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The Intestinal Extracellular Matix As An Innate Regulator Of Effector T-Cell Responses, Kayci Renee Huff Jan 2011

The Intestinal Extracellular Matix As An Innate Regulator Of Effector T-Cell Responses, Kayci Renee Huff

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Extracellular matrix (stroma) regulation of mucosal T-cell function is incompletely understood. Here we uncovered a role for intestinal stromal products in the innate regulation of effector T-cells. Stroma-conditioned media (S-CM) derived from normal human intestinal stroma (TGF-&betahi/IL-6lo/IL-1ßlo) significantly down-regulated T-cell proliferation and IFN-&gamma production compared to S-CM derived from inflamed Crohn's mucosa (TGF-&betahi/IL-6hi/IL-1&betahi). Antibody neutralization studies showed that TGF-&beta in normal S-CM inhibited T-cell proliferation and IFN-&gamma production, whereas IL-6 plus IL-1&beta in Crohn's S-CM promoted T-cell proliferation, and the IL-1&beta alone promoted IFN-γ and IL-17 release. Importantly, stromal cells in normal tissue produce TGF-&beta and contribute to mucosal homeostasis …

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Relationships Among Self-Efficacy, Social Support, Social Problem-Solving, And Self-Management Behaviors Of People Living With Type 2 Diabetes In Rural Alabama, Caralise Weeks Hunt Jan 2011

Relationships Among Self-Efficacy, Social Support, Social Problem-Solving, And Self-Management Behaviors Of People Living With Type 2 Diabetes In Rural Alabama, Caralise Weeks Hunt

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Self-management behaviors are the cornerstone for control of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients living with T2DM manage their own care on a daily basis using a variety of self-care strategies. Rural people living with diabetes are diagnosed later and receive less than optimal care compared to people living with T2DM in urban areas. Research evidence supports a relationship between self-efficacy and self-management behaviors of people living with T2DM. Determining mediators of the relationship between self-efficacy and self-management can provide direction for development of interventions to improve participation in self-management behaviors, which can in turn improve diabetes outcomes. The purpose …

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An Examination Of The Relationship Between The Exposure To The Use Of Cash Incentives As A Part Of The A Plus Grant Program And Performance On The Advanced Placement Exam, Juanita Inman-Vann Jan 2011

An Examination Of The Relationship Between The Exposure To The Use Of Cash Incentives As A Part Of The A Plus Grant Program And Performance On The Advanced Placement Exam, Juanita Inman-Vann

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This research examined the relationship between the use of cash incentives and performance of high school students on the Advanced Placement (AP) exam by gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Logistic regression was used with binary variables to determine predictor variables for success on the AP exam. This quantitative analysis found that while gender does not have a relationship to success, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and the use of cash incentives are related for certain groups. The use of cash incentives was the strongest predictor of success on the exam, which supports the theory of operant conditioning discussed in the literature. The …

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Substance-Dependent Tasc Offenders Taking Psychotropic Pharmacotherapy--Associated Factors, Substance Use Outcomes, And Criminal Diversion Outcomes, Dorothy Octavia Jackson Jan 2011

Substance-Dependent Tasc Offenders Taking Psychotropic Pharmacotherapy--Associated Factors, Substance Use Outcomes, And Criminal Diversion Outcomes, Dorothy Octavia Jackson

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Current evidence suggests that persons with co-occurring disorders (COD) are at risk for poorer treatment outcomes in terms of substance use and recidivism. Studies have examined this trend in incarcerated individuals, but few have examined COD offenders under community supervision. The purpose of this study was to develop a predictive model to identify offenders under community corrections supervision with substance use diagnoses who were actively taking psychotropic medications (SUPM) as an index of COD and to compare demographics, social histories, and sexual risk behaviors for SUPM offenders to offenders with a substance use disorder (SUD) only and those who met …

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Neighborhood Characteristics And Weight Status In Preschool Children, Cynthia Irwin Joiner Jan 2011

Neighborhood Characteristics And Weight Status In Preschool Children, Cynthia Irwin Joiner

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Introduction: Childhood obesity is increasing at an alarming rate particularly among minority and low-income populations. More than 12 million children and adolescents are obese (Ogden, Carroll, Curtin, Lamb, & Flegal, 2010). Research on the neighborhood and built environment is relatively new. Few studies have examined the relationship of neighborhood characteristics and weight status, and studies in the preschool population are limited. Study Purpose: The study had three aims: 1) to examine the relationship between neighborhood characteristics (number of grocery stores and fast food restaurants, and number and quality of parks) and weight status (overweight and obese) in low income, preschool …

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Gender, Race, Power And Condom-Use: Understanding Relationship Power And Condom-Use Among Young Heterosexually-Active Adults, Tara L. Jones Jan 2011

Gender, Race, Power And Condom-Use: Understanding Relationship Power And Condom-Use Among Young Heterosexually-Active Adults, Tara L. Jones

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GENDER, RACE, POWER AND CONDOM-USE: UNDERSTANDING RELATIONSHIP POWER AND CONDOM-USE AMONG YOUNG HETEROSEXUALLY-ACTIVE ADULTS HIV/AIDS continues to be a significant public health threat among heterosexual-ly-active females in the United States, particularly among Black females. Rates of HIV infection among heterosexually-active, non-injection drug using females have been in-creasing since the 1990s. Previous research recommends the need to consider the gen-dered and cultural context within which these infections are occurring. This research re-sponds to these recommendations by using Connell's (1987) theory of gender and power as a theoretical guide to test the following research questions: 1. Does relationship power differ by sex …

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The Effects Of Supplemental Dietary Vitamins On Weight Gain And Organ Production In The Variegated Sea Urchin, Lytechinus Variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), Warren T. Jones Jan 2011

The Effects Of Supplemental Dietary Vitamins On Weight Gain And Organ Production In The Variegated Sea Urchin, Lytechinus Variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), Warren T. Jones

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Due to the global decline in sea urchin fisheries, there has been an increased need to produce nutritionally-complete sea urchin diets for the emerging sea urchin aquaculture industry. Previous studies have established various macronutrient requirements; however, micronutrient requirements have not been well-researched in sea urchins. Vitamins are important micronutrients in both vertebrates and invertebrates, but their importance has not been established in any sea urchin species. To establish the essentiality and nutritional requirements of vitamins in sea urchins, a suite of important vitamins were tested in nutritional trials in the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus. Sea urchins fed moderate levels of …

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Why Do Men Choose To Teach Early Childhood Education? A Study In Interpretive Interactionism, James Curtis Jordan Jan 2011

Why Do Men Choose To Teach Early Childhood Education? A Study In Interpretive Interactionism, James Curtis Jordan

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WHY DO MEN CHOOSE TO TEACH EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION? A STUDY IN INTERPRETIVE INTERRACTIONISM JAMES CURTIS JORDAN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION ABSTRACT The area of early childhood education has been viewed by society as a traditional career choice which is appropriate for females; however men who make the career choice to teach at the early childhood level are often viewed with suspicion or curiosity at the very least. There was very little literature on the topic of males and early childhood to examine. Most of the studies involved males the entire elementary program were minimal. These studies addressed these negative aspects …

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Measuring Non-Recurring Congestion In Small To Medium Sized Urban Areas, Bharat Reddy Kallem Jan 2011

Measuring Non-Recurring Congestion In Small To Medium Sized Urban Areas, Bharat Reddy Kallem

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Understanding the relative magnitudes of recurrent vs. non-recurrent congestion in an urban area is critical to the selection of proper measures and the appropriate allocation of resources to address congestion problems. Small to medium sized cities such as Birmingham typically lack the extensive traffic sensor networks necessary to monitor and record traffic performance on a regular basis. Thus alternative methods are needed to gain an understanding of the magnitude of recurrent and non-recurrent congestion and implement proper countermeasures to reduce them. The objective of this thesis was to develop methodologies for quantifying non-recurrent congestion in small to medium sized urban …

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Testing For The Presence Of Methamphetamine Residues On Clothing From Suspected Clandestine Labs, Sarah J. Keasey Jan 2011

Testing For The Presence Of Methamphetamine Residues On Clothing From Suspected Clandestine Labs, Sarah J. Keasey

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Methamphetamine is an addictive drug that can be clandestinely manufactured using common household products. Several recipes have been developed for clandestine “cooks,” including the Nazi/Birch Method, the Red Phosphorous Method (Red P Method), the Phenol–2–Propanone Method, and the one pot “cook.,” The goal of this research was to develop a Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) method to detect methamphetamine (meth) residues and/or its precursors on areas of a user's or a meth cook's clothing that are likely to contain high amounts of perspiration. Areas that were likely to have been in contact with residues or meth contaminated surfaces in a clandestine …

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Explaining Racial Differences In Mci Classification In The Active Sample, Bridgett Hill Kennedy Jan 2011

Explaining Racial Differences In Mci Classification In The Active Sample, Bridgett Hill Kennedy

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Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is 2 to 5 times more common than dementia and can be a predisposing marker for the development of dementia. African Americans are reported to be at an increased risk for developing MCI when compared to Caucasians. The purpose of the present study was to examine reasons for racial disparity in rates of MCI classification and, in particular, whether preservation of functional abilities over time occurs among African Americans so classified, suggesting possible misclassification. Level and quality of education and prevalence of vascular disease were examined as mediators of the racial disparity in MCI classification. Previously …

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The Relationship Between Sunlight And Cerebrovascular Health, Shia T. Kent Jan 2011

The Relationship Between Sunlight And Cerebrovascular Health, Shia T. Kent

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Sunlight radiation may be related to stroke risk through increased vitamin D production. The latter has been associated with a number of conditions including stroke, cognitive function and cardiovascular disease. We performed three sets of analyses to determine whether higher levels of sunlight radiation were associated with lower rates of stroke incidence, all-cause mortality, and cognitive decline. We explored these relationships using the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, a national longitudinal cohort of 30,239 participants. We merged the participants' residential histories with a ground and satellite-derived NASA dataset to characterize 15-year average sunlight radiation and …

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Structural Analyses Of Streptococcus Agalactiae Sortases, Baldeep Khare Jan 2011

Structural Analyses Of Streptococcus Agalactiae Sortases, Baldeep Khare

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Multi-drug resistance in Gram-positive bacteria is a growing and unwavering challenge for twenty-first century medicine. The enzyme sortase, identified just around the turn of the century, has since become a promising target for development of anti-infective drugs. Streptococcus agalactiae or Group B Streptococcus (GBS), encodes multiple sortases, which participate in various processes and whose functions are only beginning to be understood in detail. Sortases are cysteine proteases that are crucial for Gram-positive pili biogenesis. Two classes of sortases, class C and class A, participate in the assembly of structural components (pilins) to form the pili and subsequent anchoring of the …

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Improvement Of A Surrogate Assay For Protective Antibodies To Pneumococcal Surface Protein A, Eun Lim Kim Jan 2011

Improvement Of A Surrogate Assay For Protective Antibodies To Pneumococcal Surface Protein A, Eun Lim Kim

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Despite the availability of vaccines for pneumococcal infections, their protective efficacy is not ideal. This problem is due to the replacement of the strains that are not covered by the current vaccines. One potential resolution of this problem is to develop a pneumococcal vaccine that is not limited to serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae . On the surface of pneumococci, there are several virulence factors in addition to capsule. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is a major virulence factor that presents on the surface of virtually all pneumococcal strains. PspA is also known to elicit protective immune responses and as a …

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Fmri Reactivity To Trial Difficulty On A Delay Discounting Task Predicts Weight Gain In Obese Women, Felix Kishinevsky Jan 2011

Fmri Reactivity To Trial Difficulty On A Delay Discounting Task Predicts Weight Gain In Obese Women, Felix Kishinevsky

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Obesity is a serious public health issue. Obesity may be accompanied by abnor-malities in executive function circuitry related to impulsivity. A useful task for studying impulsivity is the delay discounting (DD) of money task, in which an individual chooses in a series of trials between an immediate and a delayed, but greater, amount of money. On the DD task, individuals with various addictions make more immediate than delayed choices, compared to controls. Similar results have been observed in obese compared to healthy-weight women. Functional neuroimaging studies in addicted individuals have found that lower activation in executive function/inhibitory control areas during …

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A Cluster Analysis Based On The Health Belief Model Of Alacare Patients At High Risk For Osteoporosis, Elizabeth M. Kitchin Jan 2011

A Cluster Analysis Based On The Health Belief Model Of Alacare Patients At High Risk For Osteoporosis, Elizabeth M. Kitchin

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The prevalence of osteoporosis and subsequent fragility fractures will continue to rise as the American population ages. The high personal and medical costs of fragility fractures have been well documented. Taking calcium and vitamin D supplements are important strategies for lowering the risk of sustaining a fragility fracture and for improving the efficacy of prescription osteoporosis medications. The purpose of this study was to determine if patients in a home health setting in Alabama (Alacare) who are defined as high risk for a fragility fracture could be segmented via cluster analysis based on the constructs of the Osteoporosis Health Belief …

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Broad And Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses Elicited In Natural Hiv-2 Infection, Rui Kong Jan 2011

Broad And Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses Elicited In Natural Hiv-2 Infection, Rui Kong

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Little is known about the potency, breadth and epitope specificities of neutralizing antibody (Nab) responses elicited in natural HIV-2 infection. Analysis of plasma specimens from 64 HIV-2 chronically-infected subjects in a single round infectivity assay (JC53bl-13/TZM-bl) revealed median reciprocal IC50 Nab titers of 1.7x105, 2.8x104 and 3.3x104 against three primary virus strains, HIV-27312A, HIV-2ST and HIV-2UC1, respectively. A subset of 5 plasma samples was tested on 17 additional HIV-2 strains, and similarly high Nab titers were observed against all but four viruses. These Nab titers were higher, by orders of magnitude, than HIV-1 Nab titers in plasma from chronically infected …

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An Examination Of Secondary Metabolites And Inorganic Acids As Chemical Defenses Against Predation And Fouling In Antarctic And Sub-Tropical Ascidians, Gil Koplovitz Jan 2011

An Examination Of Secondary Metabolites And Inorganic Acids As Chemical Defenses Against Predation And Fouling In Antarctic And Sub-Tropical Ascidians, Gil Koplovitz

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Palatability of outer tissues of 12 species of ascidians from the Western Antarctic Peninsula was evaluated using the sympatric, omnivorous predator fish Notothenia coriiceps and sea star Odontaster validus. Tissues of 100% of those tested were unpalatable to fish, while 58% were unpalatable to sea stars. Lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts of 11 species were incorporated into pellets and tested in fish and sea star bioassays. Only the lipophilic extract from Distaplia colligans caused sea star and fish feeding deterrence. Organic extracts from 10 ascidian species were also examined in food pellet assays using the sympatric, omnivorous amphipod Gondogeneia antarctica. Only …

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Hole Patching In Unstructured Mesh And Parallelization Using Graphics Processing Units, Amitesh Kumar Jan 2011

Hole Patching In Unstructured Mesh And Parallelization Using Graphics Processing Units, Amitesh Kumar

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Engineering analysis of a three-dimensional geometric model using mesh-based computational technologies requires the model to be topologically watertight. However, achieving watertight geometry is considered to be a challenging task in the field of computational engineering due to the potential presence of geometric deficiencies, such as gaps and holes on the surfaces. This dissertation aims to repair the defective geometric model with the presence of holes irrespective of their complexities. Presented in this dissertation are novel research and implementation of a hybrid surface and volume-based technique for geometry repair. It utilizes a NURBS-based surface-patching algorithm for topologically simple holes and incorporates …

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Sox2/Parylated Parp1 Complexes Regulate Pluripotency, Yi-Shin Lai Jan 2011

Sox2/Parylated Parp1 Complexes Regulate Pluripotency, Yi-Shin Lai

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Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were first derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocyst-stage embryos. ESCs are distinguished from other cell types by their pluripotency and unlimited self-replication. ESCs are able to differentiate into multiple cell types that represent all three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) and can form an entire adult organism. Under defined conditions, ESCs are self-renewable and have an extended life-span without compromising pluripotency. The plasticity of ESCs provides opportunities for regenerative medicine. The recent production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) offers an ideal "personalized" substitute for ESCs. Overexpression of four transcription factors, …

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The Role Of Trib3 In Insulin Resistance: Its Action As Nutrient Sensor And Regulator Of Insulin Action, Jiarong Lamiquiz Jan 2011

The Role Of Trib3 In Insulin Resistance: Its Action As Nutrient Sensor And Regulator Of Insulin Action, Jiarong Lamiquiz

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THE ROLE OF TRIB3 IN INSULIN RESISTANCE: ITS ACTION AS NUTRIENT SENSOR AND REGULATOR OF INSULIN ACTION JIARONG LIU LAMIQUIZ PATHOLOGY ABSTRACT Insulin resistance is a hallmark of Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). A reduced capacity for insulin to stimulate increases in glucose uptake and glucose oxidation in insulin sensitive tissues, such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, are common defects in patients with insulin resistance, T2DM, and other related diseases. Tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3) has been demonstrated to play a role in insulin resistance by serving as a negative regulator of Akt in mouse liver, fat, and pancreas. In a …

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Three Dimensional Comparison Of Facial Morphology Of A Native Egyptian Population And A Native Brazilian Population, Ethan Larson Jan 2011

Three Dimensional Comparison Of Facial Morphology Of A Native Egyptian Population And A Native Brazilian Population, Ethan Larson

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Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess the use of three dimensional facial averages in determining facial morphological differences between a native adult Egyptian population and a native adult Brazilian population. Methods: Three- dimensional images were acquired through a commercially available stereo-photogrammetric camera system. The 3dMDfaceTM system was used to capture images from 186 subjects from two population groups (Egypt and Brazil). Each image was obtained as a facial mesh and orientated along a triangulated axis. All facial images were overlaid and superimposed, and a complex mathematical algorithm was performed to create a composite facial average of one …

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Biological, Ecological, And Conservational Implications Of Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination In Sea Turtle Populations, Jennifer Estes Layton Jan 2011

Biological, Ecological, And Conservational Implications Of Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination In Sea Turtle Populations, Jennifer Estes Layton

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Various aspects of TSD were examined in two different sea turtle populations, representing two sea turtle species. Sex ratio was examined in the juvenile portion of the loggerhead sea turtle population in the southeastern U.S. Turtles were captured in the intake channel of the St. Lucie Nuclear Power plant on the central Atlantic coast of Florida. Blood samples were collected from a total of 111 juvenile turtles from May 2005 through April 2007, and the samples were analyzed in a testosterone radioimmunoassay that was validated for use as a sexing technique for sea turtles. The results suggest a significant female-biased …

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Structural And Functional Studies On Group A Streptococcal Bacteriophage Hyaluronidase, Joo Hyoung Lee Jan 2011

Structural And Functional Studies On Group A Streptococcal Bacteriophage Hyaluronidase, Joo Hyoung Lee

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Aberrant hyaluronan production is frequently associated with tumors where the elevated levels of tumoral hyaluronan are often associated with higher expression levels of cellular hyaluronidases that produce saturated hyaluronan fragments with divergent pro-tumoral activities. In this thesis, we provide evidence that different hyaluronan metabolism of bacteriophage hyaluronidase (HylP) elicits distinct alteration in breast cancer cell behavior. We demonstrate through comparative analysis with bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH) that higher enzyme activity, specificity for hyaluronan and production of unsaturated oligosaccharides render HylP to have profound effects on growth, migration and invasion activities of breast carcinoma cells, whereas BTH and its saturated metabolites …

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In Vivo Interactions Between Virus Genomes And Host Proteins For Members Of The Order Picornavirales, Erik Michael Lenarcic Jan 2011

In Vivo Interactions Between Virus Genomes And Host Proteins For Members Of The Order Picornavirales, Erik Michael Lenarcic

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A significant number of pathogens of economical and medical importance are positive sense RNA viruses. Their genomes enter host cells and subvert them to support virus growth. These large-scale changes involve the co-opting of cellular proteins through interactions with viral RNA and proteins. Characterizing these interactions leads to a better understanding of viral life cycles and the identification of new antiviral therapies. The order Picornavirales contains viruses that infect a wide array of eukaryotes. Their genomes serve as a messenger RNA (mRNA) that is translated by host ribosomes cap-independently through an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Most members of the …

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Cyclic Elongation And Pull Out Of Unicortical And Bicortical Suture Anchor Designs, Richard Justin Lesley Jan 2011

Cyclic Elongation And Pull Out Of Unicortical And Bicortical Suture Anchor Designs, Richard Justin Lesley

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CYCLIC ELONGATION AND PULL OUT OF UNICORTICAL AND BICORTICAL SUTURE ANCHOR DESIGNS JUSTIN LESLEY BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ABSTRACT A novel suture anchor design was introduced and biomechanically tested. The novel design involved lengthening a standard metal screw type anchor so as to achieve greater fixation in bone. Along with utilizing a greater amount of trabecular bone, this design also allows a second layer of cortical bone to be involved in order to further enhance fixation. This "bicortcal" design is intended to be used under unique clinical circumstances. Such circumstances may include RC repair in patients with extreme osteoporosis, in cases where …

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Functional Imaging Of Excitable Cells: Retinal Neurons And Pancreatic Islet Beta Cells, Yichao Li Jan 2011

Functional Imaging Of Excitable Cells: Retinal Neurons And Pancreatic Islet Beta Cells, Yichao Li

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Stimulus-evoked fast intrinsic optical signals (IOSs) have time courses comparable to electrophysiological kinetics, and thus promise a sub-cellular and sub-second resolution method for functional evaluation of excitable biological tissues. The objective of my thesis research is to validate and characterize IOS imaging of stimulus-evoked activities in the retina and pancreatic islet ß-cells. In order to achieve this objective, three sets of experiments have been conducted. 1) Simultaneous measurement of retinal neurons functioning can enhance our understanding of the visual signal processing. In this stage of my study, I propose to demonstrate IOS imaging of retina slices that allows simultaneous monitoring …

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Post-Transcriptional Control Of Type I Interferon Genes By Ksrp In The Innate Immune Response Against Viral Infection, Wei-Jye Lin Jan 2011

Post-Transcriptional Control Of Type I Interferon Genes By Ksrp In The Innate Immune Response Against Viral Infection, Wei-Jye Lin

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Several strategies are used in eukaryotic cells in order to determine the gene expression level, including the transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. One of the post-transcriptional mechanisms is the regulation of mRNA stability, which varies considerably from one mRNA species to another. Previous studies have shown that inherently unstable mRNAs encoding cytokines and proto-oncogenes contain the AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). Their decay requires decay-promoting RNA-binding proteins that recognize the AREs and recruit mRNA decay machineries to facilitate the rapid decay of targeting mRNA. KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP) was previously identified as an ARE decay promoting …

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Sexual Orientation And Risk: Patterns Of Association Across Outcomes, Penny S. Loosier Jan 2011

Sexual Orientation And Risk: Patterns Of Association Across Outcomes, Penny S. Loosier

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This study highlights associations between sexual orientation and risk outcomes in late adolescence and early adulthood using an expanded measure of sexual orientation. Recent data indicate higher levels of risk behavior in a newly identified population, mostly heterosexuals, as compared to heterosexuals. Comparisons among groups using an expanded measure of sexual orientation such as this, however, often do not include all possible groups or may restrict comparisons between groups. Data were derived from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health); participants identified as heterosexual, mostly heterosexual, bisexual, mostly gay, or gay. Risk outcomes were parental mistreatment, home displacement, …

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Antimicrobial Effectiveness Of Silver-Releasing Elastomeric Ligature Ties, Matthew Christopher O'Dell Jan 2011

Antimicrobial Effectiveness Of Silver-Releasing Elastomeric Ligature Ties, Matthew Christopher O'Dell

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Introduction: Fixed appliances make satisfactory oral hygiene a greater challenge for the orthodontic patient. Improper oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment can cause enamel demineralization resulting in unesthetic white spot lesions. A new approach to providing protection against demineralization during treatment has been to incorporate antimicrobial agents into elastomeric ligature ties. A recent elastomeric ligature tie uses the antimicrobial characteristic of silver to help prevent formation of white spot lesions. The purpose of this in vitro study is to determine the antimicrobial effectiveness of a silver-releasing elastomeric ligature tie (OrthoShield Safe-T-Tie) against Streptococcus mutans and compare its results with a selenium-containing …

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