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The Role Of Pim3 Kinase In Promoting Tumorigenesis, Tumor Metastasis, And Cancer Cell Stemness In Human Hepatoblastoma, Raoud Marayati Jan 2021

The Role Of Pim3 Kinase In Promoting Tumorigenesis, Tumor Metastasis, And Cancer Cell Stemness In Human Hepatoblastoma, Raoud Marayati

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Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary liver tumor in children. Despite an increasing incidence and major advances in care for other pediatric solid tumors, therapy for hepatoblastoma has remained virtually unchanged for the last 20 years, and children with metastatic or relapsed disease continue to suffer from a dismal prognosis. Treatment strategies primarily rely on cisplatin, due to its role as the most active single agent in hepatoblastoma treatment. However, chemoresistance remains a significant challenge with 54-80% of patients developing resistance to chemotherapy after 4-5 cycles of treatment. We have previously demonstrated that Proviral Integration site in Maloney murine leukemia …

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Sites Of Memory In Lao Pdr: The Role Of Tourism In Post-Conflict Reconciliation Processes, Angela Morgan Jan 2021

Sites Of Memory In Lao Pdr: The Role Of Tourism In Post-Conflict Reconciliation Processes, Angela Morgan

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During the Second Indochina War (known to Americans as the Vietnam War), the United States conducted a “secret war” from 1964 to 1973, dropping more than 2 million tons of bombs over Laos, including 270 million cluster sub-munitions. Up to 30% of ordnance did not detonate, leaving about 80 million live sub-munitions to contaminate the land (along with other live ordnance such as large bombs and landmines). Fourteen of Laos’ 17 provinces, and around 25% of its 10,500 villages, are contaminated by this unexploded ordnance (UXO). Clearance efforts have been underway since 1994, but progress is slow, and UXO impacts …

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Evaluation Of The Bonding Strength Between Different Materials And Resin Cement Used For Cementing A Fixed Complete Prosthesis, Vinita Pankaj Ved Jan 2021

Evaluation Of The Bonding Strength Between Different Materials And Resin Cement Used For Cementing A Fixed Complete Prosthesis, Vinita Pankaj Ved

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Statement of Problem: When a situation of full-arch edentulism is observed, CAD-CAM designed prosthesis have improved properties in comparison to conventional fixed dentures. Long term longevity of the prosthesis includes not only strength of the framework, but also enhanced bonding strength between the framework and implant coping. Purpose: To investigate the bonding strength between different polymer materials used for a monolithic metal-free fixed hybrid denture luted to Ti-Base using the push-out strength test. Materials and Methods: The experimental design consists of 20 specimens for each group, with a total of 7 groups (total = 140). The materials used in the …

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Association Between Antioxidant Capacity And Vascular Hemodynamics In Premenopausal Women Following 12 Weeks Of Exercise Training, Aparna Tamhane Jan 2021

Association Between Antioxidant Capacity And Vascular Hemodynamics In Premenopausal Women Following 12 Weeks Of Exercise Training, Aparna Tamhane

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Background: Oxidative stress induced by “free radicals” plays role in vascular dysfunction and cardiovascular health. Studies exploring beneficial effects of chronic aerobic training by enhancing antioxidant mechanisms in the body and thus, hemodynamic outcome measures are limited. Purpose: To assess effects of chronic aerobic exercise training on association between change (Δ) in antioxidant capacity, measured in terms of ferric reducing ability of plasma (ΔFRAP), and change in vascular hemodynamic (outcome) measures: systolic blood pressure (ΔSBP), diastolic blood pressure (ΔDBP), large arterial elasticity index (ΔLAEI) and small arterial elasticity index (ΔSAEI), in a cohort of healthy women. Methods: This was a …

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Regulation Of Nitric Oxide Syntahse 3 By Histone Deacetylase, Luke S. Dunaway Jan 2021

Regulation Of Nitric Oxide Syntahse 3 By Histone Deacetylase, Luke S. Dunaway

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In the vasculature, nitric oxide is produced by nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) and protects against the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a family of enzymes responsible for lysine deacetylation of both histone and non-histone proteins. Understanding how NO signaling is regulated by HDACs will allow us to better understand how HDAC inhibitors may be of use in treating CVD. This dissertation seeks to provide novel insight into the regulation of NOS3 by this family of enzymes. Endothelial NO production is impaired in human subjects and rodents fed a high salt diet (HS). We have …

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Diurnal Variation In Hippocampal Neurophysiology And Pathophysiology, Allison R. Fusilier Jan 2021

Diurnal Variation In Hippocampal Neurophysiology And Pathophysiology, Allison R. Fusilier

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Circadian rhythms are ~24-hour cycles in biological processes that are endogenously generated, entrained to light, and synchronized by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. One process that is influenced by circadian rhythms is cognitive function, which varies over the course of the day and is likely influenced by changes in neuronal physiology over the course of the day. Dysfunction in circadian rhythms has been documented in many diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is a neurodegenerative disease most notably characterized by dementia, amyloid beta plaques, and tau tangles. There is currently no cure for AD, and treatments only slow disease …

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Pain-Related Injustice Appraisal And Chronic Low Back Pain Among Arabs In The United States, Albatool Homoud Alnojeidi Jan 2021

Pain-Related Injustice Appraisal And Chronic Low Back Pain Among Arabs In The United States, Albatool Homoud Alnojeidi

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Pain-related injustice appraisal has emerged as a psychosocial predictor of deleterious chronic low back pain (CLBP) outcomes. The appraisal is defined as the individual’s perception regarding the magnitude and irreparability of pain-related loss and suffering, externalized blame, and unfairness. Research in diverse samples revealed racial differences in pain-related injustice appraisal, suggesting that it may reflect broader racial/ethnic, sociocultural, and socioeconomic factors. This agrees with theories recognizing the role of ethnic and cultural characteristics in ethnic minorities’ health. Despite global data showing that Arabs represent the population with the second-highest prevalence of CLBP worldwide, a reliable characterization of CLBP among Arabs …

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Intra-University Collaboration Between And English Language Center And A Disability Resource Office To Support International Students With Disabilities: A Bridge Towards Inclusive Excellence, Matthias Maunsell Jan 2021

Intra-University Collaboration Between And English Language Center And A Disability Resource Office To Support International Students With Disabilities: A Bridge Towards Inclusive Excellence, Matthias Maunsell

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As universities endeavor to increase international student enrollment, they are also legally mandated to support international students with disabilities (ISWDs). For ISWDS engaged in English language study, both the English Language Center (ELC) and the Disability Resource Office (DRO) are directly implicated in their educational success. However, the connection between these two units and their efforts to leverage institutional resources have received limited attention. Guided by the Inclusive Excellence model that centers diversity, equity, and inclusion in all aspects of higher education and strongly emphasizes campus partnerships, this study explored the interrelationship between an ELC and a DRO in support …

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Evaluating The Regulation And Effect Of Innate Immune Gene Expression On Melanocyte Biology, Alex D. Dawson Jan 2021

Evaluating The Regulation And Effect Of Innate Immune Gene Expression On Melanocyte Biology, Alex D. Dawson

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Anecdotally, humans can experience loss of hair color or hair graying after infection or vaccination yet our understanding of how melanocyte biology and the innate immune system interact is incomplete. Mouse models of hair graying have been used to reveal numerous mechanisms that adversely affect the melanocyte system within the hair follicle, and one such mouse model highlights a molecular link between the transcription factor SOX10, melanogenesis and innate immune dysregulation. SOX10 is a transcription factor critical for neural crest development and melanogenesis, and when overexpressed in the Tg(Dct-Sox10)CF1-10 mouse line causes a sensitivity to viral mimic Poly(I:C) that results …

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Clinical, Radiographic, And Histomorphometric Outcomes Following Ridge Preservation Using Leukocyte- And Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-Prf) And Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft (Fdba) Layered Technique: A Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial, Geisy Galviz Jan 2021

Clinical, Radiographic, And Histomorphometric Outcomes Following Ridge Preservation Using Leukocyte- And Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-Prf) And Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft (Fdba) Layered Technique: A Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial, Geisy Galviz

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Objective: The present randomized controlled clinical trial aims to evaluate clinically, radiographic, and histologically the efficacy of L-PRF in combination with FDBA either in a homogeneous mixture or using a layered technique in improving quantity and quality of new vital bone formation and alveolar ridge dimensional stability in comparison to LPRF alone for ridge preservation after tooth extraction. Materials and Methods: Twentythree patients successfully completed the study. They were randomized to receive either L-PRF/FDBA layered technique (LAY), L-PRF/FDBA homogeneous mixture (MIX), or L-PRF alone. After minimally traumatic tooth extraction, direct clinical assessment and a Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scan were …

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How Trans Students Encounter Cisgenderism In Higher Education At The Intersection Of Location And Region: A Critical Discourse Analysis Of Trans Students' Experiences In Understudied Cities In The Southeast, Cortney Johnson Jan 2021

How Trans Students Encounter Cisgenderism In Higher Education At The Intersection Of Location And Region: A Critical Discourse Analysis Of Trans Students' Experiences In Understudied Cities In The Southeast, Cortney Johnson

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Despite evidence showing the resilience and success of many Transgender students in higher education and the increasing prevalence of supportive campus policies, this is an emergent population with growing, varying, and diverse needs that are often not met by institutions and practitioners. The Southeast is a unique place for the LGBTQ+ community that has been understudied, and although the experiences of Trans students and how cisgenderism impacts them has been captured more broadly, this study is focused on the experiences of Trans students at urban institutions in the Southeast. Using Critical Discourse Analysis as a methodology and Critical Trans Politics …

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Kinetic Mechanism Investigations Of Nucleotide Addition Catalyzed By Rna Polymerase I And Ii, Zachariah M. Ingram Jan 2021

Kinetic Mechanism Investigations Of Nucleotide Addition Catalyzed By Rna Polymerase I And Ii, Zachariah M. Ingram

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Eukaryotes contain at least three multi-subunit DNA dependent RNA polymerases (Pol I, II, and III). The three Pols are responsible for synthesizing specific RNAs. Pol I synthesizes the majority of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Pol II synthesizes all messenger RNA (mRNA) and most regulatory RNA, and Pol III synthesizes transfer RNA (tRNA) and the 5S rRNA. Despite the three Pols all synthesizing RNA, mechanistic differences are present between the polymerases. One example is the nuclease activity for each enzyme. Pol I and Pol III contain intrinsic nuclease activity conferred by specific subunits, whereas Pol II requires the association of the …

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Transcriptional Regulation And Islet Transplantation Advantages Of Brown Adipose Tissue, Jessica D. Kepple Jan 2021

Transcriptional Regulation And Islet Transplantation Advantages Of Brown Adipose Tissue, Jessica D. Kepple

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Metabolic disease encompasses various disorders, including obesity and diabetes, that negatively impact glucose and lipid homeostasis and increase the risk of co-morbidities. Adipose tissue, which regulates whole-body energy balance and acts as a specialized endocrine tissue, is negatively affected by obesity and diabetes. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) functions to dissipate excess energy as heat and therefore is an attractive target against metabolic disease. To develop more effective therapeutic strategies, BAT physiology and genetic regulatory mechanisms need to be better understood. This dissertation highlights studies seeking to illuminate novel transcriptional regulation and islet transplantation applications of BAT. We investigated the requirement …

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De Novo Generation Of Cardiomyocytes For Regenerative Medicine Treatment, Yawen Tang Jan 2021

De Novo Generation Of Cardiomyocytes For Regenerative Medicine Treatment, Yawen Tang

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Cardiovascular disease, till now, is still the leading cause of death in the United States. As a consequences of heart attack event, cardiomyocytes death is an irreversible process accompanied with scar formation and loss of heart function. As mammalian cardiomyocytes exit cell cycle shortly after birth, with no replacement of the necrotic cardiomyocytes, the damages caused by heart attack often progress into more severe symptoms such as heart failure. To replenish damaged cardiomyocytes (CMs), many therapies, such as differentiate the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into cardiomyocytes and direct reprogram fibroblasts into CMs, have been developed. During this dissertation study, …

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Glycolytic Myeloid Cells Protect The Host In Tuberculosis, Hayden Thomas Pacl Jan 2021

Glycolytic Myeloid Cells Protect The Host In Tuberculosis, Hayden Thomas Pacl

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Despite curative treatment, tuberculosis remains a leading cause of death around the world. As such, there is great interest in novel therapeutic approaches to treat this disease. One such approach aims to enhance the efficacy of host immune cells in responding to the pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis—so called host-directed therapies. The metabolism of immune cells has been a central focus in the search for hostdirected therapies, and the role of glycolysis in myeloid cells, in particular, has received much attention. However, the role of glycolysis in myeloid cells in the context of tuberculosis has not yet been made clear. Here we …

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From Classrooms To Polluted Communities: Scientific Inquiry In Birmingham, Alabama And Beyond, Sarah Jeanne Adkins-Jablonsky Jan 2021

From Classrooms To Polluted Communities: Scientific Inquiry In Birmingham, Alabama And Beyond, Sarah Jeanne Adkins-Jablonsky

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Nearly half of all U.S. students who declare science majors in college do not graduate with science degrees within six years. Improvements in science outcomes are linked with active-learning pedagogies such as Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs). However, despite the need for education reform particularly in Alabama, active-learning interventions are severely understudied in Alabama universities. Chapter 1 describes novel CUREs at four colleges in Birmingham, AL: The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB); Jefferson State Community College (JSCC), Samford University (SU), and Birmingham Southern College (BSC). Chapter 2 shows how an agar art CURE, The Art of Microbiology, impacts student …

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External Apical Root Resorption In Asian Orthodontic Patients In Alabama, Najd Aswad Jan 2021

External Apical Root Resorption In Asian Orthodontic Patients In Alabama, Najd Aswad

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The main goals of orthodontic treatment are to achieve a harmonious dentalocclusion and enhance the patient’s dentofacial appearance. External Apical Root Resorption (EARR) is a side effect of orthodontic treatment1. It results in the permanent loss of tooth structure from the root apex2. EARR is a multifactorial condition which includes patient related and treatment related risk factors. Patient-related factors include genetics, severity of malocclusion, tooth-root morphology, systemic factors, density of alveolar bone, root proximity to cortical bone, previous exposure to trauma, patient age and sex. Orthodontic treatment related risk factors include treatment duration, amount of force and mechanics used, direction …

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Socioeconomic Status In Adolescence And Dna Methylation In Young Adulthood, Malcolm Barker-Kamps Jan 2021

Socioeconomic Status In Adolescence And Dna Methylation In Young Adulthood, Malcolm Barker-Kamps

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Children from low socioeconomic status (SES) families are at a greater risk of negative health outcomes in adulthood, in part from chronic stress. The chronic stress of these experiences may become biologically embedded through DNA methylation in stress-related genes. However, the effects of specific SES dimensions during childhood or adolescence on later epigenetic profiles in adulthood are not well understood. The present study examined the roles of two objective SES dimensions and two subjective SES dimensions experienced in early adolescence in DNA methylation in young adulthood. The analyses focused on two genes, NR3C1 and SLC6A4, because their methylation has been …

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Studies On The Influence Of Non-Equilibrium Plasma Irradiation On Polyester Scaffolds: Characterization And Evolution Of New Surface Properties Toward Potential Biomedical Applications, Bernabe Samuel Tucker Jan 2021

Studies On The Influence Of Non-Equilibrium Plasma Irradiation On Polyester Scaffolds: Characterization And Evolution Of New Surface Properties Toward Potential Biomedical Applications, Bernabe Samuel Tucker

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A great need exists for innovative, functional materials. Specifically, functional materials must meet the necessary mechanical and interfacial properties for successful bio-integration for end goals such as medical implants. A gap in the knowledge existed before this work. This work addressed that gap through an experimental approach that employed low-temperature plasma (LTP) processing of fibrous, polyester constructs to produce functional materials. First, atmospheric-pressure plasma processing of electrospun polyester fibers, in a tubular geometry, was reported. Characterization of that system was conducted. Next, the effects of magnetized plasmas were reported. That report was a novel application of magnetized plasma and showed …

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Beyond Apoptosis: Insight Into The Complex Intracellular Networks That Govern Cell Fate, Hayley Neal Widden Jan 2021

Beyond Apoptosis: Insight Into The Complex Intracellular Networks That Govern Cell Fate, Hayley Neal Widden

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The determination of cell fate is a dynamic process regulated by hundreds of proteins that converge into complex cell signaling pathways. Upon irreparable intracellular stress, a cell undergoes programmed cell death, a process known as intrinsic apoptosis. Apoptosis is regulated by the Bcl-2 family, a class of proteins that act either as pro-survival or pro-death signaling molecules. Due to the oncogenic upregulation of pro- survival Bcl-2 family proteins across human cancer cell types, a novel class of small molecule inhibitors called ‘BH3-mimetics’ have emerged as promising anti-cancer therapeutics currently under clinical investigation. Here, we highlight the crosstalk between anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 …

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Importance Of The Zebrafish Model For Understanding Nutrition, Michael Britt Williams Jan 2021

Importance Of The Zebrafish Model For Understanding Nutrition, Michael Britt Williams

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The common zebrafish Danio rerio is a useful model for human health. Effective utilization of this model required development of husbandry and reproductive protocols as well as genomic sequencing and creation of relevant molecular techniques. However, the dietary needs of the species remain woefully under investigated. At this time no chemically-defined open source diets are available to the zebrafish research community. Consequently, those labs utilizing the zebrafish model rely on commercial diets that may not provide adequate nutrition and lack consistency needed for rigorous and reproducible research. The first focus of these studies was to examine the current state of …

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Beliefs And Intentions Of Anesthesia Physicians Toward Providing Culturally Competent Care To Transgender Patients, Erin Elizabeth Blanchard Jan 2021

Beliefs And Intentions Of Anesthesia Physicians Toward Providing Culturally Competent Care To Transgender Patients, Erin Elizabeth Blanchard

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Purpose: Transgender patients face healthcare discrimination, resulting in a delay or avoidance in seeking care and increased negative health outcomes. The presence of cultural competence in patient-provider interactions has been shown to increase trust and satisfaction, resulting in better health outcomes. However, physicians receive little to no training on how to interact with transgender patients in a culturally competent manner. Anesthesia physicians often have no prior relationship with their patients and have very limited time for patient interaction before delivering care. This is why it is essential that anesthesia physicians possess the knowledge and skills to treat all types of …

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Social Inclusion Among People With Mobility Limitations In The Global South, Shane Burns Jan 2021

Social Inclusion Among People With Mobility Limitations In The Global South, Shane Burns

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An estimated 15% of the world’s population have a disability—roughly 80% of whom live in the Global South. People with disabilities experience profound social disparities that affect their quality of life and social inclusion. Due to the array of cultural perspectives and institutional capacities around the globe, provision of disability rights can come with its challenges. In many cultural contexts, people have moral beliefs about disability that result in shame. More medicalized beliefs toward disability are often the result of medical infrastructure that offers goods and services. Using a framework that arrays these moral and medical dimensions, I theorized that …

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Hyperphosphatemia Contributes To Functional Iron Deficiency And Skeletal Muscle Wasting, Brian Anthony Czaya Jan 2021

Hyperphosphatemia Contributes To Functional Iron Deficiency And Skeletal Muscle Wasting, Brian Anthony Czaya

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health threat that increases risk of death, which is credible to both impaired renal function and a multitude of CKD- associated comorbidities such as systemic inflammation, anemia and skeletal muscle dys- function. A distinctive feature of CKD is the dysregulation of mineral metabolism, where excess serum levels of phosphate (hyperphosphatemia) and of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are not only viewed as biomarkers for disease severity but also exert deleterious effects towards various CKD-associated pathologies. Elevated levels of FGF23 can lead to the activation of FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4) in cell types that …

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Examining The Pathophysiology Through Which Violence Exposure Varies With Functional Brain Connectivity And The Psychophysiological Response To Stress, Heather Elizabeth Dark Jan 2021

Examining The Pathophysiology Through Which Violence Exposure Varies With Functional Brain Connectivity And The Psychophysiological Response To Stress, Heather Elizabeth Dark

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Violence exposure during childhood and adolescence is associated with susceptibility to internalizing disorders such as depression and anxiety. The relationship between childhood violence exposure and internalizing disorders may be explained by changes in brain function. For example, childhood maltreatment, including violence exposure, is associated with changes in brain regions that are important for emotion regulation. Reciprocal connections among these brain regions are important for healthy responses to stress. Thus, examining how childhood violence exposure varies with acute stress-induced changes in functional brain connectivity and psychophysiological stress responses may elucidate how childhood violence exposure may contribute to susceptibility to internalizing disorders. …

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Upregulation Of Somatostatin Receptor 2 In Neuroendocrine Tumors Using Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors, Rachael Elizabeth Guenter Jan 2021

Upregulation Of Somatostatin Receptor 2 In Neuroendocrine Tumors Using Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors, Rachael Elizabeth Guenter

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Neuroendocrine cancer is complex disease of the diffuse neuroendocrine system. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) can arise throughout the body, including the lungs and pancreas. These tumors are phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous, making accurate diagnoses difficult with current imaging standards. New diagnostic options, coupled with a better understanding of neuroendocrine cancer etiology, is urgent and necessary to provide patients with better futures. Many NETs overexpress somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) on their cellular surfaces, making patients eligible for [68Ga]-DOTATATE PET/CT imaging and SSTR2-based therapies. However, patients that lack sufficient SSTR2 overexpression cannot benefit from SSTR2-targeted imaging or therapeutic options. We found that histone …

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Evidence For A Bioelectrical Marker Of Insulin Resistance In Premenopausal Women: Membrane Capacitance, Valene E Garr Barry Jan 2021

Evidence For A Bioelectrical Marker Of Insulin Resistance In Premenopausal Women: Membrane Capacitance, Valene E Garr Barry

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Insulin resistance (IR) is associated with poor metabolic and reproductive outcomes among premenopausal women. Early identification of women with IR might mitigate these outcomes. However, clinically suitable methods to identify women with IR are unavailable due to high cost, high patient burden, or limited reliability. The objective was to examine a bioimpedance-based approach to identifying women with IR using membrane capacitance (CM). CM is a measure of cell membrane health and function, which is independently associated with IR and may be a suitable predictor. We validated the association of CM with IR and established the clinical utility of CM as …

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Predictors Of Subjective And Objective Everyday Functioning In Middle-Aged And Older Adults With Hiv, Alexandra Elaine Jacob Jan 2021

Predictors Of Subjective And Objective Everyday Functioning In Middle-Aged And Older Adults With Hiv, Alexandra Elaine Jacob

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People with HIV (PWH) are at an increased risk for everyday functionalimpairment, especially as they age. The purpose of this study was: (1) to identify factors associated with subjective and objective instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) difficulty in PWH and (2) to identify factors associated with awareness of functional capacity. This cross-sectional study included 261 PWH. Participants completed a comprehensive neurobehavioral assessment, including self-report and performance-based measures of everyday functioning. Hierarchical multiple regressions were performed to identify health, psychological, and cognitive factors that contribute to subjective and objective evaluation of everyday functioning. We also examined factors that predicted a …

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Gait Adaptability With Healthy Aging And Parkinson’S Disease, Daniel Kuhman Jan 2021

Gait Adaptability With Healthy Aging And Parkinson’S Disease, Daniel Kuhman

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Human locomotion often occurs through environments with complex sets of external demands (e.g., obstacles, uneven surfaces, altered terrain, etc.). Fortunately, humans have developed locomotor systems capable of rapidly adapting gait patterns to navigate these environments. Advanced age and neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) are associated with physiological changes that add to the complexity of locomotion – these individuals must not only adapt to changing environmental demands, but also to changes in internal function (e.g., reduced muscle strength, dysfunctional sensorimotor integration). While there is a growing body of literature indicating that healthy older adults maintain adaptability, less is known …

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Chemical, Physical, And Antibacterial Properties Of Contemporary Pulp Capping Materials, Yu-Yin Lin Jan 2021

Chemical, Physical, And Antibacterial Properties Of Contemporary Pulp Capping Materials, Yu-Yin Lin

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The purpose of this project was to compare the chemical, physical, and antibacterial properties of right contemporary direct pulp capping materials. The material categories included in this study were calcium hydroxide (Dycal, Lime-Lite and Ultra-Blend plus), calcium silicate (MTA Angelus, Biodentine, TheraCal LC), calcium aluminate (Ceramir Protect LC), and resin ionomer (Bio-Cap). Calcium release and pH changes were measured via a calcium ion-selective electrode (Vernier Company) and pH sensor (Vernier Company) respectively, after specimens were immersed in 36.8oC deionized water for 1, 7, 28 and 90 days. Water solubility was calculated with weight loss of the specimens from 0 to …

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