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Policy Options For Decreasing N And P2o5 Losses From Grassland Based Dairy Farms, P.B M. Berentsen, G.W J. Giesen Jun 2024

Policy Options For Decreasing N And P2o5 Losses From Grassland Based Dairy Farms, P.B M. Berentsen, G.W J. Giesen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Policy instruments for reducing nutrient losses include extension and education, research, financial incentives such as subsidies and levies, and regulations. The potential of these instruments for reducing nitrogen (N), phosphate (P2O5), and ammonia (NH3) losses is examined for Dutch specialized dairy farms on sandy soils. A linear programming model is used to estimate policy impacts. Results indicate that efficiency improvements through extension, education, and research alone have the potential to decrease total N losses to government target levels in 2005 and to erase 92% of the gap between base and target P2O5 losses, but only 24% of the corresponding NH3 …

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Production V Conservation: A Policy Dilemma In The Tree Clearing Debate In Queensland, Australia, J C. Scanlan, E J. Turner Jun 2024

Production V Conservation: A Policy Dilemma In The Tree Clearing Debate In Queensland, Australia, J C. Scanlan, E J. Turner

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A process for developing policy for tree clearing that meets the competing goals of conservation and production has been followed. There were two levels at which policy was developed. An overall Statewide policy outlined general targets to meet commitments of the Queensland Government. Local guidelines were developed by a large number of groups containing representatives of government and interested conservation movement and industry representatives. The policy and the local guidelines are an important part of the process used to assess applications for permits to clear woody vegetation.

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Accounting For Selective Grazing In The Stocking Rate Decision, M F. Quirk, J W. Stuth Jun 2024

Accounting For Selective Grazing In The Stocking Rate Decision, M F. Quirk, J W. Stuth

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

We describe the development and use of a simple, generic method for predicting botanical composition of herbivore diets, thereby allowing resource managers to consider selective foraging when setting stocking rates. For a particular season and herbivore, we found that forage species fall into one of 3 selection categories: preferred (consistently selected for), undesirable (consistently selected against), and variable (inconsistent selection pattern). Our studies showed that, for most situations, dietary composition is adequately predicted from regression relationships with the field proportions of preferred and undesirable species. We demonstrate how this method can help address issues such as the conservation of preferred …

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Improvement Of Forage And Seed Yields In Orchardgrass In Western Canada, Joanna Fraser, Surya N. Acharya Jun 2024

Improvement Of Forage And Seed Yields In Orchardgrass In Western Canada, Joanna Fraser, Surya N. Acharya

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Trials on orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were conducted on spaced plants in 1992 and 1993 in Lethbridge, Alberta to identify components that could be used for improvement of winterhardiness and seed yields in this species. Results showed that seed yield/plant was significantly higher in Kay than Chinook orchard grass but only in 1992. Seed yields were significantly correlated in each year with visual scoring for forage yield potential, seed yield potential, vegetative height, panicle length and panicle number/plant. Higher yielding plants were taller and had larger numbers of panicles/plant and longer panicles than lower yielding plants. A large …

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Manitoba’S Forage/Livestock Technology Transfer System, A F. Stewart, K H. Ominski Jun 2024

Manitoba’S Forage/Livestock Technology Transfer System, A F. Stewart, K H. Ominski

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There have been significant advances in forage/livestock technology systems in Western Canada in the past fifty years, including the introduction of new forage species and varieties, as well as new advances in harvesting, storage and cattle production systems. Adoption of new technology in Manitoba has been expedited by an extension system that involves all sectors of the agricultural community from primary producers and researchers to extension personnel and members of the agribusiness community all of whom are working together to find solutions to the local and regional challenges facing forage and livestock producers.

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Michigan Grazier Networks, An Educational Outreach Of The Michigan Hay And Grazing Council, R H. Leep, T Miller, H Liss Jun 2024

Michigan Grazier Networks, An Educational Outreach Of The Michigan Hay And Grazing Council, R H. Leep, T Miller, H Liss

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this educational program was to create a farmer to farmer learning process which would facilitate educational programming in grazing land management for new and intermediate experienced graziers in Michigan. An evaluation of the 1995 educational experiences of program participants was conducted in December, 1995, utilizing an assessment program called Optionfinder.

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Ecological Site Database- Basic Site Information For Resource Analysis And Decision Making, S L. Ekblad, J R. Carlson, W R. Oaks Jun 2024

Ecological Site Database- Basic Site Information For Resource Analysis And Decision Making, S L. Ekblad, J R. Carlson, W R. Oaks

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) describes and interprets range, native pasture, grazable forest, pasture, and hayland with ecological site descriptions and forage suitability groups. Ecological sites have evolved from agency range and woodland site descriptions, and have integrated alternate and more recent concepts with the traditional succession-retrogression model for site classification and interpretation. Ecological site interpretations are based on vegetation sampling by weight and composition, and other field data collection. Sample data is recorded and managed in the Ecological Site Information System (ESIS) and is analyzed to identify and develop site and suitability group descriptions. ESIS provides data …

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Australian And Us Experiences With Transfer Of Rangeland Improvement Technologies: A Comparative Analysis, A P. Thurow, N Macleod, J R. Conner Jun 2024

Australian And Us Experiences With Transfer Of Rangeland Improvement Technologies: A Comparative Analysis, A P. Thurow, N Macleod, J R. Conner

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

American and Australian range economists work in tandem with range ecologists and management specialists to develop and analyze strategies for technology transfer. Historically, this process has developed around a model aimed at communication with a narrow target group (ranchers) with easily-defined and homogeneous goals (continuously improving income). In accord with this traditional model of technology transfer, the focus of range economists’ inquiries was once to assess the cost-effectiveness of grazing improvement technologies (Conner, 1985). It is a relatively recent phenomenon that both American and Australian range technology transfer agents are encountering an increasingly broad social and ecological agenda. Ranchers recognize …

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Networking Advisory Groups And Electronic Media To Transfer Information On Forage Management, J J. Mullahey, R M. Muchovej, K U. Hill Jun 2024

Networking Advisory Groups And Electronic Media To Transfer Information On Forage Management, J J. Mullahey, R M. Muchovej, K U. Hill

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this paper is to discuss a coordinated multi-county extension program in forages through the involvement of a beef/ forage advisory committee and technology transfer or information dissemination using electronic media.

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Case Studies- A Useful Tool For Integrating Socio-Economic Data Into Grazing Systems Research, N D. Macleod Jun 2024

Case Studies- A Useful Tool For Integrating Socio-Economic Data Into Grazing Systems Research, N D. Macleod

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grazing systems research and development (R&D) projects can provide important information on which to base management principles to integrate conservation management into grazing production systems. However, the adoption of these principles into practice remains largely unfulfilled. Most grazing experiments give limited attention to the socio-economic context of pastoral management. The paper suggests that one way of incorporating R&D findings and presenting them within a context that is more acceptable to decision-makers is via a case study approach. That is, use the considerable communication potential of the approach.

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The Punctuated Arena Model- A New Approach To Tackling Technology Transfer Failure, N D. Macleod, A D. Shulman Jun 2024

The Punctuated Arena Model- A New Approach To Tackling Technology Transfer Failure, N D. Macleod, A D. Shulman

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Valuation of the worth of research and development activities is increasingly shifting from outputs to outcomes. The technology transfer record of agricultural R&D focused on pastures and resource management remains generally poor. Participatory R&D approaches have been developed and promoted to overcome this, but these also have performance problems. Based on the authors’ experience with R&D and communication management a Punctuated Arena Model has been developed which is argued to offer scope for improving technology transfer outcomes.

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Agri-21: Sustainable Farming Demonstration, M Rasnake, W R. Burris, G D. Lacefield Jun 2024

Agri-21: Sustainable Farming Demonstration, M Rasnake, W R. Burris, G D. Lacefield

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

On-farm demonstrations were established in 1993 to demonstrate the technology required to conduct a profitable and sustainable farming operation into the 21st Century. These were part of a cooperative program between the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and Land Grant Universities in the seven states of the TVA region. Four demonstrations were established in Kentucky. A beef farm in west Kentucky will be used to illustrate the project. This farm improved crop and livestock management, record keeping and environmental stewardship. Their goal is to increase farm profitability while improving the soil and water resources.

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Extension Agronomist Perceptions Regarding Clover Use In The Usa, D M. Ball, G D. Lacefield Jun 2024

Extension Agronomist Perceptions Regarding Clover Use In The Usa, D M. Ball, G D. Lacefield

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Recent enhancement of economic incentives for using legumes in forage/livestock systems seems likely to result in greater usage of clovers in the USA. To determine attitudes regarding clovers, a questionnaire was sent to forage crop agronomists having Extension assignments. Responses to most questions varied greatly, particularly among geographic regions. Poor grazing management was identified as the primary concern or problem associated with clovers, followed by poor persistence, and a lack of recognition of the benefits. Improved forage quality was ranked as the most important benefit, followed by better distribution of pasture growth, and biological nitrogen fixation. The importance of benefits …

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Forage Information System On The World Wide Web, D B. Hannaway, S Griffith, P Hoagland, M Runyon, R Fisher Jun 2024

Forage Information System On The World Wide Web, D B. Hannaway, S Griffith, P Hoagland, M Runyon, R Fisher

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The Forage Information System on the World Wide Web (FIS WWW) is a global forage information resource envisioned to become a comprehensive information system for all aspects of forages. WWW technologies provide an opportunity to link people and information in a work-sharing and access-on-demand environment via interlinking of computers. The FIS is a collection of Internet-based forage information linked and accessible via WWW access software programs (browsers), like NetscapeR. Browsers provide a unified interface for information on the Internet. They make it possible to access formatted text, color pictures, sound, and video. The “superstructure” for FIS WWW is being developed …

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Water Use In A Newly Established Pasture As Influenced By Grazing Management, M H. Entz, W P. Mccaughey Jun 2024

Water Use In A Newly Established Pasture As Influenced By Grazing Management, M H. Entz, W P. Mccaughey

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of grazing system and stocking rate on spring profile soil water, soil water extraction and evapotranspiration (ET) of a newly established grass/ legume pasture. The experiment, located on a fine sandy loam soil in western Manitoba, was a two replicate RCBD with continuous and rotational grazing at stocking rates of 1.1 and 2.2 steers/ha. The pastures contained alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), meadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteineii Roem and Shult.) and Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus juncea L.). Growing season ET averaged 38.4 cm and was consistently highest for …

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Can The Restoration Of Degraded Rangelands Ever Be Economic?, N D. Macleod, J C. Noble, J R. Brown Jun 2024

Can The Restoration Of Degraded Rangelands Ever Be Economic?, N D. Macleod, J C. Noble, J R. Brown

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Degradation of rangeland pastures in Australia is widespread and ongoing. The characteristics of many restoration technologies in relation to land values contribute to a perception of their being uneconomic. However, while this might be true within the general context of broadscale application, it need not be the case in specific instances. Both the underlying contexts and processes need to be considered in assessing the economic value of a given restoration technique for a given degradation problem.

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Monitoring The Stabilization Of Semi-Arid Grassland In The Bridge Creek Watershed Of Central Oregon, R Demmer, L Andrews, B Keller Jun 2024

Monitoring The Stabilization Of Semi-Arid Grassland In The Bridge Creek Watershed Of Central Oregon, R Demmer, L Andrews, B Keller

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Using land exchanges the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in central Oregon consolidated its land base in the Bridge Creek Watershed between 1987 and 1992 to obtain a 64,500 acre land block. The uplands had been grazed and the valley bottoms farmed since the middle 1800s. Due to improper grazing, primitive irrigation, fire suppression and juniper invasion, the native vegetation was sparse. Weeds were ubiquitous, and soils were eroded. The results of actions taken after baseline inventories of riparian and range communities were monitored. This feedback prompted further actions. Monitoring confirms that increasing native vegetation and decreasing erosion is stabilizing …

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Multiple Land Use Management: Case Studies On Building Partnerships, Greg Riemer, Tom Harrison Jun 2024

Multiple Land Use Management: Case Studies On Building Partnerships, Greg Riemer, Tom Harrison

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

As part of the Saskatchewan commitment to the North American Waterfowl Management Plan the Saskatchewan Wetland Conservation Corporation (SWCC) is acquiring over 30,000 acres of native vegetation in a contiguous block around the Big Quill Lake in east central Saskatchewan. Some of this range land was in extremely poor condition. This lake is of internationally significant importance to waterfowl, nesting and migrating shorebirds. SWCC goals for this area are to improve the condition and vigour of the range for livestock and to provide and protect habitat for wildlife such as Baird's sparrow and piping plovers. Big Quill Lake is a …

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Grass-Legume Mixtures Under Grazing, R D. Amendola Massiotti, C Garcia Alvarez, J Juarez Ramirez Jun 2024

Grass-Legume Mixtures Under Grazing, R D. Amendola Massiotti, C Garcia Alvarez, J Juarez Ramirez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Nine grass-legume mixtures were evaluated during their first year. A factorial experiment was carried out using a complete block design. Herbage on offer and residual herbage were estimated allowing calculation of net herbage production, herbage accumulation rate and grazing efficiency. The mixture of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) with a net herbage production of 22 407 kg dry matter (DM) per ha outyielded white clover (Trifolium repens L.) mixtures. Substitution of alfalfa by white clover in the mixtures resulted in reduction of herbage accumulation rate by 19 kg DM ha-1 day-1 . …

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Using Planned Volunteer Crabgrass (Digitaria Spp.) In Doublecropping With Cool Season Annual Forages, R L. Dalrymple Jun 2024

Using Planned Volunteer Crabgrass (Digitaria Spp.) In Doublecropping With Cool Season Annual Forages, R L. Dalrymple

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris Retz., D. sanguinalis (L.) Scop. and other species) is used as a real and planned forage. The major known use is in Oklahoma and about 19 other Southeast United States as a doublecropping or multicropping forage production approach whereby, crabgrass is the summer season forage and cool season annual grasses, with or without cool season legumes, are used as the winter season forage. High quality forage is thus produced up to over nine months of a year. Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) and crabgrass doublecropping has produced up to over 10,000 pounds of grass per acre. Both …

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Animal Productivity And Dynamics Of Native Pastures Improved With Oversown Legumes In Uruguay, D F. Risso, E J. Berretta Jun 2024

Animal Productivity And Dynamics Of Native Pastures Improved With Oversown Legumes In Uruguay, D F. Risso, E J. Berretta

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Natural pastures in large areas of Uruguay can be improved by fertilization with phosphorus (P) and surface sowing of adapted legumes, promoting an increased forage production and quality, with the consequent higher carrying capacity and better animal performance. A study was conducted to evaluate two improved grasslands with two stocking rates under rotational grazing. Such improvements resulted from the oversowing of: 1) white clover (Trifolium repens) plus birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus); and 2) annual lotus (Lotus subbiflorus). In these pastures, with important presence of legumes, a higher frequency of C3 and winter species, high levels …

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Yield And Quality Of Cereal And Cereal-Pea Companion Crops And Their Effect On Alfalfa Establishment, J E. Johnston Jun 2024

Yield And Quality Of Cereal And Cereal-Pea Companion Crops And Their Effect On Alfalfa Establishment, J E. Johnston

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study was carried out to determine the effect of management practices (harvest maturity, cereal species, mixtures with field peas (Pisum sativum)) on the yield and quality of cereal companion crops harvested for forage and the impact of those practices on subsequent alfalfa (Medicago sativa) yields. Replicated factorial experiments were conducted at three locations in northern Ontario from 1993 to 1995. Companion crop forage yields were increased and quality decreased by harvesting as the heads emerged as compared to the late boot stage. Triticale (X Triticosecale) was lower yielding than either oats (Avena sativa) …

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Nutrient Content Of Saskatchewan Native Range Plants, Zoheir Abouguendia Jun 2024

Nutrient Content Of Saskatchewan Native Range Plants, Zoheir Abouguendia

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study reports on the nutrient content and digestibility of five cool-season grasses common in the Mixed-Prairie Ecoregion of Saskatchewan, Canada: (1) green needlegrass (Stipa viridula Trin.); (2) needle-and-thread (Stipa comata Trin & Rupr.); (3) western porcupinegrass (Stipa curtiseta (Hitchc.) Backworth); (4) northern wheatgrass (Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn.); and (5) western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.). Plant material was collected monthly and analyzed for invitro organic matter digestibility ( IVOMD), crude protein (CP), P, Ca, ADF and NDF. All species showed similar intra-seasonal pattern in the various parameters studied and no species x month interactions were …

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Nitrogen Cycling In A Ley-Dominated Production System, B Fagerberg Jun 2024

Nitrogen Cycling In A Ley-Dominated Production System, B Fagerberg

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

N balance in a full-scale experiment with conventional and ecological farming systems at Öjebyn in northern Sweden was calculated with a nutrient flow model. Due to increased milk production there was a yearly increase in both N-input and output. Nfixation was on average twice as large in the ecological system. The farm N balance was increasingly positive in the conventional system and negative in the ecological. The soil N balance was more negative in the ecological system and less positive in the conventional system. Conclusions are: (1) ecological farming is possible without immediate DM yield reductions, but with negative effects …

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Integrated Dairy Waste Management, Water Quality And Crop Utilization System, D R. Ivers, P D. Clayton, R H. Beck, G W. Randall, L J. Greub, M A. Schmitt, W F. Wedin Jun 2024

Integrated Dairy Waste Management, Water Quality And Crop Utilization System, D R. Ivers, P D. Clayton, R H. Beck, G W. Randall, L J. Greub, M A. Schmitt, W F. Wedin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Livestock-crop farmers have very limited opportunities to efficiently utilize manure in an environmentally safe manner during the cropgrowing season. In this study, dairy manure slurry was surfaceapplied over a two year period on reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), a perennial grass cover (living filter) at one location each in Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Public and private (University and Cenex/Land O’Lakes) research and development capabilities were coupled to request and receive funding from a nationally-mandated program on water quality (United States Department of Agriculture). The primary objective was to study factors which impinge upon acceptable ground water quality using a …

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Sustainable And Conventional Grazing Systems For Beef Steers, V G. Allen, J P. Fontenot, W L. Daniels, A M. Zajac, G K. Evanylo, R R. Youngman, J Luna Jun 2024

Sustainable And Conventional Grazing Systems For Beef Steers, V G. Allen, J P. Fontenot, W L. Daniels, A M. Zajac, G K. Evanylo, R R. Youngman, J Luna

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A conventional grazing and crop production system and a sustainable system with integrated grazing and crop production were compared in a farm-scale experiment. The objective was to improve sustainability through improved nutrient management and reduced off-farm chemical use while retaining productivity and profitability. Each system involved 48 steers per year and 32 hectares of crop and pasture land in four replications. Daily gains and final weights were higher (P<0.05) for steers in the Sustainable System than the Conventional System but required more supplemental hay feeding. Initially, more forage was harvested from the Sustainable System, but as grazing management improved, more forage was harvested through grazing, and harvested forage became similar between the systems. Pesticide requirements were lower and N fertilizer use was reduced more than 50% for the Sustainable System. The Sustainable System maintained total crop and livestock production potential and was at least as profitable as the Conventional System.

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Participative Management And Rehabilitation Of The Village Common Pastures In The Central Highlands Of Turkey: Importance Of Diagnostic Surveys In Project Planning And Execution, H K. Firincioglu, S Christiansen, S Unal, D Ozturk, H Basaran Jun 2024

Participative Management And Rehabilitation Of The Village Common Pastures In The Central Highlands Of Turkey: Importance Of Diagnostic Surveys In Project Planning And Execution, H K. Firincioglu, S Christiansen, S Unal, D Ozturk, H Basaran

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Most of the pastures in the central highlands of Turkey have been replaced by cereal production over the last 50 years. Also, the mismanagement of the existing pastures, i.e., early grazing and over stocking of animals, has resulted in severe degradation of pasture species. A study, involving a multidisciplinary approach, was initiated and included botanical and socio-economic surveys, improvement of village-based feed resources, and realistic livestock feeding schemes to put limited feed resources to best use. Results of socioeconomic survey studies in selected villages are presented as prerequisite information for initiation of a forage, livestock and range rehabilitation project.

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Participatory Planning, Monitoring And Evaluation Of Grassland Management In West Africa, A Waters-Bayer, W Bayer Jun 2024

Participatory Planning, Monitoring And Evaluation Of Grassland Management In West Africa, A Waters-Bayer, W Bayer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

To gain a firmer base for supporting development projects in the West African savanna, a study was made of existing experiences in participatory planning with pastoralists. Promising methods were then selected by a natural resource management project in the Sahel of Burkina Faso. Tools such as maps, matrices and Venn diagrammes were applied with pastoralists using communal grazing areas. Rather than establishing fixed landuse plans, it was necessary to build up platforms representing various groups of grassland users who negotiate modes of management, monitor its effectiveness, and constantly re-adjust plans on the basis of their joint assessment.

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Effect Of Variation In The Quality Of Forage Maize Silage In Ireland On Forage Intake And On Milk Production Of Dairy Cows, J J. Fitzgeald Jun 2024

Effect Of Variation In The Quality Of Forage Maize Silage In Ireland On Forage Intake And On Milk Production Of Dairy Cows, J J. Fitzgeald

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In three experiments maize silages which varied in quality, i.e. starch content and dry matter digestibility (DMD) replaced a high proportion (60-67%) of grass silage in the diet of cows in early or mid-lactation. In each experiment the forages were supplemented with concentrates (4 or 6 kg/cow/day). Replacing high quality grass silages (DMD 750 g/kg) with high quality maize silages (starch 219 or 355 g/kg DM, DMD 694 or 754 g/kg) significantly increased forage intake, milk yield, milk protein concentration and the yield of fat and protein (Experiments 1 and 3). Replacing grass silage with a low starch maize silage …

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Nitrogen Fertilizer Effects Upon Silage Composition And Quality Of Lolium Multiflorum, L., E M. Viviani Rossi, L M. Gutierrez, E Moreno, A Mazzanti Jun 2024

Nitrogen Fertilizer Effects Upon Silage Composition And Quality Of Lolium Multiflorum, L., E M. Viviani Rossi, L M. Gutierrez, E Moreno, A Mazzanti

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this study was to determine the ensiling properties of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L) fertilized with different doses of nitrogen. A pure ryegrass pasture was sown in March 1994 and six N doses (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg N.ha-1) were applied in August 1994. The lots were harvested 60 days after fertilization. The harvested material was chopped and stored for about 60 days in 5 l Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) laboratory silos, and replicated 3 times. Values of DM, IVDMD, TN, NDF, WSC, pH, NH3-N and Sol-N were determined. A completely randomized design was applied, …

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