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Clinical, Radiographic, And Histomorphometric Outcomes Following Ridge Preservation Using Leukocyte- And Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-Prf) And Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft (Fdba) Layered Technique: A Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial, Geisy Galviz Jan 2021

Clinical, Radiographic, And Histomorphometric Outcomes Following Ridge Preservation Using Leukocyte- And Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-Prf) And Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft (Fdba) Layered Technique: A Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial, Geisy Galviz

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Objective: The present randomized controlled clinical trial aims to evaluate clinically, radiographic, and histologically the efficacy of L-PRF in combination with FDBA either in a homogeneous mixture or using a layered technique in improving quantity and quality of new vital bone formation and alveolar ridge dimensional stability in comparison to LPRF alone for ridge preservation after tooth extraction. Materials and Methods: Twentythree patients successfully completed the study. They were randomized to receive either L-PRF/FDBA layered technique (LAY), L-PRF/FDBA homogeneous mixture (MIX), or L-PRF alone. After minimally traumatic tooth extraction, direct clinical assessment and a Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scan were …

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Predictive Modeling Of Superhard And Topological Materials By Density Functional Theory And Machine Learning, Wei-Chih Chen Jan 2021

Predictive Modeling Of Superhard And Topological Materials By Density Functional Theory And Machine Learning, Wei-Chih Chen

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In this dissertation, we focus on the computational prediction for new superhard materials and topological phase transitions in quantum materials. To search for new superhard materials, we employed machine learning techniques, evolutionary crystal structure prediction, and density functional theory to explore new superhard materials in ternary B-C-N and B-N-O compounds. For the B-C-N systems, our machine learning prediction shows that a 1:1 B-N ratio can lead to various superhard compositions. Our subsequent evolutionary algorithm searches indicated that BC10N has an extremely high hardness ~ 87 GPa based on density functional theory. For BN- O systems, we adopted an self-improvement computational …

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How Trans Students Encounter Cisgenderism In Higher Education At The Intersection Of Location And Region: A Critical Discourse Analysis Of Trans Students' Experiences In Understudied Cities In The Southeast, Cortney Johnson Jan 2021

How Trans Students Encounter Cisgenderism In Higher Education At The Intersection Of Location And Region: A Critical Discourse Analysis Of Trans Students' Experiences In Understudied Cities In The Southeast, Cortney Johnson

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Despite evidence showing the resilience and success of many Transgender students in higher education and the increasing prevalence of supportive campus policies, this is an emergent population with growing, varying, and diverse needs that are often not met by institutions and practitioners. The Southeast is a unique place for the LGBTQ+ community that has been understudied, and although the experiences of Trans students and how cisgenderism impacts them has been captured more broadly, this study is focused on the experiences of Trans students at urban institutions in the Southeast. Using Critical Discourse Analysis as a methodology and Critical Trans Politics …

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Kinetic Mechanism Investigations Of Nucleotide Addition Catalyzed By Rna Polymerase I And Ii, Zachariah M. Ingram Jan 2021

Kinetic Mechanism Investigations Of Nucleotide Addition Catalyzed By Rna Polymerase I And Ii, Zachariah M. Ingram

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Eukaryotes contain at least three multi-subunit DNA dependent RNA polymerases (Pol I, II, and III). The three Pols are responsible for synthesizing specific RNAs. Pol I synthesizes the majority of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Pol II synthesizes all messenger RNA (mRNA) and most regulatory RNA, and Pol III synthesizes transfer RNA (tRNA) and the 5S rRNA. Despite the three Pols all synthesizing RNA, mechanistic differences are present between the polymerases. One example is the nuclease activity for each enzyme. Pol I and Pol III contain intrinsic nuclease activity conferred by specific subunits, whereas Pol II requires the association of the …

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Implications Of Day-To-Day Oulsatility Index Change And Corticosteroid Use In Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury, Jeremy D. Jordan Jan 2021

Implications Of Day-To-Day Oulsatility Index Change And Corticosteroid Use In Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury, Jeremy D. Jordan

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A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a disruption of the normal function and structure of the brain after a direct or indirect injury. In children, TBI continues to be a significant cause of mortality resulting in the death of over 20 children per day in the United States (Reuter-Rice et al., 2015). Additionally, children who survive TBI have increased rates developmental delay, physical disabilities, neurologic impairment, and mental health disorders (Barlow et al., 2005). A TBI occurs in two phases. The primary injury is the physical insult to the brain that occurs at the time of the injury. The secondary …

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Transcriptional Regulation And Islet Transplantation Advantages Of Brown Adipose Tissue, Jessica D. Kepple Jan 2021

Transcriptional Regulation And Islet Transplantation Advantages Of Brown Adipose Tissue, Jessica D. Kepple

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Metabolic disease encompasses various disorders, including obesity and diabetes, that negatively impact glucose and lipid homeostasis and increase the risk of co-morbidities. Adipose tissue, which regulates whole-body energy balance and acts as a specialized endocrine tissue, is negatively affected by obesity and diabetes. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) functions to dissipate excess energy as heat and therefore is an attractive target against metabolic disease. To develop more effective therapeutic strategies, BAT physiology and genetic regulatory mechanisms need to be better understood. This dissertation highlights studies seeking to illuminate novel transcriptional regulation and islet transplantation applications of BAT. We investigated the requirement …

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De Novo Generation Of Cardiomyocytes For Regenerative Medicine Treatment, Yawen Tang Jan 2021

De Novo Generation Of Cardiomyocytes For Regenerative Medicine Treatment, Yawen Tang

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Cardiovascular disease, till now, is still the leading cause of death in the United States. As a consequences of heart attack event, cardiomyocytes death is an irreversible process accompanied with scar formation and loss of heart function. As mammalian cardiomyocytes exit cell cycle shortly after birth, with no replacement of the necrotic cardiomyocytes, the damages caused by heart attack often progress into more severe symptoms such as heart failure. To replenish damaged cardiomyocytes (CMs), many therapies, such as differentiate the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into cardiomyocytes and direct reprogram fibroblasts into CMs, have been developed. During this dissertation study, …

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Glycolytic Myeloid Cells Protect The Host In Tuberculosis, Hayden Thomas Pacl Jan 2021

Glycolytic Myeloid Cells Protect The Host In Tuberculosis, Hayden Thomas Pacl

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Despite curative treatment, tuberculosis remains a leading cause of death around the world. As such, there is great interest in novel therapeutic approaches to treat this disease. One such approach aims to enhance the efficacy of host immune cells in responding to the pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis—so called host-directed therapies. The metabolism of immune cells has been a central focus in the search for hostdirected therapies, and the role of glycolysis in myeloid cells, in particular, has received much attention. However, the role of glycolysis in myeloid cells in the context of tuberculosis has not yet been made clear. Here we …

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Analysing The Contribution Of Snare-Dependent Exocytosis From Astrocytes To Huntinton's Disease Pathogenesis Using The Bachd Mouse Model, Annesha C. King Jan 2021

Analysing The Contribution Of Snare-Dependent Exocytosis From Astrocytes To Huntinton's Disease Pathogenesis Using The Bachd Mouse Model, Annesha C. King

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Huntington’s disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin protein. Multiple studies have indicated the importance of mutant huntingtin (mHTT) in astrocytes to HD pathogenesis. Increased extracellular glutamate levels were observed after evoking SNARE-dependent exocytosis from cultured mHTT expressing astrocytes. To determine whether astrocytic SNARE-dependent exocytosis contributed to behavioral and neuropathological changes in vivo, we crossed BACHD mice to dominant negative SNARE (dnSNARE) mice and analyzed behavioral and neuropathological phenotypes. First, we found that reduc-ing astrocytic SNARE-dependent exocytosis had differential effects on the psychiatric-like and motor phenotypes observed in BACHD mice where …

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The Assessment Of Neuro-Mechanics Of Inspiratory Muscles During Mechanical Ventilation, Hassan Y. Abunurah Jan 2021

The Assessment Of Neuro-Mechanics Of Inspiratory Muscles During Mechanical Ventilation, Hassan Y. Abunurah

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The decline in inspiratory muscles function for patients undergoing mechanical ventilation may further extend the duration of mechanical ventilation leading to lethal complications. Thus, the assessment of neuro-mechanics of inspiratory muscles may help us understand the pathophysiology for mechanical ventilation failure to avoid its complications. In this dissertation, we assessed the characteristics of inspiratory neuromechanics under different conditions. This dissertation is reported in three different papers. In the first paper, we sought to assess the quality of the available literate that used surface EMG of extra-diaphragmatic muscles during invasive mechanical ventilation. We demonstrated that the use of sEMG of extra-diaphragmatic …

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From Classrooms To Polluted Communities: Scientific Inquiry In Birmingham, Alabama And Beyond, Sarah Jeanne Adkins-Jablonsky Jan 2021

From Classrooms To Polluted Communities: Scientific Inquiry In Birmingham, Alabama And Beyond, Sarah Jeanne Adkins-Jablonsky

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Nearly half of all U.S. students who declare science majors in college do not graduate with science degrees within six years. Improvements in science outcomes are linked with active-learning pedagogies such as Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs). However, despite the need for education reform particularly in Alabama, active-learning interventions are severely understudied in Alabama universities. Chapter 1 describes novel CUREs at four colleges in Birmingham, AL: The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB); Jefferson State Community College (JSCC), Samford University (SU), and Birmingham Southern College (BSC). Chapter 2 shows how an agar art CURE, The Art of Microbiology, impacts student …

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Joint Specificity Of Stretch-Shortening Cycle Potentiation, Marzouq Khalaf Almutairi Jan 2021

Joint Specificity Of Stretch-Shortening Cycle Potentiation, Marzouq Khalaf Almutairi

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The stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) is a well-known phenomenon to enhance an individual’s muscular performance, and it is an area of active focus of research scientists for decades. However, it is not known whether SSC potentiation is a joint-specific event and shows a joint-specific temporal behavior. It is also unclear if constraints of joint and movement specificity of SSC potentiation can be captured via isokinetic dynamometer. Therefore, the purposes of this dissertation were to examine joint specificity of SSC potentiation via isokinetic dynamometer and kinetic-kinematic analysis of jump test performance and investigate joint-specific temporal behavior of SSC potentiation. My first study …

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Effectiveness Of A University Employee Assistance Program Using The Workplace Outcome Suite And Client Satisfaction Survey, Josephine Jackson Banks Jan 2021

Effectiveness Of A University Employee Assistance Program Using The Workplace Outcome Suite And Client Satisfaction Survey, Josephine Jackson Banks

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Background: Gallup (2013) reported that 30% of the U.S. workforce was not engaged in their work which means they were not reaching their full potential or productivity level. For organizations, lost productivity due to absenteeism or less than ideal performance at work impacts company performance and bottom line. Employee assistance programs are a resource to help increase employee health, productivity, and satisfaction through counseling interventions. Methods: Data were collected by a large urban university EAP over a 20-month period. The analysis was limited to EAP clients over the age of 18. A total of 866 subjects participated in this study, …

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External Apical Root Resorption In Asian Orthodontic Patients In Alabama, Najd Aswad Jan 2021

External Apical Root Resorption In Asian Orthodontic Patients In Alabama, Najd Aswad

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The main goals of orthodontic treatment are to achieve a harmonious dentalocclusion and enhance the patient’s dentofacial appearance. External Apical Root Resorption (EARR) is a side effect of orthodontic treatment1. It results in the permanent loss of tooth structure from the root apex2. EARR is a multifactorial condition which includes patient related and treatment related risk factors. Patient-related factors include genetics, severity of malocclusion, tooth-root morphology, systemic factors, density of alveolar bone, root proximity to cortical bone, previous exposure to trauma, patient age and sex. Orthodontic treatment related risk factors include treatment duration, amount of force and mechanics used, direction …

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Socioeconomic Status In Adolescence And Dna Methylation In Young Adulthood, Malcolm Barker-Kamps Jan 2021

Socioeconomic Status In Adolescence And Dna Methylation In Young Adulthood, Malcolm Barker-Kamps

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Children from low socioeconomic status (SES) families are at a greater risk of negative health outcomes in adulthood, in part from chronic stress. The chronic stress of these experiences may become biologically embedded through DNA methylation in stress-related genes. However, the effects of specific SES dimensions during childhood or adolescence on later epigenetic profiles in adulthood are not well understood. The present study examined the roles of two objective SES dimensions and two subjective SES dimensions experienced in early adolescence in DNA methylation in young adulthood. The analyses focused on two genes, NR3C1 and SLC6A4, because their methylation has been …

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Studies On The Influence Of Non-Equilibrium Plasma Irradiation On Polyester Scaffolds: Characterization And Evolution Of New Surface Properties Toward Potential Biomedical Applications, Bernabe Samuel Tucker Jan 2021

Studies On The Influence Of Non-Equilibrium Plasma Irradiation On Polyester Scaffolds: Characterization And Evolution Of New Surface Properties Toward Potential Biomedical Applications, Bernabe Samuel Tucker

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A great need exists for innovative, functional materials. Specifically, functional materials must meet the necessary mechanical and interfacial properties for successful bio-integration for end goals such as medical implants. A gap in the knowledge existed before this work. This work addressed that gap through an experimental approach that employed low-temperature plasma (LTP) processing of fibrous, polyester constructs to produce functional materials. First, atmospheric-pressure plasma processing of electrospun polyester fibers, in a tubular geometry, was reported. Characterization of that system was conducted. Next, the effects of magnetized plasmas were reported. That report was a novel application of magnetized plasma and showed …

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Point-Of-Interest Recommendation Systems In Location-Based Social Networks, Orhun Vural Jan 2021

Point-Of-Interest Recommendation Systems In Location-Based Social Networks, Orhun Vural

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Recommendation Systems are becoming more popular with the development of web and mobile technologies. The Next Point-of-Interest (POI) Recommendation problem under the Recommendation Systems field is also one of the Recommendation Systems research areas. The main purpose of the Next POI Recommendation Systems is to analyze the past data of the users and give a new POI Recommendation to them. User data is derived from Location-based Social Networks (LBSNs) applications such as Foursquare, Gowalla, Yelp, etc. Next POI Recommendation Systems have many challenging factors because there are many parameters that affect the users' decision to next visit. Proposed Point-of-Interest Recommendation …

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Beyond Apoptosis: Insight Into The Complex Intracellular Networks That Govern Cell Fate, Hayley Neal Widden Jan 2021

Beyond Apoptosis: Insight Into The Complex Intracellular Networks That Govern Cell Fate, Hayley Neal Widden

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The determination of cell fate is a dynamic process regulated by hundreds of proteins that converge into complex cell signaling pathways. Upon irreparable intracellular stress, a cell undergoes programmed cell death, a process known as intrinsic apoptosis. Apoptosis is regulated by the Bcl-2 family, a class of proteins that act either as pro-survival or pro-death signaling molecules. Due to the oncogenic upregulation of pro- survival Bcl-2 family proteins across human cancer cell types, a novel class of small molecule inhibitors called ‘BH3-mimetics’ have emerged as promising anti-cancer therapeutics currently under clinical investigation. Here, we highlight the crosstalk between anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 …

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Importance Of The Zebrafish Model For Understanding Nutrition, Michael Britt Williams Jan 2021

Importance Of The Zebrafish Model For Understanding Nutrition, Michael Britt Williams

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The common zebrafish Danio rerio is a useful model for human health. Effective utilization of this model required development of husbandry and reproductive protocols as well as genomic sequencing and creation of relevant molecular techniques. However, the dietary needs of the species remain woefully under investigated. At this time no chemically-defined open source diets are available to the zebrafish research community. Consequently, those labs utilizing the zebrafish model rely on commercial diets that may not provide adequate nutrition and lack consistency needed for rigorous and reproducible research. The first focus of these studies was to examine the current state of …

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Miniaturization Of The Network Analyzer As An Interface Circuit For Wearable Resonance-Based Sensors, Fan Wu Jan 2021

Miniaturization Of The Network Analyzer As An Interface Circuit For Wearable Resonance-Based Sensors, Fan Wu

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Readout interface circuits are the essential part of all sensor units. Miniaturing such circuits is a challenging design issue for the future of the Internet of Things, wearable and implantable biomedical devices, sensors for harsh environments, etc. For developing wireless telemetry sensors, Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) is a powerful measurement instrument that can measure scattering parameters (S-Parameters) of single and dual-port networks, as well as Y- and Z-parameters. However, VNAs are expensive and bulky and cannot be carried around, and therefore, they can’t be used as a sensor interface. This thesis aims to design, develop, and implement a miniaturized data …

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Facilitating The Transfer Of Cognitive Training To Real-World Functioning: The Transfer Package For Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment, Jason Alexander Blake Jan 2021

Facilitating The Transfer Of Cognitive Training To Real-World Functioning: The Transfer Package For Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment, Jason Alexander Blake

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Multiple cognitive training approaches for cognitive impairment following acquired brain injury have been found to improve cognitive functioning in the laboratory setting. However, current studies suffer from a lack of focus on the transfer of improved cognitive functioning from the laboratory setting to a patient’s everyday life. This case series addresses this lack of treatment transfer using a collection of behavioral techniques known as the Transfer Package. The Transfer Package works alongside clinical and in-laboratory training of functional cognitive impairments to improve an individual’s real-world functioning and independence after injury. This cognitive training case series utilizes this Transfer Package in …

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Beliefs And Intentions Of Anesthesia Physicians Toward Providing Culturally Competent Care To Transgender Patients, Erin Elizabeth Blanchard Jan 2021

Beliefs And Intentions Of Anesthesia Physicians Toward Providing Culturally Competent Care To Transgender Patients, Erin Elizabeth Blanchard

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Purpose: Transgender patients face healthcare discrimination, resulting in a delay or avoidance in seeking care and increased negative health outcomes. The presence of cultural competence in patient-provider interactions has been shown to increase trust and satisfaction, resulting in better health outcomes. However, physicians receive little to no training on how to interact with transgender patients in a culturally competent manner. Anesthesia physicians often have no prior relationship with their patients and have very limited time for patient interaction before delivering care. This is why it is essential that anesthesia physicians possess the knowledge and skills to treat all types of …

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Social Inclusion Among People With Mobility Limitations In The Global South, Shane Burns Jan 2021

Social Inclusion Among People With Mobility Limitations In The Global South, Shane Burns

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An estimated 15% of the world’s population have a disability—roughly 80% of whom live in the Global South. People with disabilities experience profound social disparities that affect their quality of life and social inclusion. Due to the array of cultural perspectives and institutional capacities around the globe, provision of disability rights can come with its challenges. In many cultural contexts, people have moral beliefs about disability that result in shame. More medicalized beliefs toward disability are often the result of medical infrastructure that offers goods and services. Using a framework that arrays these moral and medical dimensions, I theorized that …

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The Relationship Between Anosgnosia For Hemiplegia After Stroke And Fall Events In The Acute Inpatient Stroke Rehabilitation Population, Elizabeth Mosley Byrd Jan 2021

The Relationship Between Anosgnosia For Hemiplegia After Stroke And Fall Events In The Acute Inpatient Stroke Rehabilitation Population, Elizabeth Mosley Byrd

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Background/Significance: Inpatient falls on acute stroke rehabilitation units remains a significant issue that negatively affects healthcare costs and causes physical and psychological injury. Prevelance of falls in the stroke rehabilitation population may be due to the presence of anosognosia for hemiplegia (AHP), which is as an unawareness of physical disability. Though the link between AHP and falls has been suggested in the literature, a formal investigation has not been conducted to address the relationship between the variables. Purpose: To explore the association between the presence of anosognosia for hemiplegia after stroke and patient fall events while admitted to an acute …

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How Legitimate Companies Are Being Used For Sales For Illicit Online Products, Amanda Cetnarowski Jan 2021

How Legitimate Companies Are Being Used For Sales For Illicit Online Products, Amanda Cetnarowski

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The opioid epidemic began in the early 1990s due to the misuse and misinformation of pharmaceutical opioids. Since then, the increase in opioid use ranging from hydrocodone to fentanyl has become a world-wide issue. Over time, opioid use has evolved in many ways with three major waves of opioid use beginning with oxycodone, moving to heroin, and finally to fentanyl. Usage of online platforms and forums to sell and buy illicit opioids has increased significantly due to easier internet capabilities and social media platforms. A total of 1,946 illicit online opioid sell sites were found in this study to show …

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Hyperphosphatemia Contributes To Functional Iron Deficiency And Skeletal Muscle Wasting, Brian Anthony Czaya Jan 2021

Hyperphosphatemia Contributes To Functional Iron Deficiency And Skeletal Muscle Wasting, Brian Anthony Czaya

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health threat that increases risk of death, which is credible to both impaired renal function and a multitude of CKD- associated comorbidities such as systemic inflammation, anemia and skeletal muscle dys- function. A distinctive feature of CKD is the dysregulation of mineral metabolism, where excess serum levels of phosphate (hyperphosphatemia) and of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are not only viewed as biomarkers for disease severity but also exert deleterious effects towards various CKD-associated pathologies. Elevated levels of FGF23 can lead to the activation of FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4) in cell types that …

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Examining The Pathophysiology Through Which Violence Exposure Varies With Functional Brain Connectivity And The Psychophysiological Response To Stress, Heather Elizabeth Dark Jan 2021

Examining The Pathophysiology Through Which Violence Exposure Varies With Functional Brain Connectivity And The Psychophysiological Response To Stress, Heather Elizabeth Dark

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Violence exposure during childhood and adolescence is associated with susceptibility to internalizing disorders such as depression and anxiety. The relationship between childhood violence exposure and internalizing disorders may be explained by changes in brain function. For example, childhood maltreatment, including violence exposure, is associated with changes in brain regions that are important for emotion regulation. Reciprocal connections among these brain regions are important for healthy responses to stress. Thus, examining how childhood violence exposure varies with acute stress-induced changes in functional brain connectivity and psychophysiological stress responses may elucidate how childhood violence exposure may contribute to susceptibility to internalizing disorders. …

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Targeting Oncogenic Microrna In Lung Cancer, Mackenzie Lauren Davenport Jan 2021

Targeting Oncogenic Microrna In Lung Cancer, Mackenzie Lauren Davenport

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Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death both in the United Statesand the world. While several genetic drivers of lung cancer have been identified, major improvements in patient outcome are lacking, highlighting the need to further understand the genetic and molecular mechanisms of this disease. The microRNA miR-31 has been implicated in oncogenesis in a variety of cancer types, and prior data from our laboratory has shown it to be overexpressed in human lung adenocarcinoma tumors compared to normal lung, high miR-31 levels correlate with decreased patient survival, and overexpression of miR-31 alone in the mouse lung epithelium …

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A Critical Discourse Analysis: The Ways In Which African American Male Administrators Talk About Race And Their Roles As Administrators In Public Schools In Alabama, Mathew Germayne Epps Jan 2021

A Critical Discourse Analysis: The Ways In Which African American Male Administrators Talk About Race And Their Roles As Administrators In Public Schools In Alabama, Mathew Germayne Epps

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The purpose of this study was to describe ways that African American males were either motivated or demotivated to become school administrators. Because African American males only represent 2% of educators in the United States, the field for African American males to become administrators were limited (Woodson & Pabon, 2016). There is a paucity of literature on African American male administrators (Grauerholz & Turner, 2017); however, research that has been done on African American male administrators were on their lived experiences. This study was conducted in central Alabama and 10 participants who were high school administrators agreed to participate. The …

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Microstructural Characterization Of Ternary Eutectic And Near-Eutectic Al-Cu-Mg Alloys, Dominic Ikemefuna Ezemenaka Jan 2021

Microstructural Characterization Of Ternary Eutectic And Near-Eutectic Al-Cu-Mg Alloys, Dominic Ikemefuna Ezemenaka

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As solidification science continues to evolve, better understanding of microstructure evolution opens up a vast range of opportunities for metallic alloys research and development. Traditionally, there is a strong link between materials processing and structure, which in turn influences their properties and performance in service areas. With the present rapid advancement in technology, materials scientists/researchers are faced with the challenge of understanding higher-order eutectic alloys due to their unique properties. In this research work, invariant and off-eutectic Al-Cu-Mg alloys are chosen as models because they have not received considerable research attention in comparison with other ternary eutectic alloys. The experimental …

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