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Operational Aspects Of Successful Ground Squirrel Control By Aerial Application Of Grain Bait, Conrad Schilling

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

By County Ordinance the County Agricultural Commissioner has been charged with rodent suppression in Fresno County, California. For nine years personnel from the Agricultural Commissioner's Office have conducted a county operated and funded program of ground squirrel suppression through the use of aerially applied zinc phosphide treated squirrel oat groats. Planning procedures, relative costs and operational aspects of the program are outlined. This technique of ground squirrel suppression has been shown to have many advantages over hand application of rodent baits. No known hazards to non-target wildlife species have been demonstrated.

Opening Comments—Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Charles C. Siebe

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

On behalf of the Vertebrate Pest Council, it is my pleasure to welcome you to the Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference. We are pleased that the American Society for Testing and Materials held its first Symposium on Test Methods for Vertebrate Pest Control and Management Materials in conjunction with our Conference, and we congratulate Symposium Chairman Rex Marsh for the excellent program that was presented. The concerns and challenges of today's society mandate that we be knowledgeable and up-to-date concerning the use of vertebrate pest damage control methods and materials and the impacts of our programs on the environment.

Criteria For Rodent Bait Selection, W.R. Smythe

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

World food shortages become more acute each year, and all too often, rodents are present to take their unwarranted share. To counter this, we must refine our rodent control methods to make them more efficient. To this end, correct bait selection is essential. Grain baits must be selected for purity and acceptability. Grain alterations must be carefully controlled, as well as any additives. Multi-ingredient or composition baits must be checked for size, hardness, protein content and additives. The selection of trap baits is critical for the success of trapping program. In general, fresh coconut is the best bait, but on-site …

Keynote Address—The Role Of Education In Vertebrate Pest Control, Gustav A. Swanson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Lack of adequate information is emphasized as a major problem in attaining effective control of damage by vertebrate pests, and it is stressed that the problem is widespread in all elements of the public, including those directly involved, like producers and government officials, as well as those only indirectly involved, like the average citizen. A number of specific examples are cited to illustrate the problems of uninformed or inadequately informed publics.

Anticoagulants—A Problem Of Distribution For The Hawaiian Sugar Industry, Allen H. Teshima

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Current rodent control practices for the Hawaiian sugar industry revolve around the use of single grain baits containing anticoagulants in bait stations and zinc phosphide for aerial applications. Neither type of control programs as they are now applied has been very effective against the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) which is becoming a major problem species for the industry. As a result, we have sought a more effective anticoagulant, to which the Norway rat is more susceptible, and an improved method of bait distribution. With knowledge of the month-to-month variation in the field rodents' gestation rate, a new control …

The Cost Of Predator Damage Control Using Trapping As The Primary Control Technique, Ronald A. Thompson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

The justification and economics of the operational animal damage control program in California as conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are discussed. Emphasis is given to the necessity for use of the steel trap. Nearly 83 percent of the depredators are taken by trapping. Annual agricultural losses due to predation were estimated at $4.7 million in California for Fiscal Year 1975. The projected cost-benefit ratio was 1:3.9.

The Use Of Aircraft In Predator Control, Dale A. Wade

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Private aerial hunting of predators for protection of livestock began before 1925 in the western United States. Apparently, it was first used in professional control programs in 1942. Inclement weather, dense vegetation and rough terrain are limiting factors and helicopters are more versatile than fixed-wing aircraft. When it can be employed, aerial hunting is unsurpassed as an immediate control method where livestock losses are severe and the need for control is urgent.

Agricultural Experiment Station News March 1976

Agricultural Research Division: News and Annual Reports

CONTENTS:
FROM THE DIRECTOR'S DESK
PERSONNEL ACTIONS
GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
GENERAL NOTES
NEBRASKA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION PUBLICATIONS – February 1976
BULLETINS PRINTED

Whole Issue Nebraska Bird Review (March 1976) 44(1)

Nebraska Bird Review

Table of Contents

1975 Treasurer's Report....................... 2

Gyrfalcon Taken in Nebraska .......................3

1975 Christmas Count....................... 3

1975 Nebraska Nesting Survey....................... 8

Vertebrate Remains in Great Horned Owl Pellets in Nebraska .......................12

Notes .......................16

Control Methods For Nuisance Beaver In The Southeastern United States, Edward P. Hill

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Strychnine alkaloid baits were consumed by both captive and wild beaver without any apparent hesitation. An approximate minimal acute lethal dose of sodium monofluoro-acetate to beaver of mixed ages and sex was 0.202 mg/kg. Trapping beaver on four study area watersheds in Alabama with No. 330 conibear traps for approximately two weeks in winter during two successive years essentially eliminated beaver. Older individuals were trapped the first year, maturing juveniles and the remaining few adults were trapped the second year, and there was very little reproduction between the trapping periods. Trapping, with its recreational appeal, and income and food potential …

Pharmacological Review Of Chemicals Used For The Capture Of Animals, Peter J. Savarie

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

A review of the literature reveals that over 60 chemicals have been used for the capture of wild animals, but only 30 of the most widely used chemicals are discussed in the present paper. For practical considerations these chemicals can be classified as being either (l) neuromuscular blocking agents, or (2) central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Some common neuromuscular blocking agents are d-tubocurarine, gallamine, succiny1choline, and nicotine. M99 and its derivatives, phencyclidine, and xylazine are some of the more commonly used CNS depressants. Neuromuscular blocking agents have a relatively rapid onset and short duration of action but they do not …

Agricultural Experiment Station News February 1976

Agricultural Research Division: News and Annual Reports

CONTENTS:
FROM THE ACTING DIRECTOR'S DESK
PERSONNEL ACTIONS
GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
GENERAL NOTES
NEBRASKA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION PUBLICATIONS - January 1976
BULLETINS PRINTED

A D-Vac Calibration Technique, K. P. Pruess, R. W. Whitmore

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Removal samples from an irrigated pasture were used as a calibration technique for the D-Vac. Plots 4 m² were enclosed with a frame, and 1 initial and 3 removal samples were taken. Equations are given for computing the population and probability of collecting an insect. For leafhopper adults, leafhopper nymphs, Orius insidiosus (Say), and corn flea beetle, Chaetocnema pulicaria Melsheimer, calibrations (m²/linear m) were 0.405, 0.328, 0.272, and 0.490, respectively.

Department Of Entomology Newsletter - No. 4, 1976, Lyle E. Klostermeyer Editor

Hexapod Herald and Other Entomology Department Newsletters

The Newsletter Committee has succeeded in documenting departmental activities in an outstanding manner. All of us in the department appreciate the wonderful efforts and many hours spent by the Newsletter Committee: Brett Ratcliffe, Ron Rivers, Bruce Monke, Tim Miller and particularly the leadership of Lyle Klostermeyer as Committee Chairman. The typing assistance of our secretarial staff is greatly appreciated. The many changes in personnel and programs that have taken place during the period since the 1968 publication of Departmental Newsletter No.3 are well covered in various sections of the newsletter. We also compliment the Committee on their choice of dedicating …

G76-324 Limiting Feed Intake With Salt, T.D. Rich, Steve Armbruster, D.R. Gill

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

Cattlemen are aware of the impact high cost labor has on profit; thus, management procedures which reduce labor requirements are important. One management tool frequently used is regulating feed intake with salt.

In addition, self-feeding supplements tend to allow timid, slow-eating cows to get their share and it is an easy method of providing Vitamin A, phosphorus and other feed additives. However, there are disadvantages to feeding salt-concentrate mixes. Salt is not a precise regulator of intake since certain individuals will tolerate more salt than others and abundant water is essential.

Daily salt requirement for mature cattle is less than …

Ec76-160 Musk Thistle....Its Appearance, Spread And Control, J. D. Furrer, M. K. Mccarty

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

Extension Circular 76-160 discusses Musk Thistle, its appearance, spread, and control.

Ec76-1739 Bug Bombers Battle Range Fires, Joseph E. Range

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

Extension Circular 76-1739 is about how aircrafts that are used for crop spraying can also be used to fight range and timber fires in Nebraska.

G76-308 Principles Of Beef Cattle Selection, H.A. Fitzhugh, Jr.

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

Selection of superior seedstock leads to lasting genetic improvement by increasing the frequency of "desirable" genes and decreasing frequency of "undesirable" genes. The definition of "desirable" varies. Nature favors genes which improve fitness to survive and thrive in the natural environment. Man should favor genes which improve biological and economic efficiency of beef production.

The concepts, definitions, formulas and symbols that are the tools necessary for effective selection programs are discussed in this publication.

G76-321 Use Of Energy Values In Ration Formulation, Paul Q. Guyer

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide contains information on the use of high energy values in ration formulation.

Ruminants digest feedstuffs primarily by fermentation in the rumen. This allows ruminant animals to use both roughages and grains as sources of carbohydrates for energy. Part of the carbohydrates pass through the rumen and are digested in the abomasum and small intestine. Most carbohydrates in feeds are converted to either acetic, propionic or butyric acid by rumen bacteria and protozoa. These short chain fatty acids are then absorbed through the rumen wall into the blood stream and eventually are used for energy in body tissue.

Ec7-864 The Economics Of Hybrid Wheat, Robert Retzlaff

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

Extension Circular 76-864 discusses the Economics of Hybrid Wheat.

Ec76-130 A 1976 Guide For Herbicide Use In Nebraska

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

Extension Circular 76-130 is A 1976 guide for herbicide use in Nebraska.

Columnaris Disease Of Fishes, S. F. Snieszko, G. L. Bullock

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Columnaris disease is a chronic to acute infection that affects salmonids and many species of warmwater fishes. The first description of the disease was given by Davis (1922) who named the disease and bacterium from the columnar arrangement of cells as seen in wet mounts. The bacterium causing columnaris disease was first isolated by Ordal and Rucker (1944). They identified the organism as belonging to the group known as slime bacteria or myxobacteria; because it produced fruiting bodies and microcysts, they named it Chondrococcus columnaris. Garnjobst (1945), who was unable to find fruiting bodies, renamed it Cytophaga columnaris. …

Your Wildlife Lands : The Southeast, Faye Musil

Nebraska Game and Parks Commission: Publications

Silence. Nothing moves but a mourning wind and tall, prairie grasses undulating in its hot blast. Yet the grass is everything, and everything moves.

Investigations Of The Ichthyofauna Of Nicaraguan Lakes: Frontmatter

Investigations of the Ichthyofauna of Nicaraguan Lakes

Dedication
Commentary on this Compendium
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contributors
Contents

Chemical Analyses Of Some Crater Lakes In Relation To Adjacent Lake Nicaragua, George W. Barlow, Jeffrey R. Baylis, Dale Roberts

Investigations of the Ichthyofauna of Nicaraguan Lakes

In spite of the wide interest by naturalists in the Great Lakes of Nicaragua their limnology has received little study. Cole (1976) has reviewed the literature and contributed new data and interpretations. Our paper adds to his larger work by presenting chemical analyses of Lake Nicaragua and some of the small crater lakes near it. These smaller lakes have been neglected. The only information published about them is a fragmentary table in Riedel (1964), giving some comparative data on surface area, circumference, and depth.

The Origin Of The Lakes In The Nicaraguan Fault And Of The Middle American Isthmus In The Light Of Studies Of The Fish Fauna, Dietmar Riedel

Investigations of the Ichthyofauna of Nicaraguan Lakes

The geological hypothesis of a marine origin of the Nicaraguan depression and its lakes was until the fifties of the present century exclusively based upon the occurrence of marine species (shark, sawfish and tarpon) in Lake Nicaragua. A recent view, however, is that the fault was never connected with the sea and that the lakes were filled by rain only.
In view of the fact that there seems to be no agreement among geologists about the geological history of the Nicaraguan depression, an attempt is made to contribute to the discussion by evaluating the fish faunal elements of the fault. …

Digenea Of Fishes From Lake Nicaragua, Donald E. Watson

Investigations of the Ichthyofauna of Nicaraguan Lakes

This paper covers a collection of helminths made during the summer of 1963. The Monogenea and Cestoda of elasmobranchs are reported in a separate paper (Watson and Thorson, 1976). Most of the teleosts were obtained (many still alive) from the fish market in Granada and were caught in Lake Nicaragua. The others were taken by seine or hook and line from the lake, from Tepetate and from San Carlos.
There have been relatively few studies on Digenea from Central America and most of the work has been done on helminths of vertebrates other than fishes. Brenes (1961) catalogued the parasites …

Species Diversity And Distribution Of Fish In Lake Nicaragua, Kurt W. Koenig, Richard J. Beatty, Sergio Martinez C.

Investigations of the Ichthyofauna of Nicaraguan Lakes

The results of a preliminary study of the abundance, diversity and distribution of some of the fish species in Lake Nicaragua are presented here. These parameters have received little attention from investigators working on the lake.
A frequently used measure of species diversity is the Shannon-Weiner diversity index. It measures the degree of uncertainty of predicting the species identity of a randomly selected individual (Pielou, 1966). Lloyd and Ghelardi (1964) indicated that species diversity indices are influenced by both the species number, or "richness", and the species "evenness", or relative number of individuals of a species in a given habitat. …

En El Gran Lago, Medicina Y Cultura

Investigations of the Ichthyofauna of Nicaraguan Lakes

Conociendo la pepesca gaspar por experiencia previa quede muy sorprendido cuando, en Marzo del presente ano, vi dos 0 tres ejemplares nadando rapidamente en las cercanias de la isleta "Guanabana", en el Gran Lago. Acompafiado por mi esposa Marsha y por Michael Springer colectaba peces alrededor de esa isla con redes de mano. Al ver los ejemplares en el agua no pude menos que pensar inmediatamente en la pepesca gaspar, pero no me parecia factible encontrarla ya que la especie no habia sido antes registrada en el Gran Lago cuando, siendo comun en las regiones que habita, es una de …

Pigments Of A Color Polymorphism In A Cichlid Fish, Robert Webber, George W. Barlow, Alan H. Brush

Investigations of the Ichthyofauna of Nicaraguan Lakes

1. Cichlasoma citrinellum occurs as gray or gold morphs in lakes in Nicaragua. The gold morph is variable and individuals range from yellow to dark orange.
2. The pigments responsible for the carotenoid coloration are E-carotene and canthaxanthin. The gray morph contains a carotenoid component and also heavy melanin deposits.
3. The carotenoids are dietary in origin, but their distribution and intensity is presumably under genetic control.
4. The relation of color morphs to the ecological and selective forces which might produce them is discussed.