergillus nidulans conidiospores switch to polarized apical growth following an initial period of isotropic expansion. At the same time, they re-enter the nuclear division cycle. The relationship between spore polarization and nuclear division was investigated by testing the effect of cell cycle inhibitors and temperature-sensitive cell cycle mutations on spore morphogenesis. On rich media, it was found that spore polarization is delayed if completion of the first mitosis is blocked. The observed delay may be dependent upon the activity of the mitosis-promoting NIMA kinase. An additional mechanism appears to prevent polarization as the spore progresses through its first S …


Cropwatch No. 99-14, June 18, 1999, Lisa Brown Jasa Jun 1999

Cropwatch No. 99-14, June 18, 1999, Lisa Brown Jasa

Crop Watch (1994–2005)

Inside

Field updates………………124

Nitrogen in manure………………125

Insect update………………125

Future of soybeans………………127

Monarches and Bt………………128

Poison hemlock………………130

Weekly precipitation ………………127

Seasonal precipitation ………………130


Acuta Enews June 1999, Vol.28, No. 6 Jun 1999

Acuta Enews June 1999, Vol.28, No. 6

ACUTA Newsletters

In This Issue

Winners Announced in Student Papers Contest

Conference Offers Many Choices

Dues Notices Mailed

Does It Make Sense?

Board Report

Share Your Expertise

DC at a Glance

Positions Available

Welcome New Members


Pod Network News, June 1999 Jun 1999

Pod Network News, June 1999

Professional and Organizational Development Network in Higher Education: POD Network News

President's Column

POD Grant Program

To Improve the Academy

Share Your Bright Ideas!

Position Announcement

Center Updates

Regional Association News

Member News

Emeritus/Emerita Membership Update

Tom Creed: In Memorium

Conference Notes

Scholarly Writers Institute

Subscribing to POD Digest

Future Newsletter Items

Call for Proposals POD Network 1999

To Improve the Academy Associate Editor/Reviewer Self-Nomination Form

Call For Manuscripts for the 2000 Edition of To Improve the Academy

Manuscript Cover Sheet 2000 To Improve the Academy

Application for POD Retired Membership Status: Member Emeritus/a


The Probe, Issue 201 – June 1999 Jun 1999

The Probe, Issue 201 – June 1999

The Probe: Newsletter of the National Animal Damage Control Association

Reflections On NADCA's Two Decades -- Robert M. Timm, PROBE Editor
Video review: "Whitetails at the Crossroads" Northeast Deer Technical Committee, Griff en Productions (produced with a grant from Wildlife Restoration Funds, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1996. 30 minutes.
Coyote Subdued in Central Park, New York
Supplement: The insert in this issue is a retrospective, gleaned from the 100+ issues of THE PROBE that 'Fitz' composed and published. For some of you long-time NADCA members, this will bring back memories and recollections of the issues of the 80s, as the federal ADC agency (and all ADC practitioners) struggled to …


The Probe, Issue 201 - June 1999 Jun 1999

The Probe, Issue 201 - June 1999

The Probe: Newsletter of the National Animal Damage Control Association

CONTENTS:
GENESIS
THE SECRETARY'S DECISION
PROBING FOR THE PROBE
THE BLACK DEATH
COMPLAINTS
OL'TIMER'S CORNER
BATS IN THE BELFRY?
IT IS NICE TO KNOW YOUR ARE NOT ALONE!!!
ADOPT A 1080 STATION
LETTERS TO YE ED
GOOD GNUS FOR EWES
MEMBERSHIP
ANIMAL RIGHTS
A LAST PLEA FOR MEMBERS
KISSED BY A RAT
EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETING - Sept. 21. 1985
HUNTERS BEWARE
ON BEING MASOCHISTIC
EPA DOUBLE TALK
IN THE CAT HOUSE - - AGAIN ? !
CATS AND MORE CATS
ON ADC'S TRANSFER TO USDA
AHH! A KINDRED SPIRIT
MONTEREY PEST CONF.
HUMANS GOT RIGHTS???
THAT SMARTS!
ALL THE NEWS …


Insertional Inactivation Of Treponema Denticola Tap1 Results In A Nonmotile Mutant With Elongated Flagellar Hooks, Ronald J. Limberger, Linda L. Slivienski, Jacques Izard, William A. Samsonoff Jun 1999

Insertional Inactivation Of Treponema Denticola Tap1 Results In A Nonmotile Mutant With Elongated Flagellar Hooks, Ronald J. Limberger, Linda L. Slivienski, Jacques Izard, William A. Samsonoff

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

The treponemal fla operon is comprised of numerous motility-related genes; however, the initial gene of this operon, tap1, has no known function. A recently developed system to generate specific mutants in Treponema denticola was utilized to determine if Tap1 was essential for motility. T. denticola tap1 and flanking DNA were identified, cloned, and sequenced, and a suicide plasmid that contained tap1 interrupted with an erythromycin resistance cassette (ermF and ermAM) was constructed. Because of potential polar effects from this cassette, a second plasmid that contained tap1 interrupted with a modified erythromycin resistance cassette that lacked the putative ermF transcription …


Water Current, Volume 31, No. 3, June 1999 Jun 1999

Water Current, Volume 31, No. 3, June 1999

Water Current Newsletter

Summer Water Tour Visits Northeast and North Central Nebraska July 19-21
From the Director: International Center for Ground Water Research and Education Proposed for NU
Northern Wyoming Hosts Four States Summer Tour
SOAR and PROJECT WET Together!
Earth Wellness Festival, Master Navigator Program Win Annual IANR Team Awards
Poll Shows Rural Nebraskans Wary of Large Hog Operations
Tips to Washing Pesticide-Contaminated Clothing
Missouri Named River In Peril for Second Straight Year by American Rivers Group
Water News Brief
Call for Papers - Bison Symposium
Constructed Wetlands Video
Wetlands Tabloids
National Water Quality Database
Planet Protector's Club


Z-Protected Glutamic Acid-Based Biodegradable Thermoplastic And Thermosetting Polyesters: Synthesis And Characterization, R. M. Tadros, Hossein Noureddini, Delmar C. Timm May 1999

Z-Protected Glutamic Acid-Based Biodegradable Thermoplastic And Thermosetting Polyesters: Synthesis And Characterization, R. M. Tadros, Hossein Noureddini, Delmar C. Timm

Papers in Biomaterials

Biodegradable polymers were formed from N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid with the comonomers ethylene glycol, diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butanediol, and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. The three polymers were a linear and a cross-linked heterochain polyester and a cross-linked polyester that contained aromatic units within its network chains. The thermoplastic resin and the soluble fractions for the thermosetting resins were characterized by gel permeation chromatography. Conversions for carboxylic acid were determined by titrations. A quality, 22,000 molecular weight thermoplastic resin was formed. The two thermosets were cured past their gel points. Gelation analysis revealed that the relative rate constants for the sequential oxirane/acid …


How The Public Views The State Courts (1999 National Survey) May 1999

How The Public Views The State Courts (1999 National Survey)

University of Nebraska Public Policy Center: Publications

Table of Contents:
A REPORT ON THE NATIONAL SURVEY by Frank A. Bennack, Jr., President & Chief Executive Officer, The Hearst Corporation
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH METHODS
FINDINGS
TRUST, CONFIDENCE AND APPROVAL
Public Trust and Confidence in America’s Institutions
The Manner in Which Courts Handle Cases
INVOLVEMENT, KNOWLEDGE, INFORMATION SOURCES, AND THE MEDIA
Personal Involvement
Self-Rated Court Knowledge
Sources of Information Regarding News and the Courts
Media Portrayal of Courts
COURT PERFORMANCE: THE PUBLIC’S EVALUATION
Court Access
Timeliness of Courts
Equality and Fairness of Courts
Perceptions of Equal Treatment
Court Independence and Responsiveness
CONCLUSION


Early Adolescence And Prosocial/Moral Behavior Ii: The Role Of Social And Contextual Influences, Gustavo Carlo, Richard A. Fabes, Deborah Laible, Kristina Kupanoff May 1999

Early Adolescence And Prosocial/Moral Behavior Ii: The Role Of Social And Contextual Influences, Gustavo Carlo, Richard A. Fabes, Deborah Laible, Kristina Kupanoff

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

This is the second installment of the special issue on prosocial and moral development in early adolescence. This issue focuses on social and contextual processes in young adolescents’ prosocial and moral behaviors. In this introductory article, a brief review of the research on parents or family, peers, school environment, culture, and nationality as correlates of prosocial and moral development was presented. The research indicates that the social context plays an important role in prosocial and moral development. However, research on the social and contextual correlates of prosocial and moral development in early adolescence is at an embryonic stage. Research is …