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Impact Of Catastrophic Brain Injury Guidelines On Organ Donation Rates, Kristen D. Nordham, Danielle Tatum, Abdallah S. Attia, Mayur B. Patel, Anil Paramesh, Juan C. Duchesne, Jeffry Nahmias, Amelia W. Maiga, Allan B. Peetz, Pascal O. Udekwu, Anquonette Stiles, Chloe Shell, Joshua D. Stodghill, Taneen Maghsoudi, Erin Iacullo, Bryant Mclafferty, Erin Coonan, Ryan M. Boudreau, Steven A. Zimmerman, Berje Shammassian, Tanya Egodage, Isabella Aramento, Patrick Morris, Jacob Metheny, Michael S. Farrell, Matthew D. Painter, Owen T. Mccabe, Philomene Spadafore

Surgery Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND One third of organ donors suffer catastrophic brain injury (CBI). There are no standard guidelines for the management of traumatic CBI prior to brain death, and not all trauma centers have institutional CBI guidelines. In addition, there is high variability in management between institutions with guidelines. Catastrophic brain injury guidelines vary and may include various combinations of hormone therapy, vasopressors, fluid resuscitation, and other practices. We hypothesized that centers with CBI guidelines have higher organ donation rates than those without. METHODS This prospective, observational EAST-sponsored multicenter trial included adult (18+ years old) traumatic-mechanism CBI patients at 33 level I …

The Physiology Of Exercise, Rosie Lanphere

Open Educational Resources

The Physiology of Exercise (3rd Edition) is an essential resource for upper-level undergraduates studying exercise science. Written by Rosie Lanphere, PhD, CSCS, this text provides a clear and comprehensive exploration of how the human body responds and adapts to physical activity.

Covering metabolism, energy expenditure, and the integrated roles of the nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine, muscular, and respiratory systems, this edition reflects the latest research and practical applications in the field.

Designed with students in mind, each chapter includes learning objectives, key terms, and scholarly questions to reinforce understanding. Whether preparing for a career in exercise science or professional certification, this …

Trace Level Benzoylecgonine Detections In Equine Plasma/Serum – A Proposed Interim Plasma Level Regulatory “Cut-Off“, Andreas F. Lehner, Kimberly Brewer, Levent Dirikolu, Abelardo Morales Briceñod, Robert Holland, George Maylin, Clara Fenger, Thomas Tobin

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Cocaine is a widely used human recreational substance routinely transferring at pharmacologically irrelevant trace level amounts to non-user humans and horses. Horses and humans rapidly demethylate cocaine to benzoylecgonine which is excreted in urine at concentrations approaching two thousand times higher than the corresponding plasma cocaine concentrations. In human workplace drug testing, these usually pharmacologically irrelevant trace level urinary detections of benzoylecgonine are handled by application of a 100 ng/ml urinary “cut-off“, as presented by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In horse racing several American states have long used published urinary “cut-offs“ for benzoylecgonine of from …

Impact Of Feeding Different Fat Sources And Levels Of Vitamin E Isoforms To Heavy Slaughter Weight (150 Kg) Pigs: Ii. Belly And Bacon Quality, Marlee Kelley, Ding Wang, Ana Paula A.A. Salim, Merlin D. Lindemann, Gregg Rentfrow, Surendranath P. Suman

Animal and Food Sciences Faculty Publications

Two independent experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of dietary fat sources and vitamin E supplementation on the characteristics of belly and bacon from heavy slaughter weights (150 kg) pigs. In experiment 1, 64 individually fed pigs (32 barrows and 32 gilts) were randomly assigned to 1 of the 8 dietary treatments in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement. Four fat sources included cornstarch (CS), tallow (TW), corn oil (CO), and coconut oil (CN). Vitamin E supplementation included alpha-tocopheryl acetate (ATA) at 11 and 200 ppm. In experiment 2, individually fed pigs (n = 72; 36 barrows, 36 gilts) …

Impact Of A 24 H Feed Withdrawal On Active Nutrient Transport, Intestinal Morphology, And Gene Expression In The Equine Small And Large Intestine, Blaire E. Aldridge-Dean, Timothy B. Lescun, John Scott Radcliffe

Animal and Food Sciences Faculty Publications

Horses are often subjected to short-term feed withdrawal (FW) pre- or post-surgery to reduce anesthetic complications. However, removing nutrients from the intestinal lumen may negatively impact intestinal health. Thirteen horses were used to determine the effects of a 24 h FW on gut barrier function, active nutrient transport, transporter gene expression, and intestinal morphology. Following 0 or 24 h FW (0FW or 24FW, respectively), horses were euthanized via overdose of sodium pentobarbital and sodium phenytoin, and segments of proximal jejunum (PJ), mid jejunum (MJ), ileum (Il), and right ventral colon (RVC) were harvested for histology (PJ and Il), gene expression, …

Piglet Nursing Location Along The Sow’S Udder Line Affects Piglet Weight Gain And Subsequent Weaning Weight, Shannon Dierking, Harold J. Monegue, Merlin Lindemann

Animal and Food Sciences Faculty Publications

Background: There is a linear correlation between piglet weaning weight and average daily gain during the post-nursery period. A key factor that influences piglet weight gain during lactation is milk intake. Thus, the variation in piglet weaning weight is hypothesized to be, to some extent, a result of differences in milk production among individual mammary glands. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of piglet nursing location throughout lactation on piglet weaning weight, with a secondary objective of determining the impact of piglet birth weight on nursing location selection. Methods: Teat pairs were labeled from anterior …

Post-Weaning Weight Gain In Pigs Is Not Affected By Moderate Duration Transport At 20 Days Of Age, Isabel B. Walpole, Alyssa A. Smith, Kaylyn G. Rudy, Dayeon Jeon, Sarah M. Innis, Brian T. Richert, J. Scott Radcliffe, J. Alex Pasternak

Animal and Food Sciences Faculty Publications

Transportation at weaning is an integral component of the American swine industry. However, the long-term effects on growth performance have not been well characterized. Previous research suggests transportation causes weight loss immediately following weaning, but few studies have followed this effect further than 7 d post-weaning, with transport causing decreased body weight in those that have. In experiment 1, average weight pigs at 20 ± 1.3 d of age were weaned and either 1) transported for 9 hour without feed and water (TR), 2) had their feed and water restricted for 9 hour (FR), or 3) were weaned and provided …

Impact Of Feeding Different Fat Sources And Levels Of Vitamin E Isoforms To Heavy Slaughter Weight (150 Kg) Pigs: I. Carcass Characteristics And Fresh Pork Quality, Marlee Kelley, Ding Wang, Gregg Rentfrow, Merlin D. Lindemann, Ana Paula A.A. Salim, Surendranath P. Suman

Animal and Food Sciences Faculty Publications

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing α-tocopheryl-acetate (ATA) and γ-tocopherol (GT) vitamin E isoforms with corn oil (CO) and tallow (TW) on carcass characteristics and meat quality characteristics of pigs grown to heavy weights (150 kg). Individually fed pigs (n = 72; 36 barrows, 36 gilts) were randomly assigned to 12 dietary treatments in a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement. Fat treatments were 5% TW and 5% CO. The vitamin E treatments included 4 levels of ATA (11, 40, 100, and 200 ppm) and 2 levels of mixed tocopherols (primarily GT; 40 and 100 …

Wet Aging For 21 Days Improves Tenderness Of Beef Biceps Femoris Muscle Without Affecting Color Stability, Ana Paula A.A. Salim, Mahesh N. Nair, Yifei Wang, Anna C.V.C.S. Canto, Gregg Rentfrow, Surendranath P. Suman

Animal and Food Sciences Faculty Publications

Beef whole-muscle cuts containing biceps femoris (BF) exhibit inferior tenderness compared to cuts from the ribs and loins. The BF is a sizeable muscle in beef round, and enhancing tenderness of BF may increase the value of beef carcasses. While wet aging for 21 d improves beef tenderness, it can compromise color. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of wet aging on color and tenderness of beef BF to identify an optimal aging duration for these quality traits. The BF muscles were collected 24 h postmortem from 8 beef carcasses (n = 8), divided into equal sections, vacuum packaged, and aged …

Effects Of Ethanol And Neuropeptide-Y Signaling On Neurogenic Markers In The Hippocampus, Cassidy Taylor Leibold

Theses and Dissertations--Psychology

According to the National Survey of Drug Use and Health in 2023, 28.9 million people over the age of 12 in the United States meet criteria for an Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). AUDs result in a range of both social and behavioral consequences, caused by damage to the central nervous system. The hippocampus is a brain structure that undergoes cellular changes in the presence of ethanol, thus causing structural and functional damage. Impairments in neurogenesis, or the production of new neurons, due to ethanol exposure result in decreased plasticity and consequently memory impairments. The mechanisms of these ethanol-induced decreases in …

The Effects Of Differential Rearing On The Social Renewal Of Fentanyl Seeking, Bree A. Humburg

Theses and Dissertations--Psychology

The role of social influences regarding addiction-like behaviors have been shown to have both positive and negative impacts. Having a positive and wide supportive social network increases the longevity of abstinence in humans (Kelly et al., 2014; Mercer et al., 2021). Rodents that have access to enriching environments that include social peers self-administer less drug and drug seek less compared to rodents in isolation (Bardo et al., 2001; Garcia & Cain, 2021; Ranaldi et al., 2011). On the other hand, social factors can increase the likelihood of relapsing (de Wit & Sayette, 2018; Yates, 2023). In preclinical models, social peers …

A Comparison Of Fecal Output Determined By Total Fecal Collection Or Titanium Dioxide In Horses, Ashley L. Fowler, Morgan B. Pyles, Susan H. Hayes, Andrea D. Crum, Laurie M. Lawrence

Animal and Food Sciences Faculty Publications

Total fecal collection studies to determine digestibility of nutrients are costly and laborious. The use of externally dosed indigestible markers, such as titanium dioxide (TiO₂), to estimate digestibility using spot samples could be advantageous, but studies validating their use in horses are inadequate. Two experiments were conducted to determine if TiO₂ in fecal spot samples effectively estimated fecal output in horses. In Exp. 1, four mature horses were fed a forage-based diet (85:15 forage: concentrate) split into two equal meals with 1.75±0.03g TiO₂/kg DM (10g TiO₂) per day top-dressed on their daily ration. …

Determining The Effects Of Light, Oxygen Diffusion, And 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal On Redox Stability Of Beef And Pork Oxymyoglobins, Rishav Kumar, Surendranath P. Suman, Runnan Li, Morgan M. Pfeiffer, Gretchen G. Mafi, Ranjith Ramanathan

Animal and Food Sciences Faculty Publications

Retail light conditions influence consumers’ perception of meat color. Previous studies have shown that lipid and myoglobin oxidation are interrelated. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE)-induced beef and pork oxymyoglobin (OxyMb) oxidation is influenced by pH, temperature, and atmospheric oxygen partial pressure. However, limited knowledge is available on the effects of HNE on myoglobin redox stability under light/dark and aerobic/anaerobic (either allow or not allow atmospheric oxygen in contact with myoglobin solution) systems. Therefore, the objective was to examine the effects of light and dark storage conditions (experiment 1) as well as to compare aerobic and anaerobic systems (experiment 2) on HNEinduced beef and …

Artificial Raising On Milk Replacer And Finishing Diet Did Not Affect Color And Oxidative Stability Of Longissimus Lumborum Muscles From Polypay Ram Lambs, Koushik Mondal, Surendranath P. Suman, Katherine G. Purvis, Gregg Rentfrow, Donald G. Ely, Brittany E. Davis, Jennifer Weinert-Nelson, Yifei Wang, Ana Paula A.A. Salim

Animal and Food Sciences Faculty Publications

Lamb production traits are affected by pre-weaning management (such as artificial raising on milk replacer) and finishing (forage vs. concentrate) strategies. The objective of the current study was to examine the effects of pre-weaning management and finishing systems on the color and oxidative stability of longissimus lumborum (LL) muscles from ram lambs. Polypay ram lambs were raised conventionally with ewes (CR; n = 10) or artificially on milk replacer (AR; n = 10). After weaning at 60 d, ram lambs in AR and CR were equally divided and randomly allocated to finishing on a high-forage (50:50 forage:concentrate; HF) or a …

Effects Of Feeding Varying Levels Of Mycotoxin-Containing Corn Fines On Diet Choice And Growth Performance Of Nursery Pigs, Duncan B. Paczosa, Tyler B. Chevalier, Sunday A. Adedokun, Lan Zheng, Merlin D. Lindemann

Animal and Food Sciences Faculty Publications

Mycotoxins in feed are known to negatively affect growth and other physiological processes in pigs. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding diets with varying levels of mycotoxins and boron (a nutrient reported to mitigate some aspects of mycotoxicosis). Screenings from the 2020 crop year corn contained mycotoxin levels of 23,038 ppb total fumonisins (FUM), 1,446 ppb zearalenone (ZEA), and 5,032 ppb total deoxynivalenol (DON). The corn fines were added to a corn-soybean meal diet formulated to meet or exceed NRC (National Research Council. 2012. Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies …

Evaluation Of Increasing Levels Of Mycotoxin-Containing Corn Fines And Mitigants On Nursery Pig Growth Performance, Duncan B. Paczosa, Tyler B. Chevalier, Sunday A. Adedokun, Lan Zheng, Merlin D. Lindemann

Animal and Food Sciences Faculty Publications

The effects of feeding corn fines (screenings) containing mycotoxin levels greater than the FDA guidance (fumonisins) and advisory (deoxynivalenol) levels were evaluated using 150 crossbred pigs (initial BW: 6.42 ± 0.06 kg; 90 barrows and 60 gilts) in an 8-wk study by adding contaminated corn fines to create six diets. The corn fines used contained prestudy analyzed mycotoxin levels of 20,334 ppb total fumonisin, 1,499 ppb zearalenone, and 5,075 ppb total deoxynivalenol. The corn fines were added into a corn-soybean meal basal diet at 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% corn fines (Diets 1 to 4, respectively). Diet 5 was created …

Factors Of Willingness To Pay For Equine Veterinary Services, Olivia Gibson, Shuoli Zhao, C. Jill Stowe

Animal and Food Sciences Faculty Publications

This study estimates correlates of willingness-to-pay (WTP) for routine, elective, and urgent equine veterinary services in the United States. Through a nationwide online survey of US horse owners aged 18 and older, a payment card approach was utilized to elicit WTP for annual vaccinations, a lameness exam, and emergency colic surgery. Based on the results from an interval regression model, we found that financial capacity, income level, and the number of horses owned were significant predictors of WTP across all three service types. These findings have implications for equine veterinary practice management and client communication regarding treatment costs.

Weighted Family History Density Of Substance Use: Influence On Participant Substance Use Onset, Escalation, And Duration, Carleigh A. Litteral

Theses and Dissertations--Psychology

Substance use disorders impose a staggering toll on the United States (U.S.), straining healthcare systems, destabilizing communities, and profoundly impacting both individuals and families. Approximately one in six Americans aged 12 and older had a past-year substance use disorder in 2022 (Key Substance Use, 2022), and nearly one-third of adults experience a substance use disorder in their lifetime (Wu, 2010), contributing to an economic burden exceeding $400 billion annually (National Drug Threat Assessment, 2011). Family history of substance use disorders is a key predictor of vulnerability, with individuals who have affected relatives being 2–8 times more …

The Effects Of Plx 3397 On Fentanyl Escalation In Male And Female Sprague-Dawley Rats, Jakob Shaykin

Theses and Dissertations--Psychology

Purpose: A hallmark characteristic of opioid use disorder (OUD) is a persons’ ‘loss of control’, which leads to the compulsion to seek and obtain opioids, resulting in increased consumption. This phenomenon is known as ‘escalation of drug intake’. Chronic opioid use causes microglial reactivity and subsequent release of proinflammatory cytokines leading to neuroinflammation, weakening one’s executive control over drug taking and ultimately leading to greater use. Previous research in our laboratory has explored heterogeneity of fentanyl intake in extended access (6-hr) sessions and identified distinct endophenotypes of fentanyl intake. Moreover, we have observed a positive correlation between Treml1 expression …

Diet And Migration In The Prehistoric Populations In The Greater Nicoya Region Of Nicaragua, Ashley Nichols Whitten

Theses and Dissertations--Anthropology

The goal of this three-paper dissertation was to engage with the archaeological hypotheses of prehistoric migration from Mesoamerica into the Greater Nicoya Region of Nicaragua. To that aim, this dissertation contains a discussion on the current information supporting and refuting the migratory hypotheses. New data is also presented in the form of stable isotope analysis and bioarcheological analysis of dentition from prehistoric archaeological sites in Pacific Nicaragua.

The first paper titled “Prehistoric Foodways and Migration Hypotheses in the Greater Nicoya Region of Nicaragua” outlines the current available research concerning migration out of Mesoamerica into Pacific Nicaragua. The potential migration is …

Degree Of Rurality Moderates The Association Of Sedentary Time With Cognitive Function In Rural Patients With Cardiac Diseases And Depressive Symptoms, Chin-Yen Lin, Jia-Rong Wu, Geunyeong Cha, Junghee Kang, Martha J. Biddle, Misook L. Chung, Ashmita Thapa, Mary Kay Rayens, Linda Gibson-Young, Debra K. Moser

Nursing Faculty Publications

Background: Prolonged sedentary time has been linked to impaired cognitive outcomes. However, the impact of sedentary time on cognitive function at different degrees of rurality is not yet well understood in patients with cardiac diseases and depressive symptoms.

Purpose: To determine whether degree of rurality moderates the relationship between sedentary time and cognitive function.

Methods: This study includes 135 coronary heart disease or heart failure patients, primarily residing in rural Kentucky, including Appalachian areas, United States. Sedentary time was measured by the average daily sedentary time (in minutes) using accelerometry (ActiGraph). Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Blind. …

A Review Of The Association Between Dietary Intake And Brain Iron Levels In Older Adults: Preliminary Findings And Future Directions., Valentinos Zachariou, Christopher E. Bauer, Colleen A. Pappas, Brian T. Gold

Behavioral Science Faculty Publications

Background/Objectives: Non-heme iron is essential for critical neuronal functions such as ATP generation, synaptogenesis, neurotransmitter synthesis, and myelin formation. However, as non-heme iron accumulates with age, excessive levels can contribute to oxidative stress, potentially disrupting neuronal integrity and contributing to cognitive decline. Despite growing evidence linking high brain iron with poorer cognitive performance, there are currently no proven methods to reduce brain iron accumulation in aging or to protect cognitive function from iron’s negative effects. Recent studies suggest that nutrition may influence brain iron levels, though the evidence remains limited and mixed. Methods: In this review, we explore recent findings, …

Myosin Xva Isoforms Participate In The Mechanotransduction-Dependent Remodeling Of The Actin Cytoskeleton In Auditory Stereocilia, Ana I. López-Porras, Ava M. Kruse, Mark T. Mcclendon, A. Catalina Vélez-Ortega

Neurology Faculty Publications

Auditory hair cells form precise and sensitive staircase-like actin protrusions known as stereocilia. These specialized microvilli detect deflections induced by sound through the activation of mechano-electrical transduction (MET) channels located at their tips. At rest, a small MET channel current results in a constant calcium influx which regulates the morphology of the actin cytoskeleton in the shorter ‘transducing’ stereocilia. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this novel type of activity-driven plasticity in the stereocilium cytoskeleton are currently unknown. Here, we tested the contribution of myosin XVA (MYO15A) isoforms, given their known roles in the regulation of stereocilia dimensions during hair …

Nutraceutical Supplement Mitigates Insulin Resistance In Horses With A History Of Insulin Dysregulation During A Challenge With A High-Starch Diet, Caroline Loos, Annette Castelein, Eric Vanzant, Emma Adam, Kyle R. Mcleod

Animal and Food Sciences Faculty Publications

Insulin dysregulation (ID) is associated with an increased risk of laminitis which often necessitates the need for clinical intervention. To test the contention that the prophylactic supplementation of nutraceuticals could mitigate ID in susceptible horses, 16 mature horses with a history of ID were supplemented with either the placebo (n = 8) or nutraceutical (n = 8) once daily. Horses were housed in dry lots with ad libitum access to grass hay and fed a concentrate twice daily to provide 0.5 g starch/kg BW/meal. A combined glucose–insulin tolerance test was performed on all horses before and after 4 weeks of …

Progesterone Regulates Tissue Non-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (Tnsalp) Expression And Activity In Ovine Utero-Placental Tissues, Claire Stenhouse, Katherine M. Halloran, Emily C. Hoskins, Robyn M. Moses, Guoyao Wu, Heewon Seo, Gregory A. Johnson, Larry J. Suva, Dana Gaddy, Fuller W. Bazer

Animal and Food Sciences Faculty Publications

Background: Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP; encoded by the ALPL gene) has a critical role in the postnatal regulation of phosphate homeostasis, yet how TNSALP activity and expression are regulated during pregnancy remain largely unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that progesterone (P4) and/or interferon tau (IFNT) regulate TNSALP activity during pregnancy in sheep. Methods: In Exp. 1, ewes were bred and received daily intramuscular injections of either corn oil vehicle (CO) or 25 mg progesterone in CO (P4) for the first 8 days of pregnancy and were hysterectomized on either Day 9, 12, or 125 of gestation. In Exp. …

Importance Of Tropical Pasture Seed Quality And Factors Affecting It In Smallholder Farming System, H F. Chin, C C. Wong

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Most tropical pastures are associated with and confined to smaJlholder animal production in developing countries of the tropics, with the exception of Australia. At present, tropical pasture seeds are very variable and poor in quality, as tropical herbage seed production is relatively new compared with that for temperate systems. Many tropical species are relatively wild and have yet to be domesticated and selected for pasture use, let alone for seed production characteristics. The unfavourable production and storage environment of the wet tropics, coupled with a lack of appropriate technology, also contributes towards poor quality in tropical pasture seeds. In this …

Integration Of Pastoral And Non-Pastoral Uses On Temperate Rangelands With Cold Winters In Developed Countries, T J. Maxwell, W A. Laycock

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The demands of the relatively wealthy and sophisticated societies of developed countries, with their substantial amounts of leisure time and discretionary income, are having an increasing impact on temperate rangelands in a variety of ways. Some parts of these societies are concerned to protect the landscapes, habitats, wildlife and solitude that can be found there, and wish to constrain any further development within these ecosystems; others also wish .to gain ready access to these resources for hunting, recreation and sport and believe that this requires the exclusion of domesticated livestock. Temperate rangelands are frequently used as water catchments and some …

Harvesting And Processing Techniques Of Tropical Grass And Legume Seeds For Smallfarmers, Lumyai Kowithayakorn, Chaisang Phaikaew

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

For smallfarmers of forage legumes and grasses in Thailand, manual harvesting and cleaning of leguminous seeds have been widely practised because of cheap and available labour. Tropical grasses produce more seeds than can be harvested; hence it is necessary to find means to improve harvesting and processing techniques in order to obtain high standards of both quality and quantity of seed. The main obstacles could be due to prolonged flowering nnd grain filling periods of individual seedheads resulting in the uneven ripening of seeds at harvest. Premature seeds cause low yields and low quality nt harvests in many species. Flowering …

Control Of Oxytropis Ochrocephala Bge. On The Mountainous Pasture Of Southern Ningxia, China, Guo Sijia, Chen Yizhong, Li Kechang, Xu Rong

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Oxytropls ochrocephala Bge., the main poisonous plant on the mountainous pasture in southern Ningxia, has Increased dramatically as a result of overgrazing, The results of a series of studies on control of this plant show the following 3 ways are effective, (1) Spraying selective herbicide Butylate which makes the unpalatable dicotyledons drop by 37% and poisonous plant drop by 86.8% while the palatable grasses increase by 230%; the total yield is raised by 5.4%. This method can both control the poisonous plant and improve the pasture. (2) Spraying herbicides Starane, T-101, D-250, etc., which can specifically kill Oxytropis ochrocephala …

Commercial Seed Production Of Tropical Forage Grasses And Legumes In Costa Rica, Rosemary Sylvester-Bradley, J E. Ferguson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

ABSTRACT A commercial seed enterprise with the initial objective of producing and marketing seeds of recently selected pasture species (Brachriaria dictyoneura and Arachis pintoi) oo small farms in the south west of Costa Rica is described. Farmers provide land and fencing and use the seed plots for grazing when not In the flowering period. The enterprise provides labour and technical organisation for establishment and seed production. Costs of organisation, and research and development work were greater than production costs; To achieve profitability the enterprise needs to increase net income possibly through share-cropping including animal production, and diversification into …