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Variations Of Fatigue Due To Unevenly Loaded Axles Within Tridem Groups, Herbert F. Southgate, Robert C. Deen

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

The effect of unevenly distributed loads on the axles within a tridem has been shown to be very significant. Equations are presented that enable the equivalent load effect for equal load distribution to be adjusted for uneven loading. Considering the relative increase and the relatively small volume of trucks currently using tridems, the equation for all tridems without regard to locations on the vehicle is recommended at this time. Consideration should be given to using equations for individual load patterns as the volume of trucks using tridems increases and more weight data become available.

Variable Serviceability Concept For Pavement Design Confirmed By Aasho Road Test Fatigue Data, Herbert F. Southgate, Robert C. Deen

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Fatigue data from the AASHO Road Test were plotted for each level of serviceability. The Kentucky thickness design system uses the concept of a variable level of serviceability as a function of EALs. The Kentucky thickness design curve for the equivalent CBR was converted to an equivalent structural number and superimposed on each of the specific serviceability figures. The AASHTO Equation C–14 of the 1972 AASHTO Interim Guide was evaluated for each level of serviceability and superimposed on its respective figure. Equation C–14 fits reasonably well for serviceability levels of 2.0 and 2.5 but does not fit the remining serviceability …

Specially Constructed Bridges: Activities For Fiscal Year 1983, Theodore Hopwood Ii, James H. Havens, Gary W. Sharpe

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

The field performance of bridge features including masonry coatings, galvanized steel, weathering steel, conventional deck reinforcing steel, and epoxy-coated reinforcing steel were examined either visually or nondestructively on various pre-selected bridges throughout Kentucky. Additionally, a nationwide survey of state highway authorities was conducted on the application and service performance of stay-in-place forms.

All of the bridge features inspected appeared to be performing satisfactorily, except for the masonry coating failure on the I-471 twin bridges over the Ohio River at Newport. Results of the stay-in-place form survey support their application as a cost-saving feature.

An Evaluation Of Elastizell Concrete As A Lightweight Fill Material, David L. Allen, Bobby W. Meade

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Near Northern Kentucky University in Campbell County, Kentucky, access ramps connecting I 275 and 3-Mile Road (shown in Figure 1) were constructed. During construction of those ramps, additional embankments were to be placed on an existing 6-foot by 5-foot box culvert. Both ramps, hereafter referred to as NKU-1 (the exit ramp from I 275) and NKU-2 (the entrance ramp to I 275), cross the culvert. The new embankments would result in fill heights, over the culvert of 30 feet at Station 39+14 of NKU-1 (Figure 2) and 47 feet at Station 11+68 of NKU-2 (Figure 3). The original fill height …

Structural Evaluation Of Asphaltic Pavements, Robert C. Deen, Herbert F. Southgate, Gary W. Sharpe

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

To evaluate projects involving approximately 200 route-miles of interstate and primary pavements in Kentucky and Tennessee in relatively short time frames, it was decided to test, analyze, and design overlays using test equipment (Road Rater) and procedures developed by the University of Kentucky Transportation Research Program. This paper presents the analysis methodology and the evaluation and overlay designs for selected projects, including the before-and-after analysis of milling on one project.

The Road Rater applies a dynamic sinusoidal loading of known force and frequency. The velocity of the vibration waves are measured by sensors and integrated electronically to obtain surface deflections. …

Thickness Design Procedure For Portland Cement Concrete Pavements, Herbert F. Southgate, Robert C. Deen

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Past experience in Kentucky indicated that thickness designs using portland cement concrete best agreed with criterion used in the Portland Cement Association's design method for 2 or 3 million EAL's or less. For EAL's greater than 3 million, past experience best agreed with criterion developed from the AASHO Road Test.

Research reported herein indicates the two criteria become asymptotic at approximately 2.5 million EAL's. The merger of the criteria is presented, and the combined criterion is coupled with the principal of equal work as defined in classical physics to produce thickness design curves for portland cement concrete pavements. Research has …

Traffic Accident Rates In Kentucky (1982), Kenneth R. Agent

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

The primary objective of this study was to determine average accident statistics in Kentucky for 1982. These statistics could then be used in Kentucky's high-accident location identification program. The 1982 data were combined with 1980 and 1981 data to calculate more long-term accident statistics. Average accident rates were calculated using several methods of classifying highways. A series of tables was prepared giving criteria that could be used to determine if specific locations have accident problems.

Periodic Nondestructive Evaluation Of In-Service Metal Bridges, Theodore Hopwood Ii, Robert C. Deen

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Metal bridges are subject to in-service fracture problems mainly caused by fatigue. This report considers the prevention of bridge failure by the performance of periodic nondestructive evaluations. Differences in visual and other nondestructive inspect ions are discussed. The use of preliminary inspection strategies for proper testing also is presented. The suitability of common types of nondestructive testing for bridge inspections also are included.

Thickness Design Curves For Portland Cement Concrete Pavements, Herbert F. Southgate, Robert C. Deen

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Past experience indicates that thickness designs using portland cement concrete best agree with criterion used in the Portland Cement Association's design method for 18-kip EAL of 2 to 3 million or less. For EALs greater than 2 to 3 million, past experience best agrees with criterion developed from the AASHO Road Test. Research herein indicates the two criterion become asymptotic to each other at approximately 2.5 million EAL. For a variation in thickness and elastic moduli in portland cement concrete, dense-graded aggregate, and sub grade elastic modulus, research indicates that a general conic equation (included herein) very closely duplicates the …

Retention Of Gasification-Combustion Products By Corn, S. W. Sizemore, Otto J. Loewer, Joseph L. Taraba, I. J. Ross, G. M. White

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

Shelled corn was dried in layers of 5.1 cm (2 in.) 10.2 cm (4 in.), and 15.2 cm (6 in.) using air heated with the exhaust from a corn-cob fueled gasification-combustion updraft furnace. The drying air entering and leaving the grain layers was sampled for particulate content to determine the percentage of total particulates trapped by the grain during drying. It was determined that an average of 25% of the total particulates in the drying air were retained by the grain. The large majority of those particulates retained were found in the bottom 5.1 cm (2 in.) of the grain …

Kerosene Heaters, L. R. Piercy, S. S. Holland, E. S. Holmes, Donald G. Colliver

Agricultural Engineering Energy Series

Many families are buying supplemental space heating units in an attempt to use heat only where it is needed and thus lower the total heating bill. lf you turn down your central heat thermostat and place such a unit in a room where the family spends most of their waking hours, heating bills may be reduced. Such savings appear to be significant, but each family first needs to carefully consider the safety risks and their energy savings potential as well as the lifestyle changes that might be necessary.

Water Quality Evaluation Yatesville Lake Project: Volume 1, Stephen B. Sullivan, Edward G. Foree, John S. Tapp

KWRRI Research Reports

Point sources of pollution identified in the Blaine Creek watershed area consisted of oil and gas facility sources and mine related sources. A total of 493 point sources of pollution were inventoried which included 167 oil and gas related sources, 321 mine sediment structures, and 5 hollow fill groundwater seeps. The highest concentration of these point sources of pollution occurred in the south to southwest portion of the watershed in the area proximate to the Martha Field.

Adverse impacts to surface and groundwaters resulting from the 326 mine and groundwater point sources of pollution identified did not appear significant as …

Privacy And The Sex Bfoq: An Immodest Proposal, Carolyn S. Bratt

Law Faculty Scholarly Articles

Since the adoption of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, courts have been called upon to determine whether an employer can avoid liability for refusing to hire employees of one sex by invoking the privacy rights of its customers. Two recent court decisions are illustrative of the question and its resolution. In Backus v. Baptist Medical Center, the defendant employer's policy of excluding male nurses from the labor and delivery section of its obstetrics and gynecology department was challenged. The defendant established that most of the duties of a labor and delivery nurse involve exposure to …

Incest Statutes And The Fundamental Right Of Marriage: Is Oedipus Free To Marry?, Carolyn S. Bratt

Law Faculty Scholarly Articles

The U.S. Supreme Court has found that the right to marry is a constitutionally protected right. That right is restricted, however, by state incest statutes which impede marriage between adults by making some choices of a marriage partner illegal. The constitutional validity of modern state incest statutes is difficult to analyze because of shifting definitions, reflexive fears, ambivalent attitudes, and underlying facile generalizations.

The mere word "incest" triggers strong feelings of revulsion in most people. Therefore, any a priori labeling of a marriage as incestuous tends to preclude objective thought about the permissibility of the particular form of the marriage …

Rutting, A Case Study (Us 23, 1.5 Miles North Of Louisa), James H. Havens, Gary W. Sharpe, David L. Allen, Herbert F. Southgate

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

This case study of rutting in an asphaltic concrete pavement makes recourse to trenching full width and full depth to expose and observe the entire cross section of the structure. Rutting occurred in the vicinity of Station 59+00 on US 23, 1.5 miles north of Louisa, during August and September 1983 when traffic was diverted onto newly constructed northbound lanes (without final surface and shouldering) while excavation into the hillside was completed for the southbound lanes. Earth movers crossed the northbound lanes going to and from a waste area. Coal trucks (Figures 1 and 2) slowed, stopped, and crept where …

A Field And Laboratory Compaction Study Of A Mixture Of Retorted And Raw Oil Shale From The Means Project In Montgomery County, David L. Allen, Bobby W. Meade

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

The oil shale retorting process will produce large volumes of spent shale and some raw oil shale that cannot he used in the retorting process. Consequently, it is anticipated that on-site disposal embankments will be constructed using these materials A report by Drnevich, et al. (1) has recommended that site-specific compaction studies be done at the start up of a mining and disposal operation. Holtz 12) has reported on a detailed study of the compaction characteristics of a western oil shale that had been retorted by the Paraho vertical retort process.

This study was performed to develop background data on …

Licensees And Economic Interest In Minerals After Swank And Revenue Ruling 83-160, Martin J. Mcmahon Jr.

Kentucky Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Kentucky Law Survey: Torts, Katherine A. Adams

Kentucky Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Performance Evaluation Of Experimental Paint-Stripe Beads, Kenneth R. Agent, Jerry G. Pigman

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Eight experimental bead types in addition to Kentucky's currently used bead were applied with standard striping equipment at a field test location. Reflectivity measurements using a portable retroreflectometer were conducted, along with visual observations, to rate each bead type. The objective was to determine whether any of the experimental beads was superior to the currently used bead, and if so, would they be economically feasible for widespread use. The differences in bead types involved gradation, refractive index, and surface coating. Based on performance and economic considerations, it was recommended that Kentucky change its bead gradation specifications to correspond to that …

Concrete Barrier Geometrics (Us-41 Bridge In Henderson, Kentucky), Kentucky Transportation Research Program

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

The bridge railing constructed on the approaches to the US-41 northbound bridge over the Ohio River at Henderson, Kentucky, is not in conformance with specifications The vertical face was constructed to be an average height of 4 3/4 inches above the pavement surface rather than the specified 3 inches. From the top of the vertical face, the barrier conformed to a standard New Jersey barrier. However, this meant the intersection between the two sloping surfaces was 14 1/2 inches rather than 13 inches above the pavement surface.

An analysis was conducted to ascertain whether the in-place barrier walls (bridge rail) …

Development Of Pavement Thickness Designs Using Pozzolanic Base Materials, Gary W. Sharpe, Herbert F. Southgate, Robert C. Deen

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

With the escalating costs of materials and construction for highways and streets, many agencies chargedwith the repsonsibility of designing and constructing highwyas are utilizing by-product materials. One application of by-product materials has involved the use of stabilized aggregate bases where pozzolanic materials are used as a stabilizing agent.

The use of pozzolanic materials is not new. However, the use of pozzolanic materials is relatively new to Kentucky. This may be primarily attributed to the availability o an abundant supply of economical aggregate materials. However, as costs of production and processing of aggregate materials have increased, so has the feasibility of …

Evaluation Of Asphaltic Pavements For Overlay Design, Robert C. Deen, Herbert F. Southgate, Gary W. Sharpe

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

To evaluate projects involving approximately 200 route-miles of interstate and primary pavements in Kentucky and Tennessee in relatively short time frames, it was decided to test, analyze, and design overlays using test equipment (Road Rater) and procedures developed by the University of Kentucky Transportation Research Program. This paper presents the analysis methodology and the evaluation and overlay designs for selected projects, including the before-and-after analysis of milling on one project.

The Road Rater applies a dynamic sinusoidal loading of known force and frequency. The velocity of the vibration waves are measured by sensors and integrated electronically to obtain surface deflections …

Survey Of Guardrail End Treatment Usage, Jerry G. Pigman, Kenneth R. Agent

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Whenever a guardrail terminates within the "clear zone," a crashworthy end treatment is required. To be crashworthy, the end-treatment should not spear, vault, or roll a vehicle during a head-on impact while maintaining vehicle decelerations below recommended limits. As a means of determining types of end treatments currently used in various states and criteria to determine what type to use, a survey letter was sent to each state.

It was found that, generally, the preferred method to use to end roadside steel beam guardrail is to bury the end in a cut slope. When this is not feasible, either a …

Water Requirement For Coal Slurry Transportation, David T. Kao, Sandra L. Rusher

KWRRI Research Reports

The amount of water required for coal slurry transportation is a function of the coal properties and the magnitude of coal movement. The pipeline system characteristics and the method of slurry preparation also affects the overall water requirement of the system. In the present study methodologies are developed based on reported and modified coal slurry flow correlation equations to determine the quantity of water needed under various coal transport and flow conditions. Auxiliary water requirements including start-up and flushing water storage; related evaporation and seepage losses are also included. A computer program and several monographs are presented to provide a …

The Red River Gorge: The Existence Of "Recreational Niches" And Their Management Implications, Sara E. Alexander, Billie R. Dewalt, Eugenie Scott

KWRRI Research Reports

Until the late 1960's, the Red River Gorge was just one of the more beautiful parts of the Daniel Boone National Forest. At this time, the Army Corps of Engineers proposed to dam the river for flood control, water supply, and recreation purposes. Intense opposition to the project generated considerable publicity and the Gorge area experienced substantial increases in visitation. The result has been not only severe environmental degradation but extensive overcrowding as well. These trends are presently overtaxing management capabilities of the United States Forest Service. The most pressing issue has come to be how to effectively manage this …

Modeling Erosion On Long Steep Slopes With Emphasis On The Rilling Process, Michael C. Hirschi, Billy J. Barfield, Ian D. Moore

KWRRI Research Reports

A model of soil erosion, known as KYERMO, is presented which emphasizes those processes which are important on steep slopes. Particular emphasis is placed on modeling rill development and geometry since this is the least understood process in erosion mechanics. The model requires an input rill pattern.

Rainfall inputs to the model require the use of breakpoint rainfall and kinetic energy. Surface storage is calculated based on random roughness data of Linden (1979). Infiltration is modeled by use of the two layer Green-Ampt-Mein-Larson model as proposed by Moore and Eigel (1981). Runoff is related to rainfall excess and surface storage …

Structural Design And Installation Criteria For Rigid And Flexible Conduit, Ronald D. Hughes

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Structural design criteria according to current AASHTO guidelines for pipe, pipe-arch, and arch culverts are presented. Fill-height tables, based upon fhose criteria, and proposed bedding details are included.

Low-Strength (Pozzolanic) Materials For Highway Construction, Gary W. Sharpe, Larry Epley, David L. Allen, Herbert F. Southgate, Robert C. Deen

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

No abstract provided.

Alcohol Impact Evaluation (Interim Report), Jerry G. Pigman, Kenneth R. Agent

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

This report is an evaluation of increased police enforcement to reduce alcohol related accidents in Lexington-Fayette County, Kentucky. Three types of information were collected for the analysis; accident data, arrest and adjudication data, and personal opinion data obtained by means of a questionnaire survey. Accident data were collected for two years before the Traffic Alcohol Program (TAP) and one year during the program. A 25 percent sample of arrest and adjudication data was collected one year before and one year during TAP. The questionnaire was sent to 2,500 registered vehicle owners.

Results from before-and-after comparisons and time-series analysis show alchol …

Child Safety Seat Usage In Kentucky After Enactment Of A Mandatory Usage Law, Kenneth R. Agent

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

The 1982 Kentucky General Assembly enacted a law requiring use of child safety seats for children 40 inches or less in height. To evaluate the effectness of this law, usage surveys had to be completed before and after the law became effective. This study summarizes data collected one year after enactment of the law and compares this with ''before" data.

One year after enactment of the mandatory usage law the statewide child safety seat usage rate was 22.7 percent. This compared to 14.4 percent usage before the law and represents a statistically significant increase. Usage increased in 18 of the …