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Addressing Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence: Fair Data Generation And Classification And Analyzing Algorithmic Curation In Social Media, Amirarsalan Rajabi Jan 2022

Addressing Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence: Fair Data Generation And Classification And Analyzing Algorithmic Curation In Social Media, Amirarsalan Rajabi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

With the growing impact of artificial intelligence, the topic of fairness in AI has received increasing attention. Artificial intelligence is observed to have caused unanticipated negative consequences. In this dissertation, we address two critical aspects regarding human-centered artificial intelligence (HCAI), a new paradigm for developing artificial intelligence that is ethical, fair, and helps to improve the human condition. In the first part of this dissertation, we investigate the effect that AI curation of contents by social media platforms has on an online discussions, by studying a polarized discussion in the Twitter network. We then develop a network communication model that …


Synthesis, Characterization, And Modeling Of Thermo-Responsive Hydrogels With Improved Mechanical Strength And Swelling Kinetics, Marilu Ortiz Nieves Jan 2022

Synthesis, Characterization, And Modeling Of Thermo-Responsive Hydrogels With Improved Mechanical Strength And Swelling Kinetics, Marilu Ortiz Nieves

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Hydrogels have been extensively studied for use in applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, wound dressing, actuators, valves, and sensors in Micromechanical Systems (MEMS), among others. Thermo-responsive hydrogels in particular pose various advantages such as their capability to respond to an external stimulus and reverse the response when the stimulus is removed and the ability to imbibe a significant amount of solvent and increase their volume by over 1000%. Extensive research has been conducted to tune and improve hydrogel’s rate and degree of swelling and mechanical properties. Previous work showed that when synthetic clay (Laponite) is cross-linked with …


The Direct And Indirect Effects Of Strategic Displacement On Territorial Control In Conventional Civil War, Jennifer Hudson Jan 2022

The Direct And Indirect Effects Of Strategic Displacement On Territorial Control In Conventional Civil War, Jennifer Hudson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Which strategies contribute towards a belligerent's ability to shift territorial control in its favor more quickly than others? This dissertation advances a theory of territorial control dynamics in conventional civil war that places the civilian population at the center of the analysis. Existing scholarship explaining territorial control in conventional civil war has emphasized the role of relative military capabilities, direct military confrontations aimed at territorial conquest, and the existence of established zones of control, with civilians generally residing in areas clearly dominated by one party or another, not in contested areas. As such, theory holds that this makes the civilian …


Tuning The Fluid Wetting Dynamics On Gold Microstructures And Conductivity Of Polyaniline Using Photoactive Compounds, Ali Haghighat Mesbahi Jan 2022

Tuning The Fluid Wetting Dynamics On Gold Microstructures And Conductivity Of Polyaniline Using Photoactive Compounds, Ali Haghighat Mesbahi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Organic photochromic compounds (OPCs) are considered as a class of light sensitive compounds that undergo reversible structural transformation of their physicochemical properties (i.e., polarity and charge distribution) upon light irradiation as an external stimulus. These compounds have been extensively studied for decades, and are used in various applications such as biomedicine, chemical sensors and harvesting solar energy. In this thesis, applications of OPCs were investigated under two different projects: 1) controlling wettability of flat and microstructured gold surfaces and 2) controlling the electrical conductivity of polyaniline. The first project demonstrates how photoactive compounds can be used to tune the surface …


The Effect Of Audiovisual And Written Interactivity On Teacher-Candidates' Application Of Instructional Support Practices For English Learners In An Online Tesol Course, Sophie Cuocci Jan 2022

The Effect Of Audiovisual And Written Interactivity On Teacher-Candidates' Application Of Instructional Support Practices For English Learners In An Online Tesol Course, Sophie Cuocci

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

With the increased number of English learners in the United States, teacher candidates need to be prepared to address their needs in their future classrooms. Teacher preparation programs around the nation are continuously exploring solutions to better develop teacher candidates' skills. Simultaneously, the rise in popularity of online education has pushed universities to identify and integrate technology tools which best promote students' learning. This study, connecting both challenges, aims to identify which type of interactivity promoted by technology, in an undergraduate online teaching English for speakers of other languages (TESOL) course, most benefits pre-service teachers in their ability to apply …


Executive Function Coaching: Support For Postsecondary Student Success, Kiera Anderson Jan 2022

Executive Function Coaching: Support For Postsecondary Student Success, Kiera Anderson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

The advantages of postsecondary education are numerous and serve as a gateway to increased opportunity. Benefits include improved employment opportunities, lifetime earnings, job satisfaction, access to healthcare and preventative care, and overall better quality of life. In addition, valuable life skills development, including; building new social skills and relationships, developing critical thinking, personal development, how to overcome challenges, time management and organization, and deeper knowledge and understanding of the world. Enrollment rates in postsecondary education are predicted to continue to rise for students with and without disabilities. Students are often underprepared for the transition to college and the levels of …


Note To Survivors: An Analysis Of Suicide Discourse On Suicide Noted And The Figured World Of Suicide, Breahannah Hilaire Jan 2022

Note To Survivors: An Analysis Of Suicide Discourse On Suicide Noted And The Figured World Of Suicide, Breahannah Hilaire

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

The purpose of this discourse analytic study was to explore and examine suicide attempt survivors' suicidal discourse. Although there is robust knowledge and quantitative research regarding suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, qualitative research on this population could help to expand what is known about and what can help to prevent future suicide attempts. Often, the research on suicidal ideation and attempts have focused on prevention, intervention, and behavioral risk factors. Prior research concentrates on suicide risk and protective factors, yet little is written about the basis and origin of suicidal ideation and behavior among adolescents. Further, few of these studies …


Leadership Emergence: Is There A Dark Side To Leadership Claiming Behavior?, Haroon Pervez Jan 2022

Leadership Emergence: Is There A Dark Side To Leadership Claiming Behavior?, Haroon Pervez

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

This study is framed in DeRue & Ashford's (2010) theory of Leadership Identity Construction which states that leadership emergence is a mutual-influence process that exists between individuals claiming leadership and the other members of the group granting leadership. Although this theory and subsequent research details how and in what ways leadership claiming behaviors can be made to emerge as a leader, the literature is relatively silent on how (or if) too much or too little claiming behaviors will affect follower's granting of leadership, and if a "sweet-spot" of leadership claiming behaviors exists where followers are most likely to grant leadership. …


Compulsory Conformity In Modern Japanese Culture: An Exploration Of Asexuality In The Works Of Murata Sayaka, Kawakami Mieko, And Kamatani Yuki, Nicholas Colecio Jan 2022

Compulsory Conformity In Modern Japanese Culture: An Exploration Of Asexuality In The Works Of Murata Sayaka, Kawakami Mieko, And Kamatani Yuki, Nicholas Colecio

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

This thesis investigates the representation of asexual individuals in the works of Murata Sayaka, Kawakami Mieko, and Kamatani Yuki, all of whom are contemporary Japanese writers that portray near–suffocating social environments in their depictions of modern-day Japan. Their texts illustrate the augmented demands Japanese society places upon a cross-section of asexual and neurodivergent individuals. Despite the thematic and character–related similarities in their works, I argue that each author presents a unique interpretation of how these asexual individuals interact with—and try to integrate into—wider Japanese society and mainstream culture. Murata's texts demonstrate an unapologetically radical separatism by invoking an idealized queer …


Volumetric Microfabrication With Structured Light, He Cheng Jan 2022

Volumetric Microfabrication With Structured Light, He Cheng

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Multiphoton polymerization (MPP) as one of the direct laser writing techniques is capable of manufacturing three-dimensional (3D) micro-structures with complex shapes and novel functionalities. However, current MPP methods rely on point-by-point or layer-by-layer scanning and therefore are time-consuming. The low fabrication throughput of conventional MPP is the key factor that limits its wider adoption for industrial manufacturing over large surface area. One way to increase the fabrication speed is to turn layer-by-layer process into a volumetric process. An ideal volumetric printing method can fabricate structures with complex 3D geometry by single exposure and should be easy to implement. As a …


Investigating Mobility Through An Oxygen Isotope Study Of The Medieval Cemetery At Kilroot, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, Hannah Pytleski Jan 2022

Investigating Mobility Through An Oxygen Isotope Study Of The Medieval Cemetery At Kilroot, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, Hannah Pytleski

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Mobility is an important, multifaceted process involving complex interactions of culture, politics, and economics while also intersecting with individual identities, like religion, status, gender, and age. As such, a multitude of people from different origins can comprise a settlement or a community, which may be detectable through biogeochemical assessment. This study employs stable oxygen and carbon isotopic analysis to evaluate evidence for residential mobility within the early to late Medieval Kilroot cemetery (c. 6th to 16th centuries A.D.) at County Antrim, Northern Ireland. The site is 2.8 miles (4.5 kilometers) east of Carrickfergus Castle and the surrounding town, which was …


A Critical Intersectional Analysis Of Black Doulas' Experiences In Maternal Healthcare, Emely Matos Jan 2022

A Critical Intersectional Analysis Of Black Doulas' Experiences In Maternal Healthcare, Emely Matos

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), maternal death ratios are severely racially stratified as African American women face the most significant risk. Currently, Black women are four times more likely to die from pregnancy-related death in the United States than white women. Race disparities in maternal health outcomes may be exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic as preliminary research suggests that the pandemic's disproportionate impact on Black communities and existing concerns about Black women's medical treatment may indicate an increase in mortality within the next few years. Racial health disparities reflect the nation's flawed maternal healthcare …


Generative Modeling Of Human Behavior: Social Interaction And Networked Coordination In Shared Facilities, Saumya Gupta Jan 2022

Generative Modeling Of Human Behavior: Social Interaction And Networked Coordination In Shared Facilities, Saumya Gupta

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Urbanization is bringing together various modes of transport, and with that, there are challenges to maintaining the safety of all road users, especially vulnerable road users (VRUs). Therefore, there is a need for street designs that encourages cooperation and resource sharing among road users. Shared space is a street design approach that softens the demarcation of vehicles and pedestrian traffic by reducing traffic rules, traffic signals, road markings, and regulations. Understanding the interactions and trajectory formations of various VRUs will facilitate the design of safer shared spaces. It will also lead to many applications, such as implementing reliable ad hoc …


Development And Validation Of A Counterproductive Work Behavior Situational Judgment Test With An Open-Ended Response Format: A Computerized Scoring Approach, Saba Tavoosi Jan 2022

Development And Validation Of A Counterproductive Work Behavior Situational Judgment Test With An Open-Ended Response Format: A Computerized Scoring Approach, Saba Tavoosi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Due to the many detrimental effects of counterproductive work behavior (CWB), it is important to measure the construct accurately. Despite this, there are some limitations inherent to current CWB measures that are somewhat problematic, including that they contain items that do not apply to all jobs while missing items that are important for other jobs (Bowling & Gruys, 2010). The current study tackles these issues by drawing on the benefits associated with open-ended response situational judgment tests (SJTs), such as them having the potential for more insight from respondents (Finch et al., 2018), to develop an open-ended response CWB SJT. …


Spectrally-Based Color Calibration Of Microscopes For Birefringence Analysis, Olivia Feild Jan 2022

Spectrally-Based Color Calibration Of Microscopes For Birefringence Analysis, Olivia Feild

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

The analysis of colors is omnipresent in forensics. While their use for macroscopic evidence such as soil sees a large amount of research, their correct handling is more challenging when observed under a microscope. Either for hairs or textile fibers, their color (from melanin, dyes or for birefringence analysis) is crucial in being able to compare between fibers found at a crime scene. Typically, color is quantified using a color space, such as RGB, XYZ, L*a*b*, and L*u*v*. Unfortunately, color is very subjective and often difficult to quantify accurately, even using digital detectors. Finding true matches of colors has been …


Numerical Study And Optimization Of Post-Tensioning Energy Dissipating Connections With Inerters, Hector Blanco Gavillan Jan 2022

Numerical Study And Optimization Of Post-Tensioning Energy Dissipating Connections With Inerters, Hector Blanco Gavillan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Posttensioned connections for steel moment resisting frames (MRF) can reduce residual deformations through self-centering capabilities. Devices are added to improve the connections energy dissipating capability and includes energy dissipating (ED) bars, friction dampers, and steel angles located at the top and bottom of the beam-to-column connections. The Post-Tensioned Energy dissipating (PTED) connection reduces inelastic deformation to the beams and columns, is installed with minimum welding, displays self-centering thus reducing residual deformations, and allows for easy replacement of the ED devices. An inerter is a two-terminal mechanical device that generates a force proportional to the relative acceleration between its nodes. The …


Light Guiding And Concentrating Using Self-Collimating Spatially-Variant Photonic Crystals, Chun Xia Jan 2022

Light Guiding And Concentrating Using Self-Collimating Spatially-Variant Photonic Crystals, Chun Xia

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Advances in integrated photonic devices require low loss, easy-to-integrate solutions for chip-to-chip and chip-to-fiber interfacing. Among the most common solutions are traditional lenses. However, circular lenses require additional mounting mechanisms to ensure proper alignment. Additionally, the beam routing functionality cannot be added to the traditional lenses unless they are combined with mirrors and operate in the reflection mode. In this dissertation, we investigate lens-embedded photonic crystals (LEPCs) as a solution to flat and multifunctional lenses. The concept is demonstrated by creating self-collimating lattices containing a gradient refractive index lens (GRIN-LEPC), a binary-shaped lens (B-LEPC), and a Fresnel-type binary-shaped lens (F-B-LEPC). …


Examining The I In Team: The Relationship Between Narcissism And Team Decision-Making, Krisztina Szabo Jan 2022

Examining The I In Team: The Relationship Between Narcissism And Team Decision-Making, Krisztina Szabo

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

The study investigated the relationship between team-level narcissism, team processes, decision-making constructs, and outcomes. Specifically, the study aimed to examine the impact of team-level narcissism on information sharing and the mediating role of relationship conflict. The study also investigated the direct and indirect impact of team-level narcissism on team-level decision making constructs (i.e., staff validity, hierarchical sensitivity, and team informity) proposed by Hollenbeck et al. (1995). Lastly, it examined whether the core team-level decision-making constructs explained significant variance in team decision-making accuracy. The sample included 62 teams from SONA and Prolific samples. Evidence was found for the negative impact of …


Hitting A Little Too Close To Home: Reflexivity, Liminality, And Identification In Horror Across Film, Theatre, And Games, Alyssa Barrack Jan 2022

Hitting A Little Too Close To Home: Reflexivity, Liminality, And Identification In Horror Across Film, Theatre, And Games, Alyssa Barrack

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Reflexive art makes explicit the inherent connection between artistic process, intertextual context, and an audience to create an intentional dialogue with its audience by tapping into the duality inherent in spectatorship - awareness of both the creation process and the final product, and participation in one or both through viewership. In this study I analyze several pieces across three mediums––film (Funny Games (2007), The Poughkeepsie Tapes (2007)), theatre (Ubu Roi (1896)), and video games (The Stanley Parable (2013), Bioshock (2007))––and consider audience reviews to determine how audiences are affected by reflexivity in each. Through the lens of the horror genre …


The Emotions, Emotional Labor, And Identities Of Korean Teachers Of English, Emily Puckett Jan 2022

The Emotions, Emotional Labor, And Identities Of Korean Teachers Of English, Emily Puckett

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Despite being an emotionally charged profession, there is a paucity of research on the roles of emotions and emotional labor in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (Khong & Saito, 2014; Kocabas¸-Gedik & Hart, 2021; Schutz & Lee, 2014; Zembylas & Schutz, 2009). Furthermore, these concepts and their link to identity formation in nonnative English-speaking teachers (NNEST) have rarely been investigated in local contexts (Song, 2018; Zhang & Zhu, 2008). In order to help fill this gap in literature, this exploratory qualitative study was conducted in Korea with three NNESTs of English employed in private after-school academies. Semi-structured interviews …


Hannibal Lecter And A Friend Walk Into A Bar: The Role Of Psychopathy In Peer Drinking Behaviors, Matthew Kramer Jan 2022

Hannibal Lecter And A Friend Walk Into A Bar: The Role Of Psychopathy In Peer Drinking Behaviors, Matthew Kramer

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

OVERVIEW: College student drinking remains a concern on campuses, with many interventions for college students not showing the desired effect in lowering alcohol use and problems. Thus, examining possible underlying factors, such as psychopathy, is important. Psychopathy includes elements of callousness, manipulativeness, charm, and impulsivity. Additionally, psychopathy has been associated with increased alcohol use and problems. Despite the overwhelming evidence of psychopathy's role in alcohol pathology writ large, and that psychopathy is considered to include predatory interpersonal skills and antisocial behaviors, there is little research examining the role of psychopathy in peer influence related to alcohol use and protective strategies. …


Seeing The Unseen: Interactive Narrative As A Tool For Understanding Invisible Disabilities, Jesslyn Parrish Jan 2022

Seeing The Unseen: Interactive Narrative As A Tool For Understanding Invisible Disabilities, Jesslyn Parrish

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Understanding invisible disabilities has become a more consistent conversation in recent years. While this conversation has included developing better medical treatment and legislative progress for accessibility requirements, there remains progress to be made in comprehending how these invisible disabilities impact a person's daily life. This dissertation research focuses on how informal learning tools such as interactive narratives could be developed to provide insight into the ways an invisible disability influences a person's day that otherwise goes unnoticed by the mainstream population. To provide this insight, an advanced prototype of an interactive story titled Under the Rock was developed and based …


From The Femme Fatale To The Femme Fatalist: Re-Envisioning Gendered Iconography In Classic Hollywood Cinema, Noah Volz Jan 2022

From The Femme Fatale To The Femme Fatalist: Re-Envisioning Gendered Iconography In Classic Hollywood Cinema, Noah Volz

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

This thesis re-imagines cultural-historical texts from contemporary perspectives to argue for the visibility of the femme fatalist figure in classic Hollywood cinema. The project contends that the femme fatalist, as an identity, more substantively accounts for women's multidimensionality as filmic characters, beginning with an assessment of this figure in two films noir and arriving at an assessment of her presence in a psychological thriller. To demonstrate the necessity of re-envisioning female multiplicity in the cinema, this study investigates how the motion pictures The Killers (1946), Gilda (1946), and The Spiral Staircase (1946) contribute to an understanding of the femme fatalist …


Endless Curiosity, Ryan Price Jan 2022

Endless Curiosity, Ryan Price

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Growing up in an image-based society with television, computer screens, and a massive swell of visual media leaves me overloaded with imagery and information. I seek to find beauty in the strangeness of interconnected nostalgia of family memories, loss and grief, escapism, and video games. I process and excavate my personal history by romanticizing memories, relationships, and the passage of time. I do this with constructed visual worlds created through the physical processes of drawing, bookbinding, ceramics, printmaking, and painting. I use references and influences from 20th-century artists Paul Klee, James Ensor, and Jim Nutt to connect and interweave video …


Investigating The Effects Of Negative Influence Gradients And Emotion Contagion On The Information Processing Capacity Of Social Media Users: Information Diffusion Modeling Approach, Nisha Baral Jan 2022

Investigating The Effects Of Negative Influence Gradients And Emotion Contagion On The Information Processing Capacity Of Social Media Users: Information Diffusion Modeling Approach, Nisha Baral

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

With the growing use of Online social media (OSM), users are observing a substantial amount of information in their social feeds. Moreover, people often use multiple OSM platforms because of each platform's unique features. Because of the huge volume of information present in social feeds, it restricts a user's ability to process the relevant information since the most important information may be overwhelmed by unimportant information. For information to diffuse in OSM, the receiver's attention is the most important condition. Cognition plays an important role in determining a user's attention/responsiveness. If OSM users receive the information above their cognition limits …


The Effects Of Traumatic Experiences On Identity Among People With Expressive Language Disorders, Bailey Wagaman Jan 2022

The Effects Of Traumatic Experiences On Identity Among People With Expressive Language Disorders, Bailey Wagaman

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

This study aims to address the lack of standardized measurement of the effects of trauma on identity. Waterman's (2020) theory, taxonomy, and Trauma Impacts on Identity Functioning Scales were used to evaluate the effects of traumatic brain injury on identity. TBI survivors compared their sense of identity from pre-to-post TBI. Data collection consisted of 2 interviews and participants were compensated with $60 gift cards. Participants (N = 15, Mage = 52.67) were recruited from several language disorder groups. In terms of identity functioning post-brain injury, participant reports of their experiences varied quite a bit from identity loss to a strengthened …


Social Support And Empowerment Among Caregivers Of Children With Asthma, Lauren Lebo Jan 2022

Social Support And Empowerment Among Caregivers Of Children With Asthma, Lauren Lebo

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

The purpose of this study was to better understand the concept of empowerment among caregivers of children with asthma. This study investigated what is already known about empowerment among caregivers and the instruments available to measure caregiver empowerment. This study then examined the relationship between social support and caregiver empowerment as well as income level and empowerment amongst caregivers of children with asthma. This study used the Federal Poverty Guidelines, Family Empowerment Scale and MOS Social Support Survey to measure these relationships. It was found that there was no relationship between income level and empowerment, but there was a significant …


Emergency Remote Teaching (Ert) Forced By The Covid-19 Pandemic: Efl Teachers' Practices And Perspectives Two Years Later, Eman Barri Jan 2022

Emergency Remote Teaching (Ert) Forced By The Covid-19 Pandemic: Efl Teachers' Practices And Perspectives Two Years Later, Eman Barri

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

When the Covid-19 pandemic first hit the world in March 2020, all aspects of life were drastically disrupted, and the education sector underwent radical changes. An almost overnight shift from traditional classrooms to delivering instruction online became an enforced necessity rather than an option to continue education during the pandemic, which required teachers around the world to adapt to the new reality on very short notice. Because little research has been undertaken to understand language teaching practices globally during the pandemic from the teachers' perspectives, shedding light on how English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers responded to the emergency …


Development Of Holographic Phase Masks For Wavefront Shaping, Nafiseh Mohammadian Jan 2022

Development Of Holographic Phase Masks For Wavefront Shaping, Nafiseh Mohammadian

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

This dissertation explores a new method for creating holographic phase masks (HPMs), which are phase transforming optical elements holographically recorded in photosensitive glass. This novel hologram recording method allows for the fast production of HPMs of any complexity, as opposed to the traditional multistep process, which includes the design and fabrication of a master phase mask operating in the UV region before the holographic recording step. We holographically recorded transmissive HPMs that are physically robust (they are recorded in a silicate glass volume), can handle tens of kilowatts of continuous wave (CW) laser power, are un-erasable, user defined, require no …


Quality Of Life: How Does Race Influence Residential Satisfaction In Cities, Alexis Kelly Jan 2022

Quality Of Life: How Does Race Influence Residential Satisfaction In Cities, Alexis Kelly

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

The main concepts addressed within this study are neighborhood security, culture in cities, immigration, White flight, and gentrification. Although Whites originally settled in cities, an influx of foreigners encouraged racial dispersion and seclusion. Ultimately, Whites fled to suburban and rural areas while racial minorities remained in the city. The historic relocation of Whites led to the neglect of the city and its occupants, Thus, the motivation for this study revolves around the idea that race-related exclusion influences quality of life and residential satisfaction in cities. Data were obtained from the General Social Survey to examine the relationship between quality of …