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A New System For Delivery Of Predacides Or Other Active Ingredients For Coyote Management, Rex E. Marsh, Walter E. Howard, Sheila M. Mckenna, Barbara Butler, Douglas A. Barnum, Roy Teranishi

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Preliminary trials suggest that the delivery system or unit described may prove to be a highly selective and effective system for delivering drugs or chemicals to coyotes. The goose egg-size unit's selectivity and effectiveness relies heavily on a newly developed synthetic olfactory coyote lure based on trimethylammonium decanoate (TMAD). The coyote is attracted to the unit, which is placed at ground level, by this highly selective scent lure which elicits a biting and chewing behavior. When a coyote bites or chews the exposed part of the unit, it punctures a plastic reservoir packet containing 10 to 15 ml of viscous …

Opening Remarks—The Conference’S Educational Mission In Vertebrate Pest Control, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Welcome to the Tenth Vertebrate Pest Conference. It has been 20 years since the First Vertebrate Pest Control Conference was held (Sacramento, California, 1962). The conference objectives which prevailed at the first conference have not changed. Our goal today continues to be the advancement of technology by an exchange and discussion of information on vertebrate pests and their control. The overall objective is education. The conference has grown from a local or state meeting into a national and international conference, from a 2-day to a 3-day event. In attendance it has grown from 268 at the first to what we …

The Role Of Usda In Animal Damage Control, James E. Miller

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

The impact of vertebrate animal damage on agricultural production of row crops, forests, horticulture, poultry and livestock production, other wildlife, health of humans and domestic animals, and the protection of human interests is a vital concern of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Department recognizes that it is an old and complex problem that does not lend itself to easy answers. Animal damage problems will continue to be a significant concern of USDA and will probably always be controversial, requiring intensive research, educational, regulatory, and assistance programs. The objectives of the Department are to develop and maintain viable programs in …

Guard Dogs And Gas Exploders As Coyote Depredation Control Tools In North Dakota, William K. Pfeifer, Michael W. Goos

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Guard dogs and gas exploders have been successfully used in North Dakota to protect sheep from coyote (Canis latrans) depredation since the mid-1970s. They have been used in addition to other lethal and nonlethal control tools. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service gathered information from field testing and landowner interviews to measure their effectiveness. Guard dogs reduced the rate of depredation by 93 percent on the 36 ranches surveyed. Gas exploders deterred coyotes from depredating on 30 ranches an average of 31 days during the 1980 and 1981 grazing seasons. An increasing number of sheep producers are using these control …

Aluminum Phosphide (Phostoxin) As A Burrow Fumigant For Ground Squirrel Control, Terrell P. Salmon, W. Paul Gorenzel, Walter J. Bentley

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

The California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) is widely distributed throughout California. It causes serious damage to agricultural crops. Tests were conducted to evaluate the fumigant aluminum phosphide (Phostoxin®) and to compare it to the commonly used gas cartridge. Treatments consisted of applying either a single-dose (two 3-gm tablets) or double-dose (four 3-gm tablets) of aluminum phosphide, or 1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service gas cartridge in each burrow in the study plots. The burrow opening was then plugged with 1 sheet of newspaper and sealed with soil. Burrows in the control plot were plugged with newspaper and sealed in the …

Strychnine Residue Studies And Their Implications In Rodent Control, Harry G. Smith

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Applications of 0.29, 1.0, 2.63, and 5.26% strychnine-impregnated grain baits were applied below ground to 10' x 10' plots of alfalfa to determine translocation of strychnine from the soil to plants. Four replicates of each concentration were made and the alfalfa analyzed for strychnine residues. Four 10' x 10' plots were utilized as controls. Plant samples were taken on Day 1, Day 9, and Day 14. Strychnine was not detected in any of the samples above the limit of detectability (0.02ppm). Apples from trees subjected to a normal, 1 x normal, and a 3 x normal gopher control strychnine bait …

California Registration Procedures Relative To Vertebrate Pesticides, Jon H. Shelgren

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

I am very happy to be here today and to have the opportunity to talk to you about the Department of Food and Agriculture, with particular emphasis on the Department's role in registering pesticides and how this relates to Federal registration. My comments will address all pesticides including vertebrate pesticides. Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has broad and flexible authority. The FIFRA is a comprehensive regulatory statute and under it the EPA determines the pesticides that may be registered and for what uses. New chemicals, new uses of established products, new …

Mountain Lion Predation On Domestic Livestock In Nevada, H. Russell Suminski

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

The mountain lion has long been considered a serious predator on domestic livestock, primarily sheep, in the state of Nevada. For the past five years (FY77-81), documented losses to lions have averaged 375 animals. While this number is not large, most losses are sustained by only a few individual livestock operators, and the losses constitute a serious economic hardship for these individuals. An average of 23 lions have been taken in response to livestock depredation complaints during each of these five years. Controlling livestock loss to mountain lions is the responsibility of the Animal Damage Control branch of the U.S. …

Reducing Starling Depredations At Livestock Feeding Operations Through Changes In Management Practices, Daniel J. Twedt, James F. Glahn

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Economic losses due to starling depredations at livestock feeding operations can be reduced by implementing management practices that limit access to or reduce consumption of grain products by starlings. Current farm management practices that reduce losses to birds are reviewed and alternate practices suggested. Management practices suggested include physical separation of feed from starlings, use of feed types that reduce the rate of consumption by starlings, and use of feeds that are either unpalatable or not physiologically usable by starlings. The reduction in starling numbers at feedlots resulting from these management practices may alleviate economic losses with a concomitant lesser …

The Use Of Fences For Predator Damage Control, Dale A. Wade

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

The development of exclusion fencing has been extensive in Australia in attempts to reduce losses of crops and livestock to rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), dingos (Canis familiaris Var. dingo) and other species. Restrictions on other damage control methods have led to increased efforts in the United States to utilize such fences for protection of crops and livestock from dogs (Canis familiaris), coyotes (Canis latrans) and other species. Electric fences have occasionally been used to protect apiaries from black bears (Ursus americanus) and to protect some wildlife species from carnivores. Varied fence types include conventional net-wire or combinations of net and barbed …

Bird Problems And Their Solutions In Britain, Ernest N. Wright

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

The background and organization of research on bird pests in Britain are described and the main projects are outlined. Work is currently concentrated on bullfinches, starlings, rooks and woodpigeons together with behavioral studies aimed at developing better bird scarers.

Rodent Control In Barbados, Charley O. Browne

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

As a result of an increase in the number of cases of the disease, leptospirosis, occurring between the years 1961 and 1971, the Government of Barbados became concerned about this health problem. With assistance from Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) surveys were carried out with a hope of ascertaining the possible cause of the problem and to determine subsequent remedial action.

Changes In Bait Acceptance By Rabbits In Australia And New Zealand, A.J. Oliver, S.H. Wheeler, C.D. Gooding, J. Bell

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Control of rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, by poisoned bait has been widely practiced in Australia and New Zealand for many years. Since the 1950s, Compound 1080 has been the active ingredient and yielded good results (ca 90% kills) when first used. Recent trails (1973-74) in New Zealand showed that the main reason for poor results obtained nowadays is the failure of many rabbits to eat bait. Recent trials in Western Australia showed that there has been a significant decline in effectiveness of rabbit control by baiting during the period 1958-1975. Shortcomings in operational technique and increased resistance to the poison 1080 …

Vertebrate Pest Management And Changing Times, Donald A. Spencer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Everywhere one turns today there are problems. The gristmills of doom and disaster are experiencing a heyday marketing this situation as one of crisis and extinction. An advantage of being an oldster in this society is that one has the perspective to recognize that these are only problems, some simple, some complex, presenting a challenge for solution to all who will lay aside their emotions and face reality. In presenting this overview of vertebrate pest management programs, I find I must dwell too frequently on "problems." This should not be interpreted as a pessimistic outlook. Sound data with professional guidance …

American Oryctini: Strategus Verrilli Ratcliffe Rediscovered And Described, And New Records And Comments For Other Strategus And Hispanioryctes (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae), Brett C. Ratcliffe

University of Nebraska State Museum: Entomology Papers

Strategus verrilli Ratcliffe was rediscovered on Dominica and is here redescribed, and a neotype is designated. A second specimen of Strategus craigi Ratcliffe (from the Huachuca mountains in Arizona) is reported and provides a new country record for this species. A female of S. ajax (Olivier) is reported from the Bahamas. Strategus monguilloni Voirin is reaffirmed as a synonym of S. mandibularis Sternberg, and the correct identification of the female allotype of S. gracilis Endrodi is questioned. Hispanioryctes wittmeri Howden and EndrCidi is reported from Haiti.

Whooper Recount: A Close Look At These Endangered Cranes Reveals That, While Their Numbers Are Increasing, Their Rate Of Increase Is Actually Declining, Paul A. Johnsgard

Papers in Ornithology

I have assembled figures for the 43-year period from 1938 through 1980, and have subjected them to various kinds of analysis. During this period, 220 young and 1,437 postjuvenile birds have appeared on the wintering grounds. This works out to an annual recruitment rate of 13.3 percent. (This is not exactly the same as the birthrate, of course, since the loss of eggs, chicks, and juveniles prior to arrival at Aransas is excluded.) The recruitment rate provides an estimate of the rate of maximum annual population increase. One hundred fifty-four birds that had been counted in any given year failed …

Agricultural Experiment Station News February 1982

Agricultural Research Division: News and Annual Reports

CONTENTS:
FROM THE DIRECTOR'S DESK
PROFESSIONAL COURTESY
SAHS SEZ
SANDHILLS TASK FORCE FORMED
GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
COMPETITIVE AND SPECIAL GRANTS
New Experiment Station Personnel
NEBRASKA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION PUBLICATIONS - January 1982
Journal Abstracts - Submitted for Publication
BULLETINS PRINTED

The Probe, Issue 19 - February 1982

The Probe: Newsletter of the National Animal Damage Control Association

THE PROBE National Animal Damage Control Association February, 1982
The NATIONAL W1LDLIFE FEDERATION (Newsrelease 1/7/82) listed animals that made the news for 1981.
The explosion of predation, primarily by the coyote, that has forced thousands of sheep growers out of business over the past decade.
OL’ TIMER'S CORNER
THE 1080 CONTROVERSY
AUDUBON NEWSLETTER, January 4. 1982
All-out chemical warfare.
1080 is most lethal and destructive.
Death of thousands of non-target animals including eagles.
Kill the Industry, Not the Animals
HUNTER HARASSMENT

Blood Flow And Nutrient Uptake Of The Bovine Uterus And Fetus, Calvin L. Ferrell, Ronald L. Prior, Ronald K. Christenson, Stephen P. Ford

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Basic knowledge of the nutritional and hormonal requirements for normal development of the fetus and other gravid uterine tissues is essential to establish bases from which to study factors that my contribute to abnormal fetal development. Despite recognition of this necessity, few data are available that describe blood flow to the gravid uterus of cows. Data obtained by Ferrell and Ford (1980) indicated blood flow to the gravid uterus was 75, 155, 154, 105, and 60 ml/min/kg at 80, 140, 180, 210, and 240 days of gestation. Silver and Comline (1975) reported blood flow to be 312±20 ml/min/kg gravid uterus …

Blood Flow To The Uterus, Sherrill E. Echternkamp, Stephen P. Ford

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Pattern of blood flow to the bovine uterus was determined by using electromagnetic blood flow probes during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy to evaluate the effect of the early bovine conceptus on uterine blood supply. Pattern of blood flow through the middle uterine artery of pregnant and nonpregnant cows was similar until day 14 after mating or estrus. Between days 14 and 18 of pregnancy, blood flow to the uterine horn containing the conceptus increased two-to-threefold, whereas blood flow to the other uterine horn in these cows remained constant. By day 19 of pregnancy, blood to the pregnant horn …

Conception And Embryonic Development In The Beef Female, Ralph R. Maurer, Sherrill E. Echternkamp, William F. Pope

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Reproduction is an important economic trait in beef cattle production. The average percent calf crop for the United States has been estimated between 80 to 85%. Approximately 60% of the reduction in calf crop can be attributed to fertilization failure and embryonic death. We conducted several studies to determine at what stage of the reproductive cycle losses were incurred in normal reproducing cows and heifers and in cows and heifers that failed to reproduce. In addition, we measured hormone levels in normal range cows and heifers and used techniques like embryo transfer and culture to study the development of the …

Decreasing The Postcalving Anestrous Period In Suckled Beef Heifers, Sherrill E. Echternkamp

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

The interval from calving to first ovulation was reduced to less than 45 days in 2-year-old suckled heifers by feeding a high energy diet (ADG, 1.4-2.5 lb/day) during the postcalving period or by a single injection of exogenous gonadotropin (2,250 IU PMSG) on day 42 postcalving. A comparison of reproductive parameters for heifers on the high and low energy (maintenance) diets during the postcalving period indicated that a higher percentage of heifers on the high energy diet had ovulated by 46 days postcalving (100 vs 0 %) and that both basal plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration and estrogen-mediated LH release …

Genetic Variation Among And Within Herds Of Angus And Hereford Cattle, Larry V. Cundiff, Keith A. Gregory

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Historically, beef cattle record of performance programs have by necessity expressed variation as deviations or ratios from herd means because differences between herds are believed to be large primarily because of environment. To the extent differences between herds are genetic, this procedure underestimates or overestimates breeding values of individuals relative to breed average depending on whether they are produced in herds of above or below average genetic merit for a breed. We conducted this study in cooperation with the American Angus Association and the American Polled Hereford Association, and designed it to separate and evaluate the relative importance of between-herd …

Lipid Synthesis In The Beef Animal, Ronald L. Prior, Stephen B. Smith

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Rates of in vitro fat synthesis from acetate and lactate were compared to the activities of enzymes thought to be involved in the process of lipid synthesis from lactate. Results of these studies indicate that lactate can be incorporated into fats by a pathway heretofore thought to be nonfunctional in ruminants, the citrate cleavage:malic enzyme pathway. Studies of the effects of age and diet on the enzymes of the citrate cleavage:malic enzyme pathway support the concept of a physiological role for this pathway in lipid synthesis in beef cattle.

Performance Characteristics Of Feedlot Bulls And Steers Implanted With Estradiol-17Β, Bruce D. Schanbacher, Ronald L. Prior

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Bulls were shown to grow more rapidly (+18%) and convert feed to live weight gain more efficiently (22% less feed) when compared to steers. Whereas bulls had larger loin eye areas and yielded a higher percentage of major retail cuts, marbling scores and quality grades were similar for bulls and steers. Implants containing estradiol-17β dipropionate had no major effects on performance characteristics of steers but reduced the performance of bulls to approximately that of steers. Our research shows that estradiol can suppress performance of feedlot bulls by inhibiting testosterone secretion from the testes.

Relationship Of Selected Beef Carcass Traits With Meat Palatability, John D. Crouse

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Relationships among selected carcass traits and cooked meat palatability were studied on 240 carcasses obtained from steers of different biological types produced under a wide range of feeding regimens. Breed type of steer or feeding regimen had little or no effect on correlations among taste panel (TP) scores for tenderness, juiciness, flavor, and general acceptability. Treatments also had little effect on correlations of conformation, lean color, lean texture, and final maturity with TP observations. Late maturing breeds of steers and steers fed on low energy regimens were rated more youthful than early maturing breeds of steers and steers fed on …

Sexual Aggressiveness In Beef Bulls, Donald D. Lunstra

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Large differences in conception rate during pasture-mating can exist among beef bulls having semen of acceptable quality. Based on data from artificial insemination, we know also that conception rate increases as the number of inseminations increases, and it is probable that conception rate to natural mating increases as number of matings per cow increases. Sexual aggressiveness (libido) is a behavioral factor that can influence the number of matings a bull can achieve and, thus, may influence the conception rate obtained during natural mating. Accurate evaluation of sexual aggressiveness and its relationship to fertility may provide useful information for selecting young …

Beef Research Program Progress Report No. 1 (1982): Table Of Contents

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

ROMAN L. HRUSKA U.S. MEAT ANIMAL RESEARCH CENTER, Robert R. Oltjen........iii

BREEDING AND GENETICS

Sixteen years of selection for weaning weight, final weight, and muscling score in Hereford cattle: Robert M. Koch, Larry V. Cundiff, and Keith E. Gregory. . . . . . . . . . . .. 1

Effects of heterosis in Hereford, Angus, and Shorthorn rotational crosses: Larry V. Cundiff, Keith E. Gregory, and Robert M. Koch. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 3

Heterosis and breed maternal and transmitted effects in beef cattle: Keith E. Gregory, Larry …

The Effect Of Varying Levels Of Raw And Precooked Spent Fowl Muscle In The Manufacture Of Restructured Steaks, S. C. Seideman, P. R. Durland, N. M. Quenzer, C. W. Carlson

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Spent fowl muscle (raw or precooked) was flaked and formulated to include: 1) 100% raw meat; 2) 80% raw meat and 20% precooked meat; 3) 50% raw meat and 50% precooked meat; and 4) 20% raw meat and 80% precooked meat. The products were mixed, formed, pressed, and cut into restructured steaks. Steaks were evaluated for physical appearance, fat, and moisture content, cooking and textural properties, and sensory attributes. As the percentage of precooked spent fowl meat was increased in restructured steaks, the steaks appeared lighter in color, contained less moisture and more fat, and suffered greater cooking losses than …

Effect Of Grain Source And Dietary Level Of Oat Hulls On Phosphorus And Calcium Utilization In The Growing Pig, R. L. Moser, E. R. Peo, Jr., B. D. Moser, A. J. Lewis

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Three metabolism trials were conducted to determine the effect of grain source and dietary level of oat hulls on dry matter digestibility, P and Ca retention and intestinal phytase activity of growing pigs. Twenty-four crossbred pigs (39 kg)were used. Dry matter digestibilities of corn-based diets were greater (P<.01) than grain sorghum-based diets (74.7 vs 63.5%). Diets containing 10% oat hulls had lower (P<.01) dry matter digestibilities than diets containing no oat hulls (64.0 vs 74.2%).