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Vbms 403: Integrated Principles And Prevention Of Livestock Diseases, Christina L. Topliff Jan 2021

Vbms 403: Integrated Principles And Prevention Of Livestock Diseases, Christina L. Topliff

UNL Faculty Course Portfolios

This portfolio documents the teaching objectives, strategies, assessments, and changes implemented for VBMS 403: Integrated Principles and Prevention of Livestock Diseases, an Achievement-Centered Education (ACE) 10 Capstone course taught during the Spring Semester through the School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Teaching methods and course activities included traditional lecturing with quizzes and examinations, in-class discussions, short reading assignments, and the generation of a scholarly term paper demonstrating broad knowledge, technical proficiency, information collection, synthesis, interpretation, and presentation. This portfolio documents the qualitative and quantitative methods used to assess the course learning objectives (goals). My …


Czec 361/Hist 361: Czech History And Culture, Hana Waisserova Jan 2021

Czec 361/Hist 361: Czech History And Culture, Hana Waisserova

UNL Faculty Course Portfolios

The Benchmark Portfolio traces the process of rethinking my interdisciplinary course CZEC 361/HIST 361 “CZECH HISTORY AND CULTURE” taught for the first time in Spring 2021. The primary goal of the course was to provide students with understanding of the cultural history of the Czech(oslovak) and Central European region of the last two centuries. It explores the question of creating cultural history as a narrative to understand how the modern Czech national identity has been constructed since the times of national awakening, via the formation of Czechoslovakia, and in the course of the turbulent 20th century. In addition to main …


Investigating Student Learning Outcomes In Visual Merchandising: A Peer Review Of Teaching Portfolio Of Tmfd 314 Textile And Apparel Merchandising And Promotion, Jennifer Johnson Jorgensen Jan 2021

Investigating Student Learning Outcomes In Visual Merchandising: A Peer Review Of Teaching Portfolio Of Tmfd 314 Textile And Apparel Merchandising And Promotion, Jennifer Johnson Jorgensen

UNL Faculty Course Portfolios

Students in TMFD 314 learn how to attract consumers to products found in brick-and-mortar stores and online, which leads to heightened sales for brands and retailers. However, based on shifting instruction of the course, it was anticipated that updates were needed. A pre-and post-test was employed to determine how updates should be approached, which helped to determine the students’ perceived level of knowledge on different topic areas. In addition, an investigation of student grades for the first and final project was also assessed to determine areas of possible improvement in the future. Overall, it became clear that a few key …


Measuring Student Success In Jour200a: Fundamentals Of Editing & Reporting I: A Beginning Writing, Editing And Reporting Class, Jessica Fargen Walsh Jan 2021

Measuring Student Success In Jour200a: Fundamentals Of Editing & Reporting I: A Beginning Writing, Editing And Reporting Class, Jessica Fargen Walsh

UNL Faculty Course Portfolios

A grammar error or typo on a resume can mean the difference between getting the job or having your resume deleted. Factual errors and inconsistencies can also affect a writer’s credibility. Accuracy, style, word choice and consistency matter for these reasons and more. Journalism students in particular should come to internships, classes and jobs with the skills they need to succeed. The course Jour200A: The Fundamentals of Reporting & Editing I attempts to meet this demand by providing all majors in the College of Journalism and Mass Communications with a strong foundation in editing and writing. This project sought to …


Acct 301: Using Accounting Information — A Peer Review Of Teaching Benchmark Portfolio, Jill Trucke Jan 2021

Acct 301: Using Accounting Information — A Peer Review Of Teaching Benchmark Portfolio, Jill Trucke

UNL Faculty Course Portfolios

This benchmark course portfolio documents my process to evaluate and improve student learning in ACCT301, Using Accounting Information. This course is designed for non-accounting majors who desire to have a better understanding of different aspects of accounting that goes beyond the introductory financial and managerial accounting courses. It covers income taxes, financial statement analysis and internal controls. I had four objectives for this benchmark portfolio project:

1. To evaluate the quantity and quality of my assessments and course activities to ensure they are in line with the goals that I have for this course.

2. To ensure my goals are …


Fdst 403/803 – Food Quality Assurance, Byron D. Chaves Jan 2021

Fdst 403/803 – Food Quality Assurance, Byron D. Chaves

UNL Faculty Course Portfolios

Food Science and Technology (FDST) 403: Food Quality Assurance is an upper level required course for FDST undergraduate majors at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The course covers food safety regulations, food safety management systems, and statistical process control applied to food safety and quality in food manufacturing. This Peer Review of Teaching Portfolio documents the course analysis and reflection for spring 2021. Two mid-semester student course evaluations were performed on March 1 and April 5, the lecture immediately after the midterm exams. Anonymous paper and online surveys were filled out during class time asking students to reflect on the course …


Exploring The Benefits Of Asynchronous Online Learning In Mngt 360: Foundations Of Organizational Behavior, Amy L. Bartels Jan 2021

Exploring The Benefits Of Asynchronous Online Learning In Mngt 360: Foundations Of Organizational Behavior, Amy L. Bartels

UNL Faculty Course Portfolios

This peer review course portfolio describes the shift from in-person teaching to an online, asynchronous format for MNGT 360: Foundations of Organizational Behavior. This course is offered in the Department of Management within the College of Business at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. My goal was to embrace the opportunities and tackle the challenges associated with online learning to generate learning opportunities outside the traditional classroom setting while concurrently creating an interactive environment to allow the students to learn from each other. I redesigned the group project to ease the challenges with online group dynamics and communication as well as the …


A Hybridized Class Format For Apparel Product Development Ll Studio Course: Tmfd 212 Peer Review Of Teaching Benchmark Portfolio, Sandra Starkey Jan 2021

A Hybridized Class Format For Apparel Product Development Ll Studio Course: Tmfd 212 Peer Review Of Teaching Benchmark Portfolio, Sandra Starkey

UNL Faculty Course Portfolios

The benchmark portfolio for TMFD 212, Apparel Product Development ll, provides a broad overview of a studio course in Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design as well as a platform to document and evaluate the transition to a partially on-line hybrid course delivery format. In the past, TMFD 212 had been offered as a studio based in-person course. Due to the University’s restrictions in response to the pandemic, the hybrid format was adopted to accommodate students for classroom participation on one of two scheduled days a week and in response to guidelines for social distancing in the classroom. Three key components …


Peer Review Of Teaching Portfolio - Sped 990: Intervention Design Lll, Susan J. Loveall Jan 2021

Peer Review Of Teaching Portfolio - Sped 990: Intervention Design Lll, Susan J. Loveall

UNL Faculty Course Portfolios

This portfolio documents the development of SPED 990: Intervention Design III, a doctoral course being taught for the first time in the Spring of 2021 in the Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders. The primary goals motivating my creation of this benchmark portfolio included: 1) deciding what to teach and how to teach it for the course’s first iteration, 2) understanding how this course fits into my department’s broader curriculum and doctoral training program, 3) upon completion of the course, reflecting on what worked and what didn’t to improve the course for future semesters, and 4) continuing my professional …


Fdst205 Food Composition Analysis — A Peer Review Of Teaching Project Benchmark Portfolio, Mei Lu Jan 2021

Fdst205 Food Composition Analysis — A Peer Review Of Teaching Project Benchmark Portfolio, Mei Lu

UNL Faculty Course Portfolios

The purpose of this peer review of the teaching portfolio was to document and evaluate the course activities that are aimed at improving student learning in FDST205 Food Composition Analysis. This FDST205 is unique that it is offered exclusively to the students in the 3+1 International Food Science Dual Degrees Program established between the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) and Northwest Agricultural & Forestry University (NWAFU) in China. Students that enrolled in this course were a cohort of 55 sophomores in the 3+1 Food Science Dual Degrees Program. In spring 2021, the lecture part of FDST205 was offered online synchronously, while …


Peer Review Of Teaching Portfolio: Learning & Motivation (Psyc 368), Jacquelyn Omelian Jan 2021

Peer Review Of Teaching Portfolio: Learning & Motivation (Psyc 368), Jacquelyn Omelian

UNL Faculty Course Portfolios

This portfolio is a reflection and report on the peer review process undertaken during the Spring 2021 semester at the University of Nebraska – Lincoln. The work presented here provides a description of the PSYC 368: Learning and Motivation course as it was delivered in an asynchronous, 14-week format as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. This large (150 student) lecture-style course is open to any student who has completed Introduction to Psychology and attracts students from across multiple colleges and majors. This portfolio has a particular emphasis on a series of major assignments in the course and how they …


Geog 181: Global Environmental Issues – A Faculty-Led Inquiry Into Reflective And Scholarly Teaching Benchmark Portfolio, Patrick Bitterman Jan 2021

Geog 181: Global Environmental Issues – A Faculty-Led Inquiry Into Reflective And Scholarly Teaching Benchmark Portfolio, Patrick Bitterman

UNL Faculty Course Portfolios

This benchmark portfolio is an examination of the structure of Global Environmental Issues (GEOG 181) and how the course materials facilitate student learning. The primary goal of this course is to investigate the nature of – and connections among - urgent global environmental issues in the context of geographic concepts and methods. As a large survey course, there are varied assessments that are punctuated with three summative exams. This portfolio assesses the current state of student learning prior to the addition of recitation sections. In doing so, it assesses exam performance over the course of the semester and by student …


A First Project Benchmark Portfolio Of Biochemistry Ii: Metabolism And Biological Information (Bioc/Bios/Chem 432/832), Xinghui Sun Jan 2021

A First Project Benchmark Portfolio Of Biochemistry Ii: Metabolism And Biological Information (Bioc/Bios/Chem 432/832), Xinghui Sun

UNL Faculty Course Portfolios

This portfolio has been developed for Biochemistry II: Metabolism and Biological Information (BIOC/BIOS/CHEM 432/832). This course is taken primarily by senior undergraduates with majors mainly in biochemistry. The objectives of this course portfolio are: 1) to provide a broad overview for this 400 level class; 2) to revise/refine the course using a backward design approach with clear student learning objectives; 3) to assess and reflect the instructor’s teaching approach; and 4) to analyze and reflect on student learning. The course structure was redesigned with three modules to support the learning objectives of this course. Course activities for each module include …


A Benchmark Course Portfolio For Slpa 453: Neurological Foundations Of Speech And Language, Yingying Wang Dr. Jan 2021

A Benchmark Course Portfolio For Slpa 453: Neurological Foundations Of Speech And Language, Yingying Wang Dr.

UNL Faculty Course Portfolios

This benchmark course portfolio reflects the iterative design process for SLPA 453: Neurological Foundations of Speech and Language. This course covers the foundational knowledge of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the central and peripheral nervous system and the neurology of the human communication processes, and the classification of impairments based on the lesion sites in the human brain. I analyzed student learning through various activities that align with two main course goals: (1) demonstrate knowledge of the neurology of human communication processes; (2) demonstrate the ability to integrate information pertaining to normal and abnormal human development across the life span. Based …


Evaluating Quiz And Outline Assessments In Rhetorical Methods, Justin Kirk Jan 2021

Evaluating Quiz And Outline Assessments In Rhetorical Methods, Justin Kirk

UNL Faculty Course Portfolios

In what follows, I lay out the structure and development of assessment design for one of the major methods courses in Communication Studies at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. First, I describe the course including the goals of the course, the student learning outcomes for the course, a description of the course’s place in the context of the department and the university, demographics in the course, and other relevant details necessary to understand the pedagogical goals of research methods in communication studies. Second, I lay out the teaching methods, course materials, and outside activities used throughout the course and connect those …


Fdst 420: Fruits And Vegetables Technology – A Peer Review Of Teaching Project Benchmark Portfolio, Charles Nwaizu Jan 2021

Fdst 420: Fruits And Vegetables Technology – A Peer Review Of Teaching Project Benchmark Portfolio, Charles Nwaizu

UNL Faculty Course Portfolios

The aim of this portfolio is twofold: first, the portfolio serves to document the author’s approach to teaching while also providing necessary tools to revamp the course delivery methods to a more active learning format from traditional lecture format. Secondly, this portfolio evaluates the effects of students’ group lab discussion, students Interactive class trivia and interdisplinary students’ collaboration active learning approaches on student learning and performances in the course. The student group lab discussion activity involved modification of some of the lab tasks to include short questions listed under the lab procedure. These questions were discussed within the group and …


What Educators In Mexico And In The United States Need To Know And Acknowledge To Attend To The Educational Needs Of Transnational Students, Edmund T. Hamann, Víctor Zúñiga Jan 2021

What Educators In Mexico And In The United States Need To Know And Acknowledge To Attend To The Educational Needs Of Transnational Students, Edmund T. Hamann, Víctor Zúñiga

Department of Teaching, Learning, and Teacher Education: Faculty Publications

This chapter from the edited volume "The Students We Share" explains to both US and Mexican audiences that a persistent number and proportion of K-12 students continue to circulate between both countries and thus that it is a challenge for both countries' education systems—including teacher preparation, curriculum, assessment, etc.—to see how students' knowledge and experience from the other system is both salient to their new schooling in a new country and valuable for how it will contribute to their future means for negotiating adulthood.


A Strategic Audit Of Medical Solutions, Christina Gay Jan 2021

A Strategic Audit Of Medical Solutions, Christina Gay

Honors Program: Senior Projects (Public)

Medical Solutions is a healthcare staffing company that primarily staffs travel nurses. A travel nurse is a licensed, registered nurse who accepts temporary assignment on a contract basis. Founded in 2001 Medical Solutions has grown to include six brands, seven locations, staffing in all 50 states. This report is an industry analysis to better understand their business model. Ranging from external to internal analysis using a PESTE analysis, Porter’s 5 Forces, a SWOT analysis, their competitive advantage, and future recommendations to continue their differentiation approach.


Hidden In Plain Sight: Kerri S. And Nebraska’S Non-Court Child Welfare System, Claudia W. Brock Jan 2021

Hidden In Plain Sight: Kerri S. And Nebraska’S Non-Court Child Welfare System, Claudia W. Brock

Nebraska Law Review

The Nebraska Supreme Court recently held that procedural due process protections only attach for parents in non-court arrangements when the state causes a familial separation through explicit agency coercion. The Court’s holding is consistent with the narrow approach of the Sixth and Seventh Circuits in determining when a family’s due process rights attach in non-court involved child welfare cases. This narrow approach may be contrasted with the broader approach of the Third Circuit, which holds that due process protections attach whenever the state alters the custodial relationship between a parent and child. This Comment will argue that the broad standard …


“Pee In Peace” Or “Make Everyone Uncomfortable”: Public Perceptions Of Transgender Rights, Emily Kazyak, Kelsy Burke, Rosalind Kichler, Lora Mcgraw Jan 2021

“Pee In Peace” Or “Make Everyone Uncomfortable”: Public Perceptions Of Transgender Rights, Emily Kazyak, Kelsy Burke, Rosalind Kichler, Lora Mcgraw

Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications

We analyze a survey of Nebraskans as a case study to examine public opinion of transgender rights. Using a mixed methods design, we find an even divide among mostly cisgender survey respondents on whether transgender people should be able to use the restroom that aligns with their gender identity. Our findings mirror national data and show that identifying as female, being more liberal politically, and being less religious are associated with supporting this belief. Qualitative analysis of open-ended responses reveals that both supporters and opponents of transgender rights employ logics that implicate (1) the nature of transgender identities, (2) the …


Spatial Non‑Stationarity In Opioid Prescribing Rates: Evidence From Older Medicare Part D Beneficiaries, Seulki Kim, Carla Shoff, Tse-Chuan Yang Jan 2021

Spatial Non‑Stationarity In Opioid Prescribing Rates: Evidence From Older Medicare Part D Beneficiaries, Seulki Kim, Carla Shoff, Tse-Chuan Yang

Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications

Previous research that examined spatial patterns of opioid prescribing rates and factors associated with them has mainly relied on a global modeling perspective, overlooking the potential spatial non-stationarity embedded in these associations. In this study, we investigate whether there are spatially non-stationary associations between opioid prescribing rates and key characteristics of older Medicare Part D beneficiaries and their prescribers using several data sources from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. All measures are aggregated to the ZIP code level, and a total sample size of 18,126 ZIP codes is included in the analyses. Our descriptive results from geographically weighted …


Unesco Recommendation On Open Science Jan 2021

Unesco Recommendation On Open Science

Copyright, Fair Use, Scholarly Communication, etc.

1. The aim of this Recommendation is to provide an international framework for open science policy and practice that recognizes disciplinary and regional differences in open science perspectives, takes into account academic freedom, gender-transformative approaches and the specific challenges of scientists and other open science actors in different countries and in particular in developing countries, and contributes to reducing the digital, technological and knowledge divides existing between and within countries.

2. This Recommendation outlines a common definition, shared values, principles and standards for open science at the international level and proposes a set of actions conducive to a fair and …


Finding A Voice For Individuals With Asd Who Are Minimally Verbal Through Comprehensive Communication Assessment, Shelley Lund, Kristy Weissling, Wendy Quach, Miechelle L. Mckelvey Jan 2021

Finding A Voice For Individuals With Asd Who Are Minimally Verbal Through Comprehensive Communication Assessment, Shelley Lund, Kristy Weissling, Wendy Quach, Miechelle L. Mckelvey

Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders: Faculty Publications

Purpose: Many, but not all, children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have a difficult time communicating in conventional ways to express their decisions, preferences, and ideas. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) can fulfill many purposes of communication and support a child to achieve maximal self-determination and agency. The goal of assessment is not to fit the child to a particular device or communication strategy—but rather to identify the strategies that enhance the child’s strengths to maximize their independent communication and ultimately their ability to exert control over their world.

Method: Our method was to combine results from our scoping review …


Applying Implementation Science To Support Active Collaboration In Noninvasive Brain–Computer Interface Development And Translation For Augmentative And Alternative Communication, Kevin Pitt, Aimee Dietz Jan 2021

Applying Implementation Science To Support Active Collaboration In Noninvasive Brain–Computer Interface Development And Translation For Augmentative And Alternative Communication, Kevin Pitt, Aimee Dietz

Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders: Faculty Publications

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to consider how, alongside engineering advancements, noninvasive brain–computer interface (BCI) for augmentative and alternative communication (AAC; BCI-AAC) developments can leverage implementation science to increase the clinical impact of this technology. We offer the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) as a structure to help guide future BCI-AAC research. Specifically, we discuss CFIR primary domains that include intervention characteristics, the outer and inner settings, the individuals involved in the intervention, and the process of implementation, alongside pertinent subdomains including adaptability, cost, patient needs and recourses, implementation climate, other personal attributes, and the process of …


What’S In A Photograph? The Perspectives Of Composition Experts On Factors Impacting Visual Scene Display Complexity For Augmentative And Alternative Communication And Strategies For Improving Visual Communication, Kevin Pitt, John W. Mccarthy Jan 2021

What’S In A Photograph? The Perspectives Of Composition Experts On Factors Impacting Visual Scene Display Complexity For Augmentative And Alternative Communication And Strategies For Improving Visual Communication, Kevin Pitt, John W. Mccarthy

Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders: Faculty Publications

Purpose: Visual scene displays (VSDs) can support augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) success for children and adults with complex communication needs. Static VSDs incorporate contextual photographs that include meaningful events, places, and people. Although the processing of VSDs has been studied, their power as a medium to effectively convey meaning may benefit from the perspective of individuals who regularly engage in visual storytelling. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perspectives of individuals with expertise in photographic and/or artistic composition regarding factors contributing to VSD complexity and how to limit the time and effort required to apply principles …


Brain Lateralization In Children With Upper‑Limb Reduction Deficiency, Jorge Zuniga, James E. Pierce, Christopher Copeland, Claudia Cortes‑Reyes, David Salazar, Yingying Wang, K. M. Arun, Theodore Huppert Jan 2021

Brain Lateralization In Children With Upper‑Limb Reduction Deficiency, Jorge Zuniga, James E. Pierce, Christopher Copeland, Claudia Cortes‑Reyes, David Salazar, Yingying Wang, K. M. Arun, Theodore Huppert

Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders: Faculty Publications

Background: The purpose of the current study was to determine the influence of upper-limb prostheses on brain activity and gross dexterity in children with congenital unilateral upper-limb reduction deficiencies (ULD) compared to typically developing children (TD). Methods: Five children with ULD (3 boys, 2 girls, 8.76 ± 3.37 years of age) and five age- and sex-matched TD children (3 boys, 2 girls, 8.96 ± 3.23 years of age) performed a gross manual dexterity task (Box and Block Test) while measuring brain activity (functional near-infrared spectroscopy; fNIRS). Results: There were no significant differences (p = 0.948) in gross dexterity …


Effects Of Human-Animal Interactions On Affect And Cognition, Elise L. Thayer, Jeffrey R. Stevens Jan 2021

Effects Of Human-Animal Interactions On Affect And Cognition, Elise L. Thayer, Jeffrey R. Stevens

Jeffrey Stevens Publications

Human-animal interaction has clear positive effects on people’s affect and stress. But less is known about how animal interactions influence cognition. We draw parallels between animal interactions and exposure to natural environments, a research area that shows clear improvements in cognitive performance. The aim of this study is to investigate whether interacting with animals similarly enhances cognitive performance, specifically executive functioning. To test this, we conducted two experiments in which we had participants self-report their affect and complete a series of cognitive tasks (long-term memory, attentional control, and working memory) before and after either a brief interaction with a dog …


Exercise Shifts Hypothetical Food Choices Toward Greater Amounts And More Immediate Consumption, Karsten Koehler, Safiya E. Beckford, Elise Thayer, Alexandra R. Martin, Julie B. Boron, Jeffrey R. Stevens Jan 2021

Exercise Shifts Hypothetical Food Choices Toward Greater Amounts And More Immediate Consumption, Karsten Koehler, Safiya E. Beckford, Elise Thayer, Alexandra R. Martin, Julie B. Boron, Jeffrey R. Stevens

Jeffrey Stevens Publications

Although exercise modulates appetite regulation and food intake, it remains poorly understood how exercise impacts decision-making about food. The purpose of the present study was to assess the impact of an acute exercise bout on hypothetical choices related to the amount and timing of food intake. Forty-one healthy participants (22.0 ± 2.6 years; 23.7 ± 2.5 kg/m 2 , 56% female) completed 45 min of aerobic exercise and a resting control condition in randomized order. Food amount preferences and intertemporal food preferences (preference for immediate vs. delayed consumption) were assessed using electronic questionnaires with visual food cues. Compared to rest, …


Diets Of Double-Crested Cormorants In The Lake Winnebago System, Wisconsin, Ryan P. Koenigs, Daniel J. Dembkowski, Charles D. Lovell, Daniel A. Isermann, Adam D. Nickel Jan 2021

Diets Of Double-Crested Cormorants In The Lake Winnebago System, Wisconsin, Ryan P. Koenigs, Daniel J. Dembkowski, Charles D. Lovell, Daniel A. Isermann, Adam D. Nickel

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorox auritus Lesson (cormorant) populations have increased throughout the Great Lakes region of North America causing concern related to the impact of cormorant predation on fish communities. A recent decline in yellow perch Perca flavescens (Mitchill) abundance within the Lake Winnebago System, Wisconsin, USA, prompted an assessment of cormorant diets to evaluate potential effects of cormorant predation on the sportfish community. Diets were collected from 883 cormorants (417 from Lake Winnebago and 466 from Lake Butte des Morts) between 2015 and 2017. Cormorant diets on both waterbodies consisted mostly of freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque and gizzard shad …


Satellite Communications Law: The Nexus Of Space And Telecom Law, Frans Von Der Dunk Jan 2021

Satellite Communications Law: The Nexus Of Space And Telecom Law, Frans Von Der Dunk

Space, Cyber, and Telecommunications Law Program: Faculty Publications

Given the complexity of satellite communications as a global business sector involving many private as well as public operators, many national and international regulators and a constantly evolving suite of services offered to an ever-increasing number of users and consumers, it should not come as a surprise that the legal environment—the sets of rules, rights, and obligations applicable to anyone operating in the field—is highly complex as well. This is already true even if merely focusing at the international level, where the myriad domestic regimes play varying roles—largely neglected in this particular article—in implementing, interpreting, refining, enforcing, or even changing …