Digital Commons Network^™

Some Approaches To Controlling Depredations By Crows And Jays In Tulare County, George Simpson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

In 1966 Tulare County nut growers became keenly aware of an ever increasing problem to their industry--the common crow. Growers requested help in solving this problem. The Tulare County Agricultural Commissioner's Office undertook this program with the assistance of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and California State Department of Agriculture. Growers in the county estimated losses to be anywhere from 6% to 18% of their nut crops. Monetary losses to almond growers have reached estimates of over $85,000 during one season. Walnut growers have reported observing crows carrying off nuts day after day, amounting to hundreds of pounds …

Bird Damage To Peanuts And Methods For Alleviating The Problem, Donald F. Mott, Jerome F. Besser, Richard R. West, John W. Degrazio

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Investigations from 1969 through 1971 of bird damage to peanuts in south-central Oklahoma have shown that losses are caused mainly by common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula). These losses, as high as $36 per acre, have been reduced primarily through the use of exploders and early harvesting of the crop. A fright-producing chemical, 4-aminopyridine, was also effective in scaring grackles from windrowed peanut fields. Banding has shown that many of these grackles breed in western Nebraska and Kansas and winter in northeastern Texas.

Factors Relating To Alarm Stimuli In Bird Control, Gordon W. Boudreau

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

I'm sure all of you have often heard of bird control methods which were successful in one place and failures elsewhere. Perhaps you have experienced these results yourself. Quite often, bird control apparatus or concepts are condemned as failures when actually other factors are responsible. Today, I shall explain some of the reasons these discrepancies occur. My observations, over a period of 15 years, reveal that birds' responses to alarm stimuli varies with environmental conditions, clocktime, physiological requirements, social structure, species, and other factors. All of the observations reported herein were made under natural conditions while researching methods to reduce …

Starling Control In Sonoma County, Harry F. Mccracken

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

The European Starling, Sturnus vulgaris, began the invasion of California from the north and east as early as the late 1930's. In the winter of 1954, 20,000 of these birds were reported spending the winter in or near the Sonoma, Mendocino Coast. Then in 1961, Walter Ball, at that time the Chief of the Bureau of Rodent and Weed Control in Sacramento, in a talk to the Agricultural Commissioners at the Spring Convention, stated Starlings had been reported from nearly every section of California. In reviewing Walter Ball's paper given at that time, it is somewhat surprising how accurately the …

Avian Thermoregulation And Its Significance In Starling Control, Robert G. Schwab, Vincent F. Schafer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

The ability of birds and mammals to maintain a relatively stable internal body temperature while under a considerable range of ambient environmental temperatures results in distinct ecological and physiological advantages. A constant body temperature facili-tates the activity of homeothermic (warm-blooded) animals in cold environments because the many temperature-dependent physiological and biochemical processes of the body are un-impeded. Conversely, poikilothermic (cold-blooded) animals lack the ability for precise thermoregulation and can function at top physiological efficiency only when ambient environmental temperatures are within a rather narrow optimum range. Homeothermia is accomplished by a system of physiological feed-back mechanisms which maintain a thermal …

Efficacy Testing Of Vertebrate Pest Control Agents, Paul Ochs

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Justification for efficacy testing is provided under the present FIFRA, and the PR notice 70-15 requirements. In addition, the Pure Food and Drug Laws, the Delaney Amend-ment and other laws effect the requirements of registration of all economic poisons. Basic preliminary registration information such as toxicological data, chemistry data, must be provided on all chemicals proposed as economic poisons. Once the basic chemical and toxi-cological properties have been determined, the applicant must consider basic efficacy requirements. Efficacy requirements should consider the effects of particle size and shape, taste and odor, impurities, diluents, stickers and solvents, volatility, mode of action, and …

The Problem Of Anticoagulant Rodenticide Resistance In The United States, William B. Jackson, Dale E. Kaukeinen

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Resistance of commensal rodents to anticoagulant rodenticides is not a new phenomenon. Its confirmed presence in several areas of northern Europe is wel1-documented (Jackson 1969, 1972; Bentley 1969; Lund 1969). Not until 1971 was a similar situation with the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) to be demonstrated in the United States (Jackson et al. 1971). Because it represents an initial occurrence, the site and background observations will be described in some detail. The rural area involved around Cleveland School in Johnson County is 25 miles SE of Raleigh, N. C. and about five miles in diameter (fig. 1). The typical farm …

House Mouse Behavior And Its Significance To Control, W. D. Klimstra

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

It seems explicitly evident that animal control practices must now, and especially in the future, emphasize fuller appreciation of the habits of each kind of animal. Further, this will require consideration be given to behavioral aspects as expressed by a population as a whole of a given species, as well as each individual animal within that population. Animals react with one another and with all characteristics of their environment; and, this in turn results in an identifiable reaction or behavior of each population as a unit of social organization. Although within broad limits some aspects of these responses, whether individual …

The Influence Of Attractants And Repellents On The Feeding Behaviour Of Rattus Norvegicus, J. O. Bull

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Poison baits are extensively used for commensal rodent control; considerable folk lore exists regarding the use of additives to induce rodents to come to and eat poison baits. This paper describes a rational evaluation of attractants and the influence of different odours in inducing Rattus norvegicus to feed at given locations. The influence of certain repellents was also examined. Tests consisted of attempts to induce rats to feed at non-preferred sites or to repel them from preferred sites. Place preference was the dominant factor in feeding by rats, and odours failed to influence feeding activity significantly.

An Innovation In Roof Rat Control, Donald R. Brothers

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Within the past ten years, the roof rat (Rattus rattus) problem in residential Santa Clara County has developed from an insignificant nuisance to one of major concern. When a considerable number of complaints to the Santa Clara County Health Department reported roof rats on telephone cables, a study was made of 29 city blocks to determine the feasibility of utility pole baiting as a means of roof rat control. In the baiting process, rat signs were commonly observed on telephone equipment attached to the utility poles. A correlation was observed between bait consumption and the close proximity of vegetation to …

Rat Reduction With Indigenous Methods, P. J. Deoras

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Mujumdar (1968) has recorded that there are 566,000 villages in India as compared to 2699 towns, and that there is 322,460,000 acres of cultivable land and probably 500 million domestic rats in India. The food production target in 1968 in India was to be 110 million tons. National rodent committee 1967 mentioned of a loss of one million ton of food grains by rats alone. Deoras (1968) has mentioned that 3 common rats in Bombay were consuming 26 gm. of food grains per day, that is, about one ounce, while the quantum of cereal rations available per man in some …

The Prairie Naturalist Vol. 4, No.1. March, 1972

The Prairie Naturalist

EDITORIAL: Advertising by Power Suppliers ▪ William A. Buresh

FIRST FLOWERS OF TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES IN THE FARGO, NORTH DAKOTA AREA ▪ O. A. Stevens

CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNTS FOR NORTH DAKOTA—1971 ▪ Robert N. Randall

ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION IN NORTH DAKOTA—EXPECTATIONS AND REALITIES ▪ Paul B. Kannowski

SEASONAL NOTES ON PLANKTON ALGAE OF EAST STUMP LAKE, NORTH DAKOTA ▪ Dean W. Blinn

A SKUNK WITH A GLASS COLLAR ▪ Peter W. Rakowski

SPRING MIGRATION OF BIRDS IN NORTH DAKOTA IN 1971 ▪ Paul F. Springer, Douglas H. Johnson and John T. Lokemoen

NOTE

Red throated loon observed on Lake Ashtabula, …

Water Resources News, Volume 4, No. 3, March 1972

Water Current Newsletter

1972 Annual Meeting of UCOWR
Summer Short Course Planned
Simulation of Water Resources Systems
Institute on Applications of Stochastic Methods in Civil Engineering
Institute on River Mechanics
Water Resources Systems - Short Course
International Symposium on Mathematical Modelling Techniques in Water Resources Systems
Seminar on Advances in Practical Hydrology
NWRA Resolutions
EPA to Be Advised By Experts on Sewage Plant Construction
GAO Questions EPA Insistence on Clean Waste Water
Study on Water Subsidies
EPA Bias for Sewage Hinders Farm Cleanup
Land Use Planning
Rural Development Act (HR 12931) Passed by House
Saline Water Bill Goes to House
1973 USGS Budget …

Opening Remarks - Fifth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

It is a pleasure to welcome you to the Fifth Vertebrate Pest Conference. It has been 10 years since the first Conference was held in Sacramento in February of 1962. The attendance has grown at each successive conference and, from the looks of the audience this morning, we shall surpass all previous records. It would, however, be wrong to judge the significance of this conference on attendance alone, for we are equally or more concerned with the quality of the conference and its ultimate contribution to the specialized area of wildlife management. The Conference is sponsored by the California Vertebrate …

Keynote Address - Vertebrates: A Resource Needing Management, Donald A. Spencer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

A veritable storm of concern for wildlife - approaching biotechnology - is currently sweeping the nation. Some of this concern has a sound basis. But the very best of ideas and programs can be carried so far that they become irrational. We appear to be driving head-on into irrational actions with respect to environmental good housekeeping. The vegetative cover in the United States has changed markedly as the result of Man's occupancy, reducing the habitat on which some wildlife species depend and greatly enhancing that of others. Competition, a no-holds-barred struggle, continues unabated between all living things for the finite …

The Extending Of Cotton Rat Range In California - Their Life History And Control, Dell O. Clark

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Cotton Rats (Sigmodon hispidus eremicus Mearns) are known to have reached the Imperial Valley in 1921 from the Colorado River along canal banks. Recently (1967-69) cotton rats were found distributed throughout the irrigated portion of the Imperial Valley, Imperial County, California. Limited crop damage has occurred and is described. Life history information is included. Control measures are listed.

Related Laws On Exotic And Native Wild Animals, Donald F. Stork

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

This paper is submitted in an effort to acquaint the personnel of allied State agencies with related laws which control the public and private possession of live exotic and native wild animals. The need for this common knowledge of related laws by agencies with law enforcement responsibility is readily apparent when the annual number and related problems from imported or resident wild animals in California are examined. In addition to resident wild animal populations, millions of fish and thousands of mammals, birds, and reptiles enter California each year through the utilization of most methods of transportation. Most of these imported …

Introduction: Transactions Of The Nebraska Academy Of Sciences, H. M. Cox

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

TRANSACTIONS of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences

Contents

ESTABLISHMENT OF TRANSACTIONS

NEBRASKA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, INC. Officers

INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS ELIGIBILITY

DEADLINE FOR PAPERS

ABSTRACTS

MANUSCRIPT FORM

ILLUSTRATIONS

REPRINTS

A CAPSULE HISTORY OF THE NEBRASKA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

OBJECTS

MEETINGS

MEMBERSHIP

SECTIONAL ORGANIZATION

PUBLICATIONS

Potential-Barrier Effects In Photoabsorption. Iii. Application To 4D-Shell Photoabsorption In Lanthanum, J.L. Dehmer, Anthony F. Starace

Anthony F. Starace Publications

An exploratory calculation of the photoabsorption cross section near the 4d ionization threshold of lanthanum metal is carried out. The level structure of the configuration 4d⁹4f is found to be altered by interaction with the continuum configuration 4d⁹εf. The Fano profile of the resonance above threshold is calculated, as are the oscillator strengths of the discrete states below threshold. Our results provide the ground work for more detailed calculations.

Testing A Planning And Control Model In Nonprofit Organizations, Charles A. Reimnitz

Department of Management: Faculty Publications

This study utilizes a planning and control model abstracted from the conceptual framework of general management knowledge to test the relative efficiency of administrators in three educational service organizations. The hypothesis that subordinates' perceptions of administrators' relative proficiency will be a function of the administrators' education, training, experience, and conscious use of management techniques appears to be substantiated.

Availability And Use Of Water In Nebraska, 1970, F. Butler Shaffer

Conservation and Survey Division: Faculty and Staff Publications

No abstract provided.

Elastic Scattering Of Low-Energy Electrons At 180° In Co2, Paul Burrow, L. Sanche

Paul Burrow Publications

A technique is described for the study of electrons which are elastically scattered from a gas target into a small solid angle centered at 180° with respect to the direction of the incident electron beam. The method is applied to electron scattering from CO₂. Information is obtained concerning the nature of the compound state in the 4-eV region.

Eutrophication Factors In North Central Florida Lakes, H. D. Putnam, Patrick L. Brezonik, Earl E. Shannon

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

A small Florida lake has been receiving a regimen of nutrient addition equivalent to 500 mg/m³-yr N and 43 mg/m³-yr P since 1967. Data has been accumulated through 1969. The effect on the lacustrine ecosystem of various biogenes includes production by primary producers, species diversity of plankton and certain production estimates at the secondary trophic level using natural populations of planktivorous fish. Plankton production using isotopic carbon is ca. 58 grms/m²-yr; Species diversity is slowly changing to a mixed chlorophycean and yellow-green. Biomass of benthic green filamentous types has increased slightly. Nutrient addition has …

Water Resources News, Volume 4, No. 2, February 1972

Water Current Newsletter

Dr. William Garner of EPA Presents Seminar
Nixon Wants to Control Wastes Put Into Earth
Global Circulation Study
Maine Center Renamed
Power Plant Siting Controversary
New Water Game
Clean Water
1973 USGS Budget Focuses on Earth Science Data
New Reports from the National Water Commission
Maine Researcher Devises System for Rating Pollution-Eutrophication Potential of Lakes
Remote Sensing Pamphlet Available
Proposed Revisions to Guidelines on Environmental Impact Statements
Research and Development Sources Sought
Return of Wastes to the Land
Cloud Seeding to be Pushed Harder Under 73 Budget
Holified Warns Californians on Ballot Proposal
73 Budget Cost for Environment Still Climbs

Upper Pennsylvanian Shoreline Deposits Form Iowa And Nebraska: Their Recognition, Variation, And Significance, J. A. Fagerstrom, R. R. Burchett

Conservation and Survey Division: Faculty and Staff Publications

No abstract provided.

Raman-Active Resonance Modes, Overtones, And Anharmonicity In Nacl:Cu+, B.N. Ganguly, Roger D. Kirby, M.V. Klein, G.P. Montgomery Jr.

Roger Kirby Publications

The existence of an impurity-activated E_g resonance mode in NaCl:Cu⁺ has been suggested by several previous experiments. Raman data presented here reveal this resonance directly and also reveal the three components of the first overtone of the 23.5-cm^-1 infrared resonance mode. The frequencies of the E_g resonance and the E_g component of the overtone are shifted as a result of a strong anharmonic coupling. Their line shapes and strengths are considerably altered by an interference between the Raman amplitudes. A reasonable fit to the data has been obtained using a simple theory.

Simultaneous Determination Of Short-Period Photosynthesis And Evapotranspiration (Horticulture And Forestry Progress Report No. 91), Norman J. Rosenberg

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Strong, Quasiperiodic Dependence Of Autoionization Shape Parameters On Projectile Energy In H+ + He Collisions, F. D. Schowengerdt, M. Eugene Rudd

M. Eugene Rudd Publications

Profiles of the 2s² (¹S) autoionizing state in He have been observed in the ejected-electron spectrum of H⁺ + He for small angles of ejection and for H⁺ energies of 6 to 150 keV. The shape parameter q shows an increasing dependence on projectile energy as the angle of ejection is decreased, with strong, quasiperiodic oscillations appearing at 10°.

An Argument For The Open Ocean Siting Of Coastal Thermal Electric Plants, Clarence M. Tarzwell

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

A great deal of research is yet to be done before we will definitely know all the effects of thermal electric generating plants. It is evident, however, that the chlorination of the intake water is definitely lethal to a high percentage of planktonic and other organisms; that thermal shock is detrimental to some of the more sensitive forms; that the continued exposure to high temperatures after thermal shock is lethal to many forms, especially the zooplankton; that the screening and turbulence in such plants is lethal to larval fishes and several invertebrates, and that immense amounts of waters are put …

Steller's Sea Cow In Pleistocene Interglacial Beach Deposits On Amchitka, Aleutian Isknds, L. M. Gard Jr., G. E. Lewis, Frank C. Whitmore Jr.

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The first discovery of Steller's Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis) in place in Pleistocene deposits has been made in interglacial beach sand and gravel 35 m above present sea level on Amchitka, Aleutian Islands. Uranium series dating of the bone indicates that it is about 135,000 yrs old.