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Toxic Bait And Baiting Strategies For Feral Cats, Charles T. Eason, David R. Morgan, B. Kay Clapperton Mar 1992

Toxic Bait And Baiting Strategies For Feral Cats, Charles T. Eason, David R. Morgan, B. Kay Clapperton

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

To improve feral cat control we developed a dry pelleted toxic bait and evaluated the potential of lures. A polymer fish meal bait was preferred by cats from a range of bait types tested. L-alanine further increased bait acceptance by cats in pen trials and catnip may have the potential to increase field acceptance and target specificity. An oral LD90 of 0.38 mg/ kg was established for sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in feral cats voluntarily eating surface-loaded baits. Acute toxicity to cats of warfarin, cholecalciferol, and gliftor was tested. However, because the cat proved highly sensitive to 1080, we recommend …

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High Frequency Sound Devices Lack Efficacy In Repelling Birds, William A. Erickson, Rex E. Marsh, Terrell P. Salmon Mar 1992

High Frequency Sound Devices Lack Efficacy In Repelling Birds, William A. Erickson, Rex E. Marsh, Terrell P. Salmon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Ultrasonic or high-frequency sound-producing devices are marketed as a scaring or frightening method for bird control. Although inaudible to humans, most birds also do not hear in the ultrasonic frequency ranges of above 20,000 Hz, thus the credibility of advertised claims raises questions. A review of efficacy studies conducted and published by a number of researchers fails to demonstrate the usefulness of such bird control devices.

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An Integrated Approach To The Management Of Urban Canada Goose Depredations, Steven D. Fairaizl Mar 1992

An Integrated Approach To The Management Of Urban Canada Goose Depredations, Steven D. Fairaizl

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Canada geese (Branta canadensis) in the Reno-Sparks, Nevada urban area have become a problem of increasing significance. Nuisance complaints from city parks, golf courses, and housing developments augment the bird hazard to aircraft operations at the local airport. Eleven goose collisions with commercial aircraft, between January 1986 and April 1989, caused $250,000 in structural damages but no injuries or loss of human life. The Federal Aviation Administration required action be taken to reduce the hazard if airport certification was to continue. A multi-agency task force was formed to develop and implement an integrated pest management plan. Population surveys …

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Front Matter And Contents Mar 1992

Front Matter And Contents

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)


Contents:

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Avitrol Use In The Protection Of Wine Grapes From The House Finch (Linnet) In Sonoma County, Pierre Gadd Mar 1992

Avitrol Use In The Protection Of Wine Grapes From The House Finch (Linnet) In Sonoma County, Pierre Gadd

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Two field trials were conducted to determine the effectiveness of Avitrol® (4-aminopyridine) mixed grains 0.50% in the repelling of house finches (Carpodocus mexicana) from two vineyards in Sonoma County. In the first trial, two properties were prebaited for twelve and fourteen days respectively. After the removal of the prebait, Avitrol treated grain mixture was then placed in the bait troughs for a period of from two to four days. A count of the house finch (linnets) number visiting the troughs during the prebaiting and treatment phases of the trial was recorded. Subsequent linnet counts were made to determine …

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A Review Of The Results From Laboratory Tests Of Some Rodenticides Against Eight Rodent Species, J.E. Gill Mar 1992

A Review Of The Results From Laboratory Tests Of Some Rodenticides Against Eight Rodent Species, J.E. Gill

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

The susceptibility of eight rodent species to a range of widely used and candidate rodenticides was determined in laboratory feeding tests. No choice and choice tests were used to assess toxicity and effect on palatability of the rodenticides to Meriones shawi (Shaw's gerbil), Arvicanthis niloticus (Nile rat), Acomys cahirinus (Egyptian Spiny mouse), Mastomys natalensis (Multimammate rat), Sigmodon hispidus (Cotton rat), Rattus exulans (Polynesian rat), and R. rattus (Ship rat) which responded differently to each chemical. The results of these tests suggest possible rodenticides suitable for control of each species. Field trials are now needed to assess the effectiveness of these …

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Urban Crow Roosts In California, W. Paul Gorenzel, Terrell P. Salmon Mar 1992

Urban Crow Roosts In California, W. Paul Gorenzel, Terrell P. Salmon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

We reviewed the historical and current status of the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), urban crow roosts and control efforts in California. Crows aggregate in traditional winter roosting areas. In the late 1930s most crows in California roosted in the Sacramento Valley in rural locations. Crow roosts were not a concern except for potential damage to adjacent farmlands. From the 1960s through 1980s crows colonized urban areas for nesting and winter roosting. A phone survey of vertebrate pest management officials indicated all known roosts were in urban areas, with most occurring in the Sacramento Valley. From 1970 to 1989 …

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Metoclopramide Hydrochloride Did Not Prevent 1080-Induced Vomiting In Coyotes, Jeffrey S. Green Mar 1992

Metoclopramide Hydrochloride Did Not Prevent 1080-Induced Vomiting In Coyotes, Jeffrey S. Green

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Vomiting is a characteristic, although undesirable effect when using Compound 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) as a method of predator control for coyotes. Compound 1080 meat baits with (treatment) and without (control) an antiemetic, metoclopramide hydrochloride (MH), were fed to captive coyotes to determine whether MH would prevent vomiting. All treatment and control animals died as a result of consuming the 1080 bait with no difference between the groups in time from bait consumption to death. There was no significant difference between the number of treatment and control animals that vomited after consuming the baits. Likewise there was no difference between the …

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Reinfestation Of Bandicota Bengalensis (Gray) In Irrigated Field Habitat, B.K. Guruprasad Mar 1992

Reinfestation Of Bandicota Bengalensis (Gray) In Irrigated Field Habitat, B.K. Guruprasad

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Bandicota bengalensis, a predominant species inhabiting irrigated fields is a potential pest on agricultural crops and is known to live in extensive burrow systems. The burrow opening covered with mud which is an indicator of its activity seems to be discontinuous. An analysis of burrow systems and their occupations indicated reuse of abandoned burrow systems by new entrants. A study simulated in semi-natural conditions supported the view that there is occupation of old burrows by new immigrants. Non-effective barriers; and availability of Panicum repens on bunds, a food alternative may support the population influx. Availability of old burrow systems …

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Closing Remarks For The Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Wendy S. Halverson Mar 1992

Closing Remarks For The Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Wendy S. Halverson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)


As chair-elect for the 16th Vertebrate Pest Conference it is my responsibility to provide the closing remarks for this conference. In achieving this objective I would like to accomplish three things: summarize the 15th conference, leave you with some thoughts to take home, and provide information and an invitation to the 16th Vertebrate Pest Conference to be held in 1994.

At this conference, over the last three days, eighty-one papers have been presented. There were 327 registered participants representing eleven foreign countries and thirty-two states. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the individuals who have worked very …

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California Ground Squirrel Field Efficacy Study Using 0.005% Chlorophacinone Bait, Brent Hazen, Richard M. Poche Mar 1992

California Ground Squirrel Field Efficacy Study Using 0.005% Chlorophacinone Bait, Brent Hazen, Richard M. Poche

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A field efficacy study was completed using Wilco Ground Squirrel Bait (containing 0.005% chlorophacinone) to control California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) in Madera County, California. Bait was applied in plastic stations at the rate of 2 lbs. per station. Two plots with buffer zones were treated (about 11.5 acres each). Visual and burrow counts were used as the census indices to determine field efficacy. Pretreatment and posttreatment census observations were conducted over three days pretest and three days posttreatment. Efficacy after 21 days was 94.4% for plot T-l and 100% on plot T-2 using visual counts. Burrow count …

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Vertebrate Pesticides No Longer Registered And Factors Contributing To Loss Of Registration, William W. Jacobs Mar 1992

Vertebrate Pesticides No Longer Registered And Factors Contributing To Loss Of Registration, William W. Jacobs

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Many pesticide chemicals once used to control vertebrate pests are no longer registered in the U.S. Changes in pesticide laws and regulations have played a major role in the loss of vertebrate pesticides, but relatively few products, uses, or compounds have been lost because the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determined that they were too hazardous to be registered. Most canceled products, use patterns, and chemicals have been lost because their registrants abandoned them, choosing not to pay the fees or data development costs necessary to maintain registrations. Pesticide users or other interested parties may be able to "save" a …

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Improved Aerosol Methodology For Applying Cpt To Control Roosting Species Of Pest Birds, Brad E. Johns, R. Daniel Thompson, Kenneth A. Crane Mar 1992

Improved Aerosol Methodology For Applying Cpt To Control Roosting Species Of Pest Birds, Brad E. Johns, R. Daniel Thompson, Kenneth A. Crane

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Colony roosting species of blackbirds (Icterinae), including European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), can be significant pests. The chemical avicide CPT has been applied experimentally in the U.S. and France to roosting blackbirds. However, apparent effective aerial application rates are high, 44-101 kg/ha (40-90 lbs/a), and the actual efficacy, expressed as percent mortality, is difficult to determine. We assessed CPT as a respirable aerosol for potential use as a roost avicide. Starlings exposed to 17 ppm CPT for 5.5 min received lethal doses. The birds appear very sensitive to CPT administered in this manner. The methods of CPT entry into …

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Evaluations Of Aversive Agents To Increase The Selectivity Of Rodenticides, With Emphasis On Denatonium Benzoate (Bitrex®) Bittering Agent, Dale E. Kaukeinen, Alan P. Buckle Mar 1992

Evaluations Of Aversive Agents To Increase The Selectivity Of Rodenticides, With Emphasis On Denatonium Benzoate (Bitrex®) Bittering Agent, Dale E. Kaukeinen, Alan P. Buckle

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Aversive agents are proposed as potential additives to rodenticides to increase selectivity to the target species. Examples of various aversive agent categories are given, including odorants, tastants, and emetics, with examples of evaluations. Tastant additives have been found that do not interfere with rodenticidal efficacy. Denatonium benzoate (commercially available as Bitrex®) is an intensely bitter but non-toxic substance, being increasingly used to adulterate common household materials to reduce the potential risks involved with accidental exposures. No known prior research results have been published concerning the incorporation of Bitrex in rodenticides. Rate determination studies utilizing different rodenticidal formulations were conducted. A …

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The Field Rat Control Campaign, Chiapas, Mexico, Gillian E. Key, Romeo De La Piedra Constantino Mar 1992

The Field Rat Control Campaign, Chiapas, Mexico, Gillian E. Key, Romeo De La Piedra Constantino

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

The Secretariat for Rural Development of the State Government of Chiapas, southern Mexico, has been charged with conducting a campaign against the field rat which began in February 1991. Four areas were identified as key sites for the campaign benefiting 3,355 farmers in a total area of 8,000 ha and an initial budget of approximately $500m Mexican pesos (US $170,000). The major crops for which damage is reported are maize, sugar cane and cacao. The term “field rat” is a general one encompassing any rodent causing damage to field crops and in Chiapas probably covers a variety of species; no …

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Nontarget Hazards Associated With Egg Baits Used To Control Corvid Depredations On Endangered California Least Tern Eggs At Camp Pendleton, California—1990 (Abstract Only), C. Edward Knittle Mar 1992

Nontarget Hazards Associated With Egg Baits Used To Control Corvid Depredations On Endangered California Least Tern Eggs At Camp Pendleton, California—1990 (Abstract Only), C. Edward Knittle

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Several small nesting colonies of the endangered California least tern (Sterna antillarum browni) remain along the California coast. The largest of these is located on Camp Pendleton Marine Base in southern California. Many forms of disturbance have apparently contributed to the decline of this tern species, including corvid, primarily raven (Corvus corax), predation on the eggs. Efforts to eliminate corvid predation have primarily focused on shooting offending birds; this method is selective, but it has inherent public safety problems. In 1988, biologists from the Denver Wildlife Research Center (DWRC) and the U.S. Navy, in cooperation with …

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Laboratory Studies Of More Durable Baits For Controlling Pocket Gophers, Ling Ling Lee, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1992

Laboratory Studies Of More Durable Baits For Controlling Pocket Gophers, Ling Ling Lee, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A laboratory study of 68 Botta's pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae) was carried out to compare the preference for 20 different nontoxic baits and the preference and efficacy of 14 different toxic baits. All baits were designed to be more durable (i.e., longer lasting) than loose grain baits to increase the chance that one baiting might successfully control any new gopher invader that moved into an unoccupied burrow system. Bait types ranged from pure paraffin cubes, polyethylene bags of grain bait (plain or coated with paraffin and carrot powder), and paraffin grain baits (3.4 g and 10 g). Wide …

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Electronic Frightening Devices For Reducing Coyote Predation On Domestic Sheep: Efficacy Under Range Conditions And Operational Use, Samuel B. Linhart, Gary J. Dasch, Richard B. Johnson, Jerry D. Roberts, C. Joe Packham Mar 1992

Electronic Frightening Devices For Reducing Coyote Predation On Domestic Sheep: Efficacy Under Range Conditions And Operational Use, Samuel B. Linhart, Gary J. Dasch, Richard B. Johnson, Jerry D. Roberts, C. Joe Packham

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)


A portable 12-v battery-operated coyote frightening device was developed for reducing coyote predation on sheep and evaluated on fenced pasture farm flock operations (1979-1982). In 1986, the final experimental model consisted of a PVC case, a timer, a blinking strobe light, and a warbling type siren that was activated for 7-10 seconds at about 6-7 minute intervals throughout the night. The devices were generally suspended about 2 m above the ground and were activated at dusk by a photocell and turned off about 2 hours after dawn by a timer. Here we report tests on high mountain summer sheep ranges …

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Scarecrows And Predator Models For Frightening Birds From Specific Areas, Rex E. Marsh, William A. Erickson, Terrell P. Salmon Mar 1992

Scarecrows And Predator Models For Frightening Birds From Specific Areas, Rex E. Marsh, William A. Erickson, Terrell P. Salmon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Scarecrows and raptor models are fairly common traditional methods of attempting to frighten unwanted birds. Their effectiveness depends on the conditions under which they are used and the unwanted bird species involved. Best results are obtained from those that are most lifelike and have motion. When coupled with loud startling sounds or recorded distress calls their effectiveness is generally enhanced. Habituation by at least some birds is inevitable so the duration of effectiveness diminishes with time. It is essential to know what works best in a given situation so those methods can be employed to achieve maximum efficiency. An understanding …

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Reflections On Current (1992) Pocket Gopher Control In California, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1992

Reflections On Current (1992) Pocket Gopher Control In California, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Rodenticide options for pocket gopher control are more limited now than anytime in the last 40 years. Strychnine remains the most economical and efficacious of the rodenticides available for use in production agriculture and forestry. The anticoagulant rodenticides, diphacinone and chlorophacinone, provide the best alternative to strychnine where the latter is thought inappropriate (e.g., school grounds, parks, etc.). The development of a behavioral type resistance to strychnine baits is currently jeopardizing control on certain ranches. Perishable baits (e.g., cubed raw carrots) are no longer an option because technical or concentrated strychnine is no longer registered for such uses. The development …

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Nonlethal Repellents: The Development Of Cost-Effective, Practical Solutions To Agricultural And Industrial Problems, J. Russell Mason, Larry Clark Mar 1992

Nonlethal Repellents: The Development Of Cost-Effective, Practical Solutions To Agricultural And Industrial Problems, J. Russell Mason, Larry Clark

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Repellents substances and devices cause pest species to avoid otherwise attractive or palatable materials. For birds, repellents can be visual, auditory, pyrotechnic, tactile, chemosensory, physiologic, or physical. Here, we consider chemical agents only. Few substances are registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and thus legally available for use. This lack of available bird repellent technology reflects the small demonstrable economic impact of many agricultural bird damage problems. Accurate information about damage and market size is virtually nonexistent, and private companies are reluctant to invest resources in the unknown. To successfully commercialize new repellents, clearly lucrative markets must be …

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Studies On Bait Preference And Acceptance Of Flocoumafen In Rattus Rattus Infesting Poultry Farms And Godowns, Manju Mathur, A.P. Jain, Nisha Kashyap, Farzana Parveen Mar 1992

Studies On Bait Preference And Acceptance Of Flocoumafen In Rattus Rattus Infesting Poultry Farms And Godowns, Manju Mathur, A.P. Jain, Nisha Kashyap, Farzana Parveen

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)


The black rat (Rattus rattus) has global distribution with 570 forms (Walker 1940). However, in India it is represented by 16 sub-species (Biswas and Tiwari 1969) with R.r. rufescens as most common commensal rodent (Barnett and Prakash 1975). It distinctly occupies rural and urban areas in Rajasthan. Besides infesting human dwellings rats occupy poultry farms, godowns, shops, flour mills, etc. With increase in poultry farming the rat problem has become critical and so is the fate of farm produce being stored at farmers’ godowns which are small, non-scientifically constructed and nonrodent proof.

Often it is recommended that poultry …

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Zinc Phosphide: Black-Tailed Prairie Dog—Domestic Ferret Secondary Poisoning Study, George A. Matschke, Keith J. Andrews, Richard M. Engeman Mar 1992

Zinc Phosphide: Black-Tailed Prairie Dog—Domestic Ferret Secondary Poisoning Study, George A. Matschke, Keith J. Andrews, Richard M. Engeman

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A laboratory study was conducted in which tissues from zinc phosphide-killed black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) were fed to domestic ferrets (Mustelaputorius). Prairie dogs were fed a 2.03% zinc phosphide bait and upon death, two tissue complexes were prepared: stomach, liver, and intestines, and the remaining carcass. Five male and five female ferrets were each fed one of the two treated tissue complexes. A similar number of ferrets were each fed one of the two control tissue complexes. No poisoning symptoms or emesis were observed and no ferret mortality occurred. Zinc phosphide residue was determined in …

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The Development Of Long Term Management Plans For Bovine Tb Possum Control, Peter C. Nelson Mar 1992

The Development Of Long Term Management Plans For Bovine Tb Possum Control, Peter C. Nelson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

In parts of New Zealand the beef and dairy industry is being threatened by possums spreading bovine tuberculosis to cattle. As a result new strategies for the long term control of possum populations have been developed. For these strategies, management plans are prepared which detail the control program for each area. New control strategies are being developed which include long term annual control to reduce infestation of treated areas. Research is being increased in an attempt to find long term answers with improved control techniques and more importantly the possibilities of biological control. Central and Local Government are providing long …

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Jerry P. Clark, Ross A. O'Connell Mar 1992

Jerry P. Clark, Ross A. O'Connell

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Acrolein (Magnacide® H) is currently registered in California as an aquatic herbicide. Field tests were conducted to evaluate its efficacy as a ground squirrel burrow fumigant. Treatments consisted of applying either 20 cc or 40 cc of acrolein (92%) per burrow opening with a specially constructed probe connected to a hose which ran to a cylinder mounted on a pickup truck. The burrow opening was plugged at the time of the application. Burrows in the control plot were plugged in the same manner. Dig-outs and open burrows overlooked during the initial application were re-treated the following day. Both rates of …

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Endangered Species In The Pacific Islands: The Role Of Animal Damage Control, Tim J. Ohashi, J. Gary Oldenburg Mar 1992

Endangered Species In The Pacific Islands: The Role Of Animal Damage Control, Tim J. Ohashi, J. Gary Oldenburg

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

With the establishment of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's, Animal Damage Control operational program in Hawaii, the agency has expanded its activities to include protecting endangered species in Hawaii, American Samoa, and may soon be operating in Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas. Endangered species recovery plans and technical reports of species in the Pacific Islands outline a role for the Animal Damage Control program in recovery efforts.

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Control Methods Research Priorities For Animal Damage Control, C. Joe Packham, Guy Connolly Mar 1992

Control Methods Research Priorities For Animal Damage Control, C. Joe Packham, Guy Connolly

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A national survey of Animal Damage Control (ADC) method research needs was conducted in 1990. ADC program State Directors provided responses for each state. Individual state data was aggregated into a national ranking list of ADC program priorities for directing future wildlife damage control methods research. Species groups ranking highest, nationally, included: blackbird/starling, waterfowl, coyote/fox/dog, wading bird/cormorant and ungulate groups. Species groups ranking lowest, nationally, included: swallow, crane, rabbit, porcupine, and hog groups.

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The Pocatello Supply Depot: Brief History, Current Functions, Supplies Available, And Annual Output, C. Joe Packham Mar 1992

The Pocatello Supply Depot: Brief History, Current Functions, Supplies Available, And Annual Output, C. Joe Packham

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

The Pocatello Supply Depot (Depot or PSD), established in 1933, descended from the U.S. Biological Survey Bait (USBS) Mixing Station which originated in 1930 in McCammon, Idaho. The Depot was approved by a Congressional Resolution signed by the President in 1936. The Depot has functioned since 1937 under a Cooperative Service Agreement with the Greater Pocatello Chamber of Commerce who serves as trustee to the ""Depot Revolving Fund." The mission of the PSD is to provide specialized products and services for the Animal Damage Control (ADC) program and others engaged in wildlife damage management programs. The PSD fills a very …

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A Microcomputer Model For Predicting The Spread And Control Of Foot And Mouth Disease In Feral Pigs, R.P. Pech, J.C. Mcilroy, M.F. Clough, D.G. Green Mar 1992

A Microcomputer Model For Predicting The Spread And Control Of Foot And Mouth Disease In Feral Pigs, R.P. Pech, J.C. Mcilroy, M.F. Clough, D.G. Green

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A microcomputer software package (AUSPLAGUE) is being constructed for development and testing of management plans for eradicating an outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). It will indicate when and where control of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) is necessary to contain and eradicate, the disease. The software simulates the distribution and prevalence of FMD in feral pigs from the start of an outbreak and throughout the subsequent eradication campaign. The procedure is to integrate landscape data, the distribution and social behavior of feral pigs, a model of disease dynamics, and appropriate control …

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Field Evaluation Of Three Types Of Coyote Traps, Robert L. Phillips, F. Sherman Blom, Gary J. Dasch Mar 1992

Field Evaluation Of Three Types Of Coyote Traps, Robert L. Phillips, F. Sherman Blom, Gary J. Dasch

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A field study to evaluate the performance of 3 types of coyote traps (No. 3 Soft-Catch® coil-spring, No. 3 NM long-spring, No. 4 Newhouse long-spring) was conducted in south Texas in January and February 1991. Tests were designed to determine capture efficiency, extent of injury and effectiveness in excluding nontarget species. Results showed a capture rate of 100% for the 3 NM and No. 4 Newhouse, and 95% for the Soft-Catch. Soft-Catch traps caused the least injury to captured coyotes. All trap types were equipped with pan tension devices and were successful in excluding most small nontarget species.

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