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Articles 2041 - 2070 of 2227
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Bottom Reflection In A Shallow Tidal Bay, S B. Mahongo
Bottom Reflection In A Shallow Tidal Bay, S B. Mahongo
Tanzania Journal of Science
Bottom reflection of short-wave radiation was investigated using measurements taken from a platform in a shallow tidal lagoon on the eastern coast of Zanzibar, the Chwaka bay. Measurements were taken from 18 January to 9 February, 1996. The investigation was facilitated using a simple model of shallow water reflectance. The presumption that bottom reflection plays a significant role in the heat budget of the bay has been found to be incorrect. The computed mean value of the flux due to bottom reflection during this period was only of the order of 2Wm-2, and it is unlikely that variations …
Sustaina Bility Of Irrigation Schemes For Small-Scale Farmers: A Case Study Of Irrigation Scheme At Buleya Malima, Gwembe Valley, Zambia, Masinja R
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
A study to determine facrors influencing sustainability of smallholder irrigation schemes was carried our a! Buleya Malima, Southern Province, 7_nnzbia. These factors included technical and socio-economic factors. found Out that the technical factors were 26.5, 64.5 and 9.2 percent for application efficiency, tailwater ratio and deep percolation, respectively, indicating that farmers wasted water mainly through tailwater runoff.From socio-economic point of view, the study indicated that the scheme lacked (i) farmer participation in designing and planning operation of the scheme (ii) managerial ability and innovativeness to form their own viable organisation: and (iii) formal training in technical operations of irrigation, infrastructure …
Kiln Design And Fuel Wood Consumption In Fish Smoking, E Mushi
Kiln Design And Fuel Wood Consumption In Fish Smoking, E Mushi
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
In this paper. a load flow solution for the Medium Voltage (MY) three-phase radial distribution in delta-delta (A — A) connected network supplying different line topologies such as three phase, phase to phase and single-wire earth return (SWER) networks is presented. The general voltage related network equations are developed using Kirchhoff's voltage and current laws. Development ofa solution to the loadflow analysis applying the developed general voltage related network equations is proposed in order to evaluate the network voltage profile. Various numbers of arrays are developed for the identification of the network under study. The proposed method is a new …
Trends Of Microcomputer Technology In Developing Countries, With More Focus On Tanzanian Experiences: Achievements And Problems, Satoki Mahenge
Trends Of Microcomputer Technology In Developing Countries, With More Focus On Tanzanian Experiences: Achievements And Problems, Satoki Mahenge
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
Trends of microcomputer technology in developing countries, including Tanzanian. is like a 'mixed bag' of achievement and problems. Although rhe technology has been available for many years in developed world, developing countries are responding to it differently due to differences in political and economic policies. Some countries have acrimonious policies on the technology, some not. There are countries which utilize fully the technology in work places and others are still at dilemma on the importation of the technology due to what is 'claimed to be a weak economy in the presence Of many other pressing needs'. Other countries seem to …
Experimental Study Of Rural Brick Burning In Iringa And Mbeya Regions, E Mushi
Experimental Study Of Rural Brick Burning In Iringa And Mbeya Regions, E Mushi
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
In this paper results are presented Of a study conducted between June and December 1997. on nine brick firing kilns in Iringa and Mbeya. The locations for rhe study were Mahenje and Iloniba in Mbeya Region and Igumbilo in Iringa region. Three kilns were investigated in each location. For each kiln the process was followed from the laying Of the bricks into a kiln to the opening Of thc kiln for renu)val Of the bricks in preparation for the selling. Different weights and tenperatures were Taken a,' different times. Firing wet bricks results in consumption of 33.63 % of the …
Design Considerations For A Three-Phase Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor, S Manyele
Design Considerations For A Three-Phase Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor, S Manyele
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
The design Of a three-phase fluidized bed bioreactor using novel biomass support for industrial wastewater treatment is reported in this paper. A column of 0.20 m diameter with variable height up to 6.60 m equipped with a foam breaker tank was designed, commissioned and operated. A novel biomass support, KMTR support, has been used Separate gas and liquid feeding systems were designed to facilitate proper bioreactor operation. A flat distriburor plate with 4 mm holes- diameter was desined A study on the hydrodynamic properties of the three-phase fluidized bed bioreactor revealed high values of bed expansion and air hold-ups. Purification …
Development And Evaluation Of A New Soil Erosion- Productivity Index Model (Sepim), Metthew Mulengera
Development And Evaluation Of A New Soil Erosion- Productivity Index Model (Sepim), Metthew Mulengera
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
A soil erosion-productivity model which considers rhe effect of soil water storage Capacity. crop evapotranspiration, soil chemical and physical properties inrporrantfor Crop growth has been developed. The model is shown to give good predictions and it promises to be an improvement over the former productivity Index (PI). It also promises to give more reliable results than the currently used /nodels which consider only soil water storage capacity and crop e ' 'apotransp iration.
Use Of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Probes In Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants, S Manyele
Use Of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Probes In Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants, S Manyele
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
A study on use Of dissolved oxygen probes (DOP) for measurement Of oxygen concentration in warer and wastewater treatment is presented. The principles Of operation, design considerations and selection criteria for Two types of probes, viz. galvanic and polarographic, are discussed Use of polarographic probes in n rhree-phase fluidized bed bioreactor and in laboratory experiments is presented and discussed. The effect of airflow rate and treatment time on dissolved oxygen concentration was found to be significant. It was found that polarographic probes are important equipment in determining the pollution of the industrial effluents. Finally, the use of the DOC probes …
Global Warming: A Threat To Human Societies And Natural Ecosystems, Yunus D. Mgaya
Global Warming: A Threat To Human Societies And Natural Ecosystems, Yunus D. Mgaya
Tanzania Journal of Science
The possible influences of increases of mean sea surface temperatures are briefly reviewed. It is virtually certain that human activities are changing the composition and behavior of the atmosphere, leading to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases. Recent analyses and model predations show that risks to human societies and natural ecosystems from enhanced greenhouse effect may be large. A rising sea level could result in quite dramatic changes in maritime boundaries (as states to act to protect their maritime zones. It is concluded that in setting management goals with respect to mitigating the effects of global warming, one needs to recognize …
Evidence For A Shore-Normal Energy Gradient And Its Character In The Speiekeroog Back Barrier Tidal Flats, German North Sea Coast, N Nyandwi
Tanzania Journal of Science
Sediment distribution in the Spiekeroog backbarrier tidal flats has been studied with the aim of identifying the factors controlling their deposition. Form the mainland coast northwards three physiographic units are recognizable namely, the tidal flats adjacent to the coast, the tidal channels with the intervening flats and the dunes and tidal flats adjoining Spiekeroog island. The areal distribution of the sand fraction (˂4.0 phi) shows a shore normal energy gradient with increasing energy towards the sea. Very fine sands are found very close to the mainland coast, fine to very fine in the central part and fine sand on the …
Effect Of Filter Pore Size For Liquid Effluent Removal On The Performance Of An Artificial Rumen Reactor, Amelia Kajumulo Kivaisi, Martin Barugahare
Effect Of Filter Pore Size For Liquid Effluent Removal On The Performance Of An Artificial Rumen Reactor, Amelia Kajumulo Kivaisi, Martin Barugahare
Tanzania Journal of Science
The effect of filter pore size on performance of an artificial rumen reactor was studied. Filter units of pore sizes in the range of 10-300 mm were used in the reactor to separate the solids from the fermentation liquid at solid and liquid retention times of 72 and 12 h, respectively. The overall performance of the reactor decrease markedly with increasing filter pore size. Total cellulose activity and substrate degradation decreased by 70 and 30% respectively, when the pre sizes changed from 10 to 300 mm. ciliate protozoa decreased in number with increasing filter pore size and were almost completely …
Characterization Of Iron Sulfides Form Lake Victoria Gold Field, Jwa Kondoro, Ca Kiwanga
Characterization Of Iron Sulfides Form Lake Victoria Gold Field, Jwa Kondoro, Ca Kiwanga
Tanzania Journal of Science
Iron sulphides form the Lake Victoria gold field have been characterized using Mossbauer spectroscopy. Thirteen iron sulphide samples have been categorized into four groups depending on which of the following phases is dominant: monoclinic pyrrhotite, hexagonal pyrrhotite, pyrite or non sulphide phases. A discussion on the characterization of the different phases is given in the paper
Dispersion Of Heavy Metals Along Msimbazi River Basin In Dar Es Salaam, Jwa Kondoro
Dispersion Of Heavy Metals Along Msimbazi River Basin In Dar Es Salaam, Jwa Kondoro
Tanzania Journal of Science
Several locations of Msimbazi River, a prominent river basin passing through the urban area of Dar es Salaam into the Indian Ocean were sampled for about six months. The sampled specimens of water and sediments were investigated for the extent of heavy metal pollution using atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and X-Ray Fluorescence analysis (XRF) techniques. The major elements of interest in this study were Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu and Cr. Water analysis showed low concentrations for most of the elements. However, sediments showed significant concentration level in various stretches of the river basin for certain elements. The report analyses distribution …
Application Of Multivariate Analysis In The Exploration For Tin In Granites: A Study Of Granites From Northwestern Tanzania Using Discriminant Function And Factor Analysis, J.R. Ikingura
Tanzania Journal of Science
Variations in major and trace element Composition of granites from Karagwe-Ankolean (NE Kibaran) belt in northwestern Tanzania have been investigated by factor analysis and discriminant function statistical methods, The variations are attributed to three main factors. Factor 1 is positively loaded with CaO, MgO, Fe2O3 (Fe total), TiO2, MnO, Ba, Sr, Zr and Y, and negatively loaded with P2O5, SiO2, B and Rb. Factor 2 is positively loaded with Na2O, P2O5 Mno, Sn, Li, Rb and Y, and negatively loaded with TiO2, K2 …
Uplift And Erosion Of The Livingstone Basin Rift Flanks, Malawi (Nyasa) Rift, East Africa: Apatite Fission Track Analysis, Mbede E. I
Tanzania Journal of Science
Apatite fission track (AFT) dating is a method applied in neotectonic studies of sedimentary basin and in constraining uplift histories of rift flanks. Dating of 20 AFT samples of basement rocks flanking the Livingstone (Karonga/Tukuyu) basin on the northern edge of the Malawi (Nyasa) rift is used to analyse the uplift and erosionofthe basin flanks. Results suggest that in the Livingstone basin, rift-related uplift and erosion of the flanks has modified the topographic patterns. The high elevation of the Livingstone Mountains is related to regionally distributed isostatic rebound, whereas the topography of the hanging wall flank has probably been severely …
Gravity Data Interpretation Of The Usangu Baisin Tanzania, I.M. Marobhe, E.I. Mbede
Gravity Data Interpretation Of The Usangu Baisin Tanzania, I.M. Marobhe, E.I. Mbede
Tanzania Journal of Science
The shape and geometry of Rift of basins is best expressed by looking at the depth to basement maps. It is now an accepted idea that the Rift basins are spoon shaped bounded on one side by a border fault (BF) which is normally the side of maximum sediment deposition. Gravity data from Usangu Basin collected by Amoco in 1985 are here interpreted to decipher the shape and the geometry of the Basin. Results suggest that the Usangu basin shape is similar to the other Rift Basins within the East African Rift System (EARS). The basin, is however, traversed by …
Natural Zeolites For Pollution Control An Overview, M.M. Makweba
Natural Zeolites For Pollution Control An Overview, M.M. Makweba
Tanzania Journal of Science
Natural zeolites are minerals characterized by a framework of alumino-silicate whose structure contains channels occupied by water and exchangeable cations. The common known zeolites which occur in sedimentary rocks of volcanic origin include analcime, clinoptilolite, heulandite laumontite, philipsite, chabazite, erionite and mordenite. The zeolites have been studied in detail on their physical and chemical propertied. The ability of zeolite minerals like clinoptilolite to remove Cs-137 and Sr-90 from radioactive waste waters and to remove ammonium ions from municipal waste waters has been a milestone for zeolites to be applicable in pollution control. In Tanzania, zeolites occurrences have been reported in …
Algal Stromatolites From The Late Permian Lacustrine Sediments Of Tanzania, C.Z. Kaaya
Algal Stromatolites From The Late Permian Lacustrine Sediments Of Tanzania, C.Z. Kaaya
Tanzania Journal of Science
Thin bed of algal stromatolites and oolites occur within a distinct stratigraphic unit (60-120 m thick) in the Late Permian (Karoo) lacustrine sedimetns of the Ruhuhu Basin in SW Tanzania. The stromatolites vary from a few centimeters to 50 cm high and exhibit 4 morphotypes: 1) bulbous or domal 2) columnar. Branching and non-branching varieties are common in the two morphotypes. The other two are : 3) laminated mats and 4) oncolites. All four types may occur in one bed. Filamentous algae were responsible for the building up of the stromatolites in which there was more precipitation of calcite than …
Determination Of Tine In Geological Samples By Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence With A Secondary Target, J. M. J. Kahatano, M. Mwambeule
Determination Of Tine In Geological Samples By Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence With A Secondary Target, J. M. J. Kahatano, M. Mwambeule
Tanzania Journal of Science
Tin has been determined in seven international geochemical reference samples with energy-dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence using an X-ray tube with a secondary target, after optimization of the working parameters and instrument settings. The tin values obtained in this work quite satisfactorily lie within ranges reported in the literature or recommended by the suppliers of the reference samples. The method can therefore be applied to supplement other analytical techniques in the elemental analysis of geochemical samples.
Physical Controls Of Mud Deposition In A Backbarrier System, Spiekeroog Island German Wadden Sea, N. Nyandwi
Physical Controls Of Mud Deposition In A Backbarrier System, Spiekeroog Island German Wadden Sea, N. Nyandwi
Tanzania Journal of Science
The areal distribution of the mean grain size of the sand fraction indicates presence of a shore-normal energy gradient with a shoreward fining from a mean grain size of 2.0 phi (0.25 mm) on Spiekeroog island to 3.5 phi (0.09) mm) near the dyke which forms the landward boundary of the tidal flat. This energy gradient is also reflected by the shoreward increase in the mud content of the sediment. Until recently, the relation of the mud distribution to the energy level variation in the Wadden Sea was not clearly known. Purely mud zones (˃ 50% mud) occur in the …
Stratigraphy And Tectonic Evolution Of The Palaeoproterozoic Usagaran Belt In South-Eastern Tanzania, A.H. Mruma
Stratigraphy And Tectonic Evolution Of The Palaeoproterozoic Usagaran Belt In South-Eastern Tanzania, A.H. Mruma
Tanzania Journal of Science
The palaeoproterzoic Usagaran Belt is bordered by the Archaean Tanzanian Craton to the NW and the Mozambique Belt to the east. It is made up of the following three stratigraphic units:- (i) The lithodemic sillimanite, kyanite and cordierite gneiss lithodemes and pyroxene-garnet amphibolite lithodemes (ii) The lithostratigraphic Konse Group : greenschist to lower amphibolite facies metasedimentary and metavolcanic formations. (iii) The metavolcanic Ndembera Group; a possible lateral equivalent of the konse. Furthermore, the belt contains a post-tectonic gabbro-granitoid suite. The mutual stratigraphic relationship of the konse and Isimani has been a matter of dispute. However, the field observations described in …
The Mozambique Of Eastern Tanzania: Evidence For Pan-African Reactivation Of Early Proterozoic Usagaran Basement, M.A.H. Maboko
The Mozambique Of Eastern Tanzania: Evidence For Pan-African Reactivation Of Early Proterozoic Usagaran Basement, M.A.H. Maboko
Tanzania Journal of Science
The high grade metamorphic rocks of Eastern Tanzania belong to two distinct tectonothermal belts; the early Proterozoic Usagaran Belt and the late Proterozoic (Pan–African) Mozambique Belt. Rocks of the Usagaran Belt, which locally sow evidence of eclogite facies metamorphism, experienced peak metamorphic conditions at ⁓ 2000 Ma. Tectonic activity in the Usagaran added at ⁓ 1800 Ma with the emplacement of post-organic granites. In contrast, the Mozambique Belt, which is characterized by extensive granulite complexes, experienced peak metamorphic conditions at about 700 Ma. Due to the similarity of both structural trends and metamorphic grade, the boundary between the two belts …
Weathering On The Alkaline Rocks Of The Mbozi Gabbro Syenite Complex Sw–Tanzanian, East Africa, M.K.D. Mutakyahwa
Weathering On The Alkaline Rocks Of The Mbozi Gabbro Syenite Complex Sw–Tanzanian, East Africa, M.K.D. Mutakyahwa
Tanzania Journal of Science
The Mbozi gabbro syenite complex is about 800 Ma and is associated with the Bukoban tectonic episode. Tectonically it follows the regional strike direction of the Ubendian System, which is a part of the polycyclic Mozambique mobile belt. The complex is a typical ring structure with the central part down-faulted. Deep weathering profiles on the ring structure were developed on a peneplain and as a result of uplift intersected hilly landscape of early tertiary times. The truncated 5-15m thick weathering profiles occur on three rock types, olivine gabbro, pyroxenite and nepheline perthite syenite (pethoste). The chemical and mineralogical processes of …
Palynostratigraphy Of Cretaceous Sediments, Rufiji Basin, Tanzania, E. Msaky
Palynostratigraphy Of Cretaceous Sediments, Rufiji Basin, Tanzania, E. Msaky
Tanzania Journal of Science
Cretaceous sediments from Luhio - 1 borehole drilled in the Rufiji basin yielded a palynomorph assemblage of spromorphs and dinoflagellate cyst species. The age of the sediments penetrated ranges from Early Cretaceous (Albian) to Late Cretaceous (Senonian). The Early Cretaceous is characterized by presence of the following dinocyst key species: Litosphaeridium arundum, Dinopterygium tuberculatum, Florentinia Cooksoniae, Systematophora cretacea and Oligosphaeridium pulcherrimum. The Late Cretaceous (Senonian) is characterized by the presence of the following dinocyst key species: Cannosphaeropsis utinensis, Dionogymnium pustulicostatum, Florentinia ferox, Odontochitina porifera, Odontochitina operculata, Xenascus sarjeantii and Xiphophoridium asteriforme …
Silica Spherules In Chrysoprase From Haneti-Itiso Area, Cental Tanzania, E.P. Malisa
Silica Spherules In Chrysoprase From Haneti-Itiso Area, Cental Tanzania, E.P. Malisa
Tanzania Journal of Science
Apple green gem quality chrysoprase from haneti-Itiso area, central Tanzania was studied. Under the microscope the chrysoprase shows highly disordered spherules which are concentric. Composed of bipyramidal quartz, chalcedony quartzite and opal-A. The spherules were classified into four main types according to the shell arrangement. The diameter of the spherules ranged from 40 μm 77 μm. Fluid inclusion types in bipyramidal quartz were monophasic low temperature type. Mineralogical properties indicated refractive indices to be 1.548 to 1.553 (±0.002), mean specific gravity 2.56, hardness about 7 on Moho’s scale, inert to ultraviolet radiation, green though Chelsea filter, and absorption in the …
Design Approach For Small Scale Continuous, Steady State Plants, O Kaunde
Design Approach For Small Scale Continuous, Steady State Plants, O Kaunde
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
One of the major steps in the design of a process plant is development of an appiopriate flowsheet. At this step, the technical solutions may be con- sidered in relation to the social and economic factors. In this paper, guide- lines for developing a flowsheet for continuous, steady State process in a developing country environment have been proposed. To illustrate the pro- posed guidelines, a case study involving design of an ethanol distillation plant has been used.
Experimental Investigation On The Use Of Native Biomass As Biosorbents For Metal Pollutant Removal, R Litto
Experimental Investigation On The Use Of Native Biomass As Biosorbents For Metal Pollutant Removal, R Litto
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
Waste water treatment is a perrnunent task. Many novel techniques have emerge in recent years and one of them is using biomass in removing heavy- metals. In this research screening and preliminary optimization experi- ments have identified different types of abundant biomass which can accu- mulate heavy metals such as Fe3*, C03•, Cu2+ and ftvm effluent. Cystoseira Myrica has a high uptake ofCr3+ while Sargassum Polycystum has been found to have a high uptake 0fFe3+. Observed biosorption kinet- ics shows rapid initial stage, followed by slower second stage and the amount of material adsorbed increases linearly as its concentration in …
Improved Heat Transfer By Means Of Steam Injection In A Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger, O Kaunde
Improved Heat Transfer By Means Of Steam Injection In A Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger, O Kaunde
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
When designing a heat exchanger; one aims at attaining high heat transfer rates SO as to minimise heat transfer area and therefore the overall cost. This paper presents a method of improving the overall heat travsfer coef- ficient of a conventional shell and tube heal exchanger. The method in- volves injecting steam into the process fluid as it enters the heat exchanger thus effecting mixing of fluid as it travels along the exchanger Tests car- • ried out using this technique showed a significant increase in the overall heat transfer coefficient values.
Model For Complete Drawdown Of Floating Solids In Stirred Tank Reactors, J Mmbaga
Model For Complete Drawdown Of Floating Solids In Stirred Tank Reactors, J Mmbaga
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
A Semi-empirical model has been developed on the basis of Kolmogoroff's theory of isotropic turbulence to determine the minimum drawdown speed for floating solids in a mechanically agitated vessel. An adjustable pa- rameter in the model is found to be afunction of impeller type and position in a vessel. A simplified representation of macroscopicflow pattern, rep- resenting the circulation flow in a vessel depending on impeller pumping characteristic is developed to account for recirculation pattern.
A Fracture Kinetics Analysis Of Hydrogen Embrwi'lement, J Mshana
A Fracture Kinetics Analysis Of Hydrogen Embrwi'lement, J Mshana
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
In studies on stress corrosion cracking caused by hydrogen embrittlement of metals, it has been observed that within the high remperature range rhe Armenius activation energy is negative. This is quite unusual Since ther- mall)' activated crack g.'vwth processes are controlled by positive appar- ent activation energy. The unders/auding of this effect is of inleavst to design and maintenance engineers. The study demonstrates, with a syn- thesis method, a physically rigorous and rational kinetics Of thermally activated processes of some aspects ofenvironment assisted crack growth. It is show that the observed crack growth behavior may be described by single barrier …