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Effect Of Converting Chaparral To Grassland On Soil Fertility In A Mediterranean-Type Climate, M B. Jones, R L. Koenigs, C E. Vaughn, A H. Murphy May 2026

Effect Of Converting Chaparral To Grassland On Soil Fertility In A Mediterranean-Type Climate, M B. Jones, R L. Koenigs, C E. Vaughn, A H. Murphy

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the region of Mediterranean-type climate in California, brush is converted to grassland to reduce fire hazards, increase feed for herbivores, and increase water yields. There is little information on how this change of cover type affects soil fertility over a long period. Research was initiated to measure the long-term effect of converting brush to grass on the availability of nutrients in the soil. In 1956 chaparral growing on Los Gatos soil (fine-loamy, mixed mesic family of typic argixerolls) was crushed, burned, and seeded to grasses and clovers, and half the area was fenced to exclude herbivores. Sprouting brush either …

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Waste- Water Application, Dry-Matter Production, And Nitrogen Balanced Rhodesgrass Grown On Fine-Textured Soil Or On Sand Dunes, T Kipnis, A Feigin, I Vaisman, J Shalhevet May 2026

Waste- Water Application, Dry-Matter Production, And Nitrogen Balanced Rhodesgrass Grown On Fine-Textured Soil Or On Sand Dunes, T Kipnis, A Feigin, I Vaisman, J Shalhevet

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The shortage of irrigation water in the semiarid zone of Israel necessitates the use of partially treated municipal effiuents for irrigation of forage grasses. Irrigation with sewage effiuents is being considered very carefully with the aim of maximizing pro­duction and minimizing the pollution ha.zarc;l. A high nitrogen (N) input originating from intensive application of effiuent water may well increase dry-matter production, but it also increases t,he pollution hazard. Frequent application of relatively small quantities of effiuent water was suggested as an efficient method of improving N uptake by rhodesgrass ( Chloris gayana Kunth.) swards. It was expected that nitrate pollution …

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Manurial Value Of Liquid, Anaerobically Digested Sewage Sludge On Grassland In The West Of Scotland, K F. Edgar, R D. Harkess, J Frame May 2026

Manurial Value Of Liquid, Anaerobically Digested Sewage Sludge On Grassland In The West Of Scotland, K F. Edgar, R D. Harkess, J Frame

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The manurial value of liquid, anaerobically digested sewage sludge is under assessment in west Scotland to evaluate the effects of disposal on grassland. The concentrations of plant nutrients in sludges have been measured with sludge total N being con­sidered as two fractions, volatile N and organic N. The herbage yield response to sludge N, relative to fertilizer N, has been measured in a number of field trials evaluating the effects of sludge composition and season of application. The concentration of organic N, P, and Kin sludge depends on the dry-matter (DM) concentration, which was quite variable (3-100 g/kg). Volatile N …

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Availability Of Soil Phosphate To Tropical Pasture Species, F W. Smith May 2026

Availability Of Soil Phosphate To Tropical Pasture Species, F W. Smith

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Quantitative measurements of the amount of soil phosphate available to plants were made by an isotopic-dilution technique (L-value). Following very thorough mixing and equilibration of 32P with soil P, sequential harvests of perennial pasture species were used to monitor the available P pools in two alkaline clay soils. In initial experiments with Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass), an apparent increase was noted in the size of the available P pool over a number of sequential harvests during a 3-month period. This finding suggested that P was being transferred from a previously unavailable pool to the available pool during the ex­perimental period. Planting …

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Phosphorus Utilization In Grassland Ecosystems, J Karlovsky May 2026

Phosphorus Utilization In Grassland Ecosystems, J Karlovsky

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The process of phosphorus (P) fixation by soil was long thought to result in large losses of P, an idea that led to a common belief that plants can recover only about 10 % to 25 % of applied P. Because such small recoveries were considered unrealistic and contrary to common farming experience, the efficiency of P utilization in agricultural ecosystems has been investigated. This was done by using (1) a balance sheet approach in long-term P maintenance trials that had reached a steady state, and (2) published data fitted to a common nutrient cycle for nonsteady-state conditions. The efficiency …

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Seed Production Potentials Of Eight Tropical Pasture Species In Regions Of Latin America, J E. Ferguson, D Thomas, R P. De Andrade, N Souza Costa, S Jutzi May 2026

Seed Production Potentials Of Eight Tropical Pasture Species In Regions Of Latin America, J E. Ferguson, D Thomas, R P. De Andrade, N Souza Costa, S Jutzi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Early identification of geographic regions providing high and consistent seed yields for species of interest, especially legumes, would be very advantageous. Our objectives were (1) to identify potential seed yield and the principal determinants thereof for a range of species, (2) to determine progressively the relative seed-production potential of distinct geographic regions, and (3) to stimulate emphasis upon seed-production issues within pasture programs. Eight grass and legume species, either promising accessions or local cultivars, were established in replicated pure stands at five locations. Compound fertilizers were applied, including nitrogen for the grasses. Seed was harvested once each time a seed …

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Improved Processing For High-Quality Seed Of Big Bluestem, Andropogon Gerardii, And Yellow Indiangrass, Sorghastrum Nutans, R R. Brown, J Henry, W Crowder May 2026

Improved Processing For High-Quality Seed Of Big Bluestem, Andropogon Gerardii, And Yellow Indiangrass, Sorghastrum Nutans, R R. Brown, J Henry, W Crowder

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The recent reintroduction of native prairie warm-season grasses for livestock forage in the Corn Belt presents seed-handling problems with some species. Seeding big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans [L. J Nash) through commonly available seeding equipment is difficult with seed from commercial sources. Commercial seed contains significant amounts ofleaf and stem particles as well as awns and other appendages still attached to the seed. These seed append­ages and inert matter prevent an even flow of seed through the seeding equipment. Specially designed rangeland drills handle the seed rather well, but the limited use of this equipment makes …

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Selection For Seed Retention In Phalaris Aquatica L., J R. Mcwilliam, C N. Gibbon May 2026

Selection For Seed Retention In Phalaris Aquatica L., J R. Mcwilliam, C N. Gibbon

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Seed shattering is a problem in most pasture grasses, especially in those that have a history of recent domestication. In many of these grasses, losses from shattering are aggravated by uneven ripening of inflorescences and a low percentage of viable seed. Fragility of the rachilla appears to be the most common cause of seed shattering in grasses, and once this connection is broken, the seed is free to shed from the inflorescence. In some of the more domesticated species, the nature and configuration of the glumes and the manner in which they are packed on the inflorescence play an important …

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Inefficient Conversion Of Floret Populations To Actual Seed Harvested In Grass-Seed Crops, K R. Brown May 2026

Inefficient Conversion Of Floret Populations To Actual Seed Harvested In Grass-Seed Crops, K R. Brown

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Obtaining more than 34 machine-dressed seeds from every 100 florets in trials at Lincoln, New Zealand, was uncommon. In ryegrass (Lolium sp.), Grasslands Matua prairie grass (Bromus catharticus Vahl), and G17 cocksfoot (Dacrylis glomerata L.) crops, the larger the floret population, the lower the number of seeds obtained from every 100 florets. Nitrogen (N) improved the return, and in prairie grass the return increased as the rate ofN increased beyond 20 kg N/ha. In prairie grass, floret populations decreased as row spacings increased. With this seed, recovery was highest at wide row spacings, but in cocksfoot the reverse was true. …

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Effect Of Different System Of Seed Treatment, Packing, And Storage On Vigor And Germination Of Five Tropical Forage Legumes, R Cabrales, J Bernal May 2026

Effect Of Different System Of Seed Treatment, Packing, And Storage On Vigor And Germination Of Five Tropical Forage Legumes, R Cabrales, J Bernal

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Production of tropical forage·l􀂗􀂘me seeds is expensive. Very often, the establishment of mixtures is difficult because of lack of uniformity in vigor and germination of the legume seed. Treatment with chemical compounds has been reported to be useful in breaking dormancy. The packing material and temperature of storage have also been reported to affect seed vigor and ger­mination. The following treatments were applied to recently harvested seeds of tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides [Roxb.) Benth.), clitoria (Clitoria ternatea L.), centrosema (Centrosema pubescens Benth.), siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum DC. Urb.), and desmodium (Desmodium intortum [Mill.) Fawc. and Rendle): concentrated sulfuric acid (96 % …

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Seed Production For The Establishment Of Pennisteum Americanum X P. Purpureum F1 Hybrid Pastures, M E. Aken'ova, H R. Chheda May 2026

Seed Production For The Establishment Of Pennisteum Americanum X P. Purpureum F1 Hybrid Pastures, M E. Aken'ova, H R. Chheda

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Several genotypes among the interspecific F 1 hybrids between Maiwa, a short-day, photoperiod-sensitive local cultivar of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum [L.] Leeke), and elephant grass (P. purpureum Schumach) produced at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, combine the high dry-matter yield potential and perenniality of elephant grass with greater acceptability to livestock and increased digestibility, resulting in higher live-weight gains than elephant grass. Though sterile, the Fr Pennisetum hybrids are easily propagated vegetatively. Distribution over a wider area of adaptation can be facilitated by large-scale F 1 seed production utilizing cytoplasmic male-sterile pearl millet. Cytoplasmic male-sterile Maiwa was developed by transferring …

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Effect Of Autumn And Spring Defoliation And Defoliation Method On Seed Yield Of Lolium Perenne, P D. Hebbleethwaite, T.G A. Clemence May 2026

Effect Of Autumn And Spring Defoliation And Defoliation Method On Seed Yield Of Lolium Perenne, P D. Hebbleethwaite, T.G A. Clemence

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Trials in 1979 and 1980 evaluated the effect of autumn and spring defoliations on fertile apex removal, tiller survival, seed­yield components, and seed and forage yield in two amenity- and one agricultural-type perennial ryegrasses (Lolium perenne), established in the autumn. Methods (reciprocating mower or sheep), height (3-5 cm or 6-8 cm) of defoliation, and the addition of supplementary nitrogen (N) after defoliation were evaluated in the variety Royal in 1980. In both years and all varieties, autumn defoliation had no significant effect on seed yield. With the exception of Royal in 1980, seed yields were reduced by cutting, if it …

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Post Residue As A Management Tool In Grass-Seed Production, D O. Chilcote, H W. Youngberg, W C. Young Iii May 2026

Post Residue As A Management Tool In Grass-Seed Production, D O. Chilcote, H W. Youngberg, W C. Young Iii

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Postharvest residue burning, initiated in Oregon in the early 1940s to control blind seed disease in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), has been found to be a most effective field sanitation method that also enhances seed yield. It is now a general prac­tice in Oregon, and its use is expanding to other regions. Questions of how burning beneficially affects grass-seed crop production have been the focus of many studies conducted over several years in the Willamette Valley. These studies were given impetus by the concern for clean air in certain locations in Oregon. The objectives of the research were (1) …

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Trials On Time Of Nitrogen Application In The Spring To Various Grasses Grown For Seed Production, A Nordestgaard May 2026

Trials On Time Of Nitrogen Application In The Spring To Various Grasses Grown For Seed Production, A Nordestgaard

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

With most of the grasses grown for seed in Denmark, a series of trials has been carried out on increasing nitrogen rates in the autumn combined with increasing rates in the spring. The results of these trials show that an autumn application of nitrogen is very important to most of the grasses and necessary if the optimum yield of seed is to be achieved. In order to find the best time to apply nitrogen in the spring when producing grass seed, a number of trials have been carried out in recent years with various grasses. Up to and including 1980, …

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Livestock Resources In The World Food Supply, J A. Pino May 2026

Livestock Resources In The World Food Supply, J A. Pino

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

I would like to express my appreciation to the Govern­ing Board of the XIV International Grassland Congress , to Dr. Robert Barnes, its President, and especially to Dr. John E. Baylor, Chairman of the Governing Board of the XIV International Grassland Congress, for the kind in­vitation to speak at this distinguished gathering. I am pleased also to be in the state of Kentucky, a recognized leader in pasture and forage research and practice, a recognition attested to by this Congress . I regret that my own schedule did not allow me to participate in the various scientific and technical sessions …

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Grassland Development In Japan And Other Asian Countries, I Nikki May 2026

Grassland Development In Japan And Other Asian Countries, I Nikki

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Only since World War II has attention been directed to grassland injapan. Forage crops were introduced on dairy farms for feeding cattle . Acreages have increased and now equal 15 % of the total field area. Forage crops are second to :rice as a major crop . The New Grassland Law, approved in 1950, has led to "grassland improvement" and development of established pastures. J apa:n, situated in the most northern part of the Asian Monsoon Area, is warm as a rule and has much rainfall. Miscanthus sinen­sis Steud. and Zoysiajaponica Steud. are the dominant representative species of natural grassland. …

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Resource Allocation For Animal-Grassland Systems, G W. Thomas May 2026

Resource Allocation For Animal-Grassland Systems, G W. Thomas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The production of animal products from grasslands is dependent upon an adequate resource base-particularly the availabil­ity ofland, water, and energy. In addition, range and pasture production systems must be designed to adjust to climatic varia­tions and to minimize adverse environmental impacts. Several new developments will have a significant impact on the future allocation of resources for animal agriculture: (1) in­creased competition for land and water, which is leading to transfers from agricultural to nonagricultural uses; (2) increasing costs and decreasing availability of "cultural energy" (particularly fossil fuels); (3) more pressure to divert grains and feed con­centrates from animals to direct …

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Physiological And Morphological Advances For Forage Improvement, J P. Cooper May 2026

Physiological And Morphological Advances For Forage Improvement, J P. Cooper

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Forage production basically involves the conversion of environmental inputs to provide digestible energy and other nutrients for ruminant livestock. The plant breeder needs to consider the seasonal inputs or constraints in his particular environment, the efficiency of the crop in responding to these factors, those features of the plant that contribute to this efficiency, and the degree to which those features can be modified by selection and breeding. Forage production basically involves the conversion of environmental inputs to provide digestible energy and other nutrients for ruminant livestock. The plant breeder needs to consider the seasonal inputs or constraints in his …

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Multiple Use Of Grassland Resources (Grasslands To Provide Natural Resource Conservation And A Quality Environment For Mankind), P J. Edwards May 2026

Multiple Use Of Grassland Resources (Grasslands To Provide Natural Resource Conservation And A Quality Environment For Mankind), P J. Edwards

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The grasslands of the world ( and communities closely akin to them, such as shrub and savanna types) provide not only a very effective mantle for protection of the soil, but also the main source of feed for herbivores. They also cater to many other needs of mankind. Increasing population results in competition between types of grassland use for specific sites. Sound planning is necessary to resolve this conflict in the way most beneficial to mankind. In order to plan logically it is necessary to make an inventory of the resources, to consider the various uses to which grasslands can …

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Nitrogen Relationships In Grassland Ecosystems, A Lazenby May 2026

Nitrogen Relationships In Grassland Ecosystems, A Lazenby

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Some recent findings affecting nitrogen (N) cycling in grassland ecosystems are discussed, and an indication is given of major problems requiring research and development. The importance of modern techniques is stressed to enable further quantification of the pathways and processes of the nutrient in grassland; such data are needed both to improve understanding and to enable more efficient use of N in practice. A brief description of the N in soil organic matter is followed by an account of symbiotic N fixation by legumes, including estimated levels and rates of fixation and factors affecting the process. Data are presented on …

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Practical Livestock-Forage Systems: Model To Manager, R W. Brougham May 2026

Practical Livestock-Forage Systems: Model To Manager, R W. Brougham

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The developments in practical livestock-forage systems research during this century are outlined, and present-day approaches are discussed. Some examples of production levels presently being obtained from research stations, top farmers, and average farmers in different regions of the world are presented. These indicate that production levels being obtained from livestock­forage systems research remain appreciably higher than levels being obtained from the best farmers. Comments are made on the many different research techniques used to demonstrate these levels in both developed and developing countries. The value of this type of research to the farm adviser and farmer is also noted. Some …

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Contribution Of Forages To Worldwide Food Production: Now And In The Future, E F. Henzell May 2026

Contribution Of Forages To Worldwide Food Production: Now And In The Future, E F. Henzell

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Herbivorous livestock provided during the 1970s an estimated minimum 7%-17% of the total dietary protein in Asia and Africa compared with about 30 % in Latin America and just over 30 % in the developed countries. Cattle accounted for approx­imately 70% of the world's domestic animals (calculated in units weighted for size), buffaloes for 10%, and sheep and goats for 11 % . About 69 % of these animal units were in the developing countries, but productivity was higher in the developed coun­tries. Forages, defined broadly to include all edible plant materials except grains and concentrates, provided more than 90% …

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Potential Productivity Of Temperate And Tropical Grassland Systems, G O. Mott May 2026

Potential Productivity Of Temperate And Tropical Grassland Systems, G O. Mott

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grasses of temperate regions of the world belong primarily to the subfamily Festucoideae, whereas tropical regions are populated by tribes of the Panicoideae subfamily. Temperate grasses have a C3 biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in con­trast to tropical grasses, which have a C4 photosynthetic mechan-ism. Both tropical and temperate legumes are C3 plants. Com­patible mixtures of legumes and grasses have long been successful in many temperate regions, but combining C4 grasses and C3 legumes as mixtures in the tropics has been only moderately successful. Maximum net primary productions of temperate and tropical grasslands are in the order of 25 and 80 …

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Use Of Genetic Resources For Improvement Of Forage Species, J R. Harlan May 2026

Use Of Genetic Resources For Improvement Of Forage Species, J R. Harlan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The use of genetic resources of forage species poses some special problems because of the number of species involved, the in­adequacy of our knowledge about them, the fact that they are often used in combination and should be evaluated in terms of livestock product, and so on. Collections should be as comprehensive as possible at the outset of improvement programs; other­wise, there may be much use of inferior material and much waste of time and effort. Most of the forage species in use come from (1) Europe (excluding Mediterranean zones), (2) Mediterranean Basin and Near East, (3) African savannas (mostly …

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Forage Quality: Assessing The Plant-Animal Complex, D J. Minson May 2026

Forage Quality: Assessing The Plant-Animal Complex, D J. Minson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

At the VI International Grassland Congress held at Pennsylvania State College in 1952, the late Dr. C.P. McMeekan re­viewed the many problems associated with the plant-animal complex. Great stress was placed on the need to measure forage in­take accurately as a prerequisite to an under-standing of the plant-animal complex. Progress in the development of more accurate :methods of estimating the forage intake of grazing animals is reviewed, in­cluding the introduction of different methods of administering chromic oxide, the esophageal fistula for obtaining samples of selectively grazed material, the in-vitro technique for estimating the digestibility of the forage eaten, and the …

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Competitive, Adaptive, And Evolutionary Process In Grassland Ecosystems, B D. Patil May 2026

Competitive, Adaptive, And Evolutionary Process In Grassland Ecosystems, B D. Patil

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the tropics, grasslands or grazing lands are found where the forest vegetation climax has been subjected to fire, grazing, felling, or other disturbances. Grazing lands in the tropics form various ecosystems under the major climatic types. Delineation of such ecosystems is possible through remnants of the climax vegetation of undisturbed or least-disturbed areas. Several subecosystems exist as seral stages under each ecosystem, the floristic composition of which is a reflection of the edaphic and soil­moisture-fertility conditions. Biological production in terms of energy for grazing animals varies among these ecosystems and subecosystems. Reconstruction of the adaptable competitive flora with woody …

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Summer Dormancy In Italian Populations Of Dactylis Glomerata L., F Lorenzetti, A Panella, E Falistocco May 2026

Summer Dormancy In Italian Populations Of Dactylis Glomerata L., F Lorenzetti, A Panella, E Falistocco

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Mediterranean types of perennial grasses are winter-growing and summer-dormant, while central and northern European types arc winter-dormant and aummer•growing. Dormancy severely limits the annual production and largely determines the seasonal distribution pattern of the perennial grass. Summer dormancy wa• studied in 81 Italian populations of Dac!)llit glomtTata. L. collected from north (48°N) to south (38°N) on the Italian pt:ninaula. Dormancy was measured at Perugia (43°O5'N) on 60 plant.'i for each population. The percentage of summer-dormant plants was negatively correlated with the mean score for summer growth (r = -0.75**). The results distinguish three main groups of populations with increasing levels …

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Growth And Development Of Two Echinochloa Millet Species In A Warm Temperate Climate, D K. Muldoon May 2026

Growth And Development Of Two Echinochloa Millet Species In A Warm Temperate Climate, D K. Muldoon

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Most summer forage crops fall into either the sorghum or the millet species group. Included in the millet group are two species, Echinochloa utilis and Echinochloa frumentacea, commonly known as Japanese barnyard millet and Indian barnyard millet, respectively. These species have a negligible HCN potential and higher nutritive value than Sorghum species. However, they generally flower early, yield less than forage sorghum , and lack vigor in regrowth. In this study the pattern of growth and development of two Echinochloa millets was examined as part of a larger program of improving the production of these forage species. E. utilis …

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Test Adaptation And Evaluation Trials Of Forage Plants In Major Ecological Regions Of Ethiopia And Kenya, K M. Ibrahim, A Orodho May 2026

Test Adaptation And Evaluation Trials Of Forage Plants In Major Ecological Regions Of Ethiopia And Kenya, K M. Ibrahim, A Orodho

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Kenyan and Ethiopian natural grazing Ian.cl. support more than 20% of the cattle population of the African continent. Many of the natural pastures of these countries are severely overgrazed, as unfavorable grazing conditions prevail for over half the year. Objectives of adaptation trials were to evaluate and identify introduced or indigenous forage and fodder species or ecotypes having genetic potential for high production of digestible dry matter for direct pasture and range improvement and for future use in breeding programs. Over 4,000 indigenous and 3,000 introduced ecotypes were evaluated for 24 vegetative characters in six ecological regions between 1971 and …

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Collections Of Western Wheatgrass And Blue Grama And Associated Nematode Genera In The Western Dakotas, R E. Barker, J D. Berdahl, J M. Krupinsky, E T. Jacobson May 2026

Collections Of Western Wheatgrass And Blue Grama And Associated Nematode Genera In The Western Dakotas, R E. Barker, J D. Berdahl, J M. Krupinsky, E T. Jacobson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.) and blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis[Willd. ex H.B.K.J Lag. ex Griffiths) are widely distributed throughout the U.S.A. They arc two of the predominant native grasses in rangelands in the northern Great Plains. Because suitable cultivars are not always available for reseeding disturbed areas, we collected plants of the two species and evaluated phenotypic variability to determine potential for breeding improvement. We also sampled the nematode popula­tion associated with the collections. Sampling sites were systematically chosen by establishing a grid pattern 19 .3 km apart in the western halves of North Dakota and South Dakota. …

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