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T Cell Immunity Directed Against Novel Anti-Sense Cryptic Epitopes And Its Impact On Hiv Viral Evolution, Binghao Jason Peng Jan 2018

T Cell Immunity Directed Against Novel Anti-Sense Cryptic Epitopes And Its Impact On Hiv Viral Evolution, Binghao Jason Peng

All ETDs from UAB

After nearly four decades of scientific research, a global solution in eradicating the human immunodeficiency virus - 1 (HIV-1) pandemic has still yet to be discovered. The advent of antiretroviral therapies (ART) has significantly decreased the diseases burden for those infected with the virus; however, the access to ART is often limited to those with the financial abilities to afford it. For this reason, finding a way to vaccinate against HIV-1 successfully remains a sought-after pragmatic solution to this worldwide health issue. HIV immunological studies have taught us that increasing the breadth of response to the virus holds significant potential …

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Examining The Role Of Injustice Perception In A Multiethnic Sample Of Individuals With Chronic Low Back Pain, Terence Matthew Penn Jan 2018

Examining The Role Of Injustice Perception In A Multiethnic Sample Of Individuals With Chronic Low Back Pain, Terence Matthew Penn

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Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is among the most disabling, costly, and painful conditions worldwide. In the United States, there is consistent evidence that the burden of chronic pain and associated disability disproportionately affect non-Hispanic Blacks (“Blacks”) compared to non-Hispanic Whites (“Whites”), with Blacks reporting greater pain frequency, severity, and disability. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that perceptions of injustice related to personal pain or injury is a crucial risk factor for poor outcomes in chronic pain, including persistent musculoskeletal pain disorders. Although racial differences have been reported for multiple chronic pain conditions, relatively minimal attention has been given to potential …

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Mucus Adhesion As A Therapeutic Target In Cystic Fibrosis, Courtney Fernandez Petty Jan 2018

Mucus Adhesion As A Therapeutic Target In Cystic Fibrosis, Courtney Fernandez Petty

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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease resulting from mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. CFTR is an ion channel responsible for proper movement of chloride and bicarbonate ions across the apical cell surface. Defective CFTR results in an absence of bicarbonate transport, which functions in part to chelate Ca2+, a divalent cation found in abundance in mucin granules in normal conditions; this yields a hyperviscous and adhesive mucus on the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of patients with CF. Bronchial mucins are glycosylated proteins with neutral and negative sugars modified by negatively charged sialic and neuraminic …

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Identification Of Molecular Regulators Of Morphogenesis During Early Development Of Xenopus, Ivan Popov Jan 2018

Identification Of Molecular Regulators Of Morphogenesis During Early Development Of Xenopus, Ivan Popov

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During embryonic development of all animal species, dramatic changes in morphology occur to transform a single-celled zygote into a well-organized adult body that contains different organs positioned in stereotypical ways for the species. The processes that shape tissues and organs are called morphogenesis, and gastrulation is the first morphogenetic process in embryogenesis. During gastrulation, three germ layers are specified and a set of regionally specific cell movements act in concert to position these germ layers for proper establishment of future body plan of the developing animal. Although factors regulating cell lineage specification have been studied extensively, the molecular machinery controlling …

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Transcriptional Changes Underpinning Poor Prognosis And Chemoresistance In Pancreatic Cancer, Ryne Ramaker Jan 2018

Transcriptional Changes Underpinning Poor Prognosis And Chemoresistance In Pancreatic Cancer, Ryne Ramaker

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With a 5-year survival rate of 7% and only marginal improvements in recent dec-ades, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) survival statistics present a disheartening chal-lenge. A majority of the high mortality rate associated with PDAC is due to late-stage diagnosis and limited efficacy of the current chemotherapeutic arsenal. This work is largely focused on the ~20% of tumors detected prior to metastasis for which curative surgical resection can be combined with chemotherapy and radiation therapy, increasing the 5 year survival rate to ~25%. Although a subset of these patients who undergo surgi-cal resection experience sustained remission, a majority of patients still relapse …

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The Influence Of Treatment Expectation On Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (Tdcs)-Induced Suppression Of Craving And Eating, Mary Katherine Osborn Ray Jan 2018

The Influence Of Treatment Expectation On Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (Tdcs)-Induced Suppression Of Craving And Eating, Mary Katherine Osborn Ray

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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique with promise to improve numerous diseases, but results are inconsistent. Possible explanations for the conflicting evidence include: 1) expectation effects arising from discernable real vs. sham tDCS conditions, and 2) uncontrolled individual differences related to the outcome variables. Therefore, we conducted a study that systematically assessed the putative action of tDCS to suppress food craving and eating while controlling for expectation effects and baseline individual differences. N=74 adults were randomized to one of four groups: Told Fake/Got Fake (participants were told they were receiving fake and received fake tDCS), Told Fake/Got …

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Pulsed Laser Deposition And Electrical Properties Of Zinc Selenide Based Thin Film Structures For Integration With Mid-Infrared Applications, Matthew Webster Rhoades Jan 2018

Pulsed Laser Deposition And Electrical Properties Of Zinc Selenide Based Thin Film Structures For Integration With Mid-Infrared Applications, Matthew Webster Rhoades

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Thin films of chlorine (Cl) and copper (Cu) doped zinc selenide (Cl:ZnSe and Cu:ZnSe) were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) with the goal of enabling a multilayered semiconductor structure for a mid-infrared (mid-IR) electrically excited laser. Doping of ZnSe is achieved by varying the mass ratio of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) or copper selenide (Cu2Se) to ZnSe precursors in starting pressed powder targets. Appropriate adjustment of the fraction of dopant precursor in the mixtures allows for the control of the dopant concentration, ND–NA for ND ≫ NA (or NA-ND for NA ≫ ND) in the thin films, where ND is …

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The Effect Of Novel Antibiotic Compounds On Endodontic Biofilms, Steven Rhodes Jan 2018

The Effect Of Novel Antibiotic Compounds On Endodontic Biofilms, Steven Rhodes

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Purpose: To investigate the effects of three novel experimental antibiotics on monospecies (Enterococcus faecalis) and polymicrobial (mixed) endodontic biofilms. Materials and Methods: Biofilms containing pure Enterococcus faecalis, as well as biofilms derived from mixed bacterial samples aspirated from inside the pulp spaces of necrotic human teeth, were grown onto slices of human dental in vitro. Biofilm formation capability was verified with SEM. The treatment groups consisted of 3 novel experimental antibiotics. 8.25% sodium hypochlorite and sterile saline were used as the controls. The biofilms were investigated with live/dead fluorochrome staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results: The full strength sodium …

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The Biomimetic Cardiac Tissue Model, Aaron Joseph Rogers Jan 2018

The Biomimetic Cardiac Tissue Model, Aaron Joseph Rogers

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Every year about 735,000 Americans will suffer a heart attack and 1 in 4 will end up dying from heart disease. Study of this disease has been impacted by the limited availability of appropriate human cell types. The discovery of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and development of protocols to differentiate these cells into cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) has enabled study into this disease free from ethical dilemma, and reliance on animal models. Unfortunately, hiPSC-CMs are immature in nature and closely resemble fetal or neonatal cardiomyocytes. We hypothesized that hemodynamic stimuli, missing from static cultures, would allow us to mature hiPSC-CMs …

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Effects Of Stored Red Blood Cells On The Components Of The Lung-Capillary Membrane, Kaitlyn S. Ryan Jan 2018

Effects Of Stored Red Blood Cells On The Components Of The Lung-Capillary Membrane, Kaitlyn S. Ryan

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Trauma is the leading cause of death for Americans between the ages of 1 and 44. Implementation of massive transfusion protocols has improved early mortality due to traumatic hemorrhage; however, long-term complication rates associated with hemorrhagic shock remain high due to the development of multiple organ failure. In particular, resuscitation with large volumes of stored red blood cells (RBC) introduces high concentrations of free heme, which contributes to the development of acute lung injury (ALI) after trauma. Angiopoietin-2 (Agpt-2) is a mediator of trauma-related lung injury, but the effect of RBC storage-derived free heme on Agpt-2 regulation is unknown. The …

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Molecular Characterization Of The Rare Cftr Mutation P67l As A Model For Genotype-Specific Drug Development And Personalized Medicine In Cystic Fibrosis, Carleen Mae Pomperada Sabusap Jan 2018

Molecular Characterization Of The Rare Cftr Mutation P67l As A Model For Genotype-Specific Drug Development And Personalized Medicine In Cystic Fibrosis, Carleen Mae Pomperada Sabusap

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The traditional CFTR functional defect subcategories (i.e. protein misfolding, gating, conductance, etc.) are sometimes inadequate for determining patients most likely to benefit from emerging modulator treatment. We employ the P67L variant as emblematic of ways a thorough biochemical analysis of a rare CF defect can guide new therapeutic approaches, help predict drug response, and facilitate clinical precision. Historically, P67L has been designated a class IV conductance abnormality (i.e., malformed ion pore). In contrast, our studies demonstrate P67L disrupts CFTR protein maturation, prompts misfolding, causes gating defects, and exhibits wild-type like conductance. We show that P67L CFTR is robustly rescued by …

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Financial Distress – Causes And Consequences: An Examination Of The Nursing Home Industry, Justin Caleb Lord Jan 2018

Financial Distress – Causes And Consequences: An Examination Of The Nursing Home Industry, Justin Caleb Lord

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Nursing homes operate in a tumultuous and changing environment and are under increasing financial pressure, risk of closure, and financial distress. The issue of financial distress has been explored tangentially within the nursing home industry. This study is the first to validate the Altman Z-Score, a financial distress prediction model, within the nursing home context. The Altman Z-Score model uses multiple discriminate analysis (MDA) to examine multiple financial ratios (liquidity, efficiency, profitability and net worth) simultaneously to predict the likelihood of a firm’s financial distress. After calculating the Z-Score, clustering was used to classify the observations into three groups, distressed, …

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Cortical-Subcortical Functional Connectivity Of Autism Spectrum Disorders, Jose Omar Maximo Jan 2018

Cortical-Subcortical Functional Connectivity Of Autism Spectrum Disorders, Jose Omar Maximo

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social communication and the presence of repetitive behaviors and restricted interests. Studies examining functional brain networks have risen exponentially over the last decade and have characterized ASD as a disorder of altered brain network connectivity and organization. These studies typically rely on blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal correlations between two or more regions in the cerebral cortex and make inferences about brain connectivity. However, brain connectivity differences might span subcortical regions such as the thalamus and basal ganglia as well; and only a few studies have examined cortico-subcortical connectivity in ASD. …

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Effect Of Occupational Demands On Driving Safety In Surgical Residents, Benjamin Mcmanus Jan 2018

Effect Of Occupational Demands On Driving Safety In Surgical Residents, Benjamin Mcmanus

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The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Examination recently revised and implemented duty hour standards that increased maximum duty hours for first year medical residents and reduced the minimal amount of time off between duty periods for all medical residents. The new standards were introduced largely without consideration of empirical research on objectively measured occupational health and safety factors for medical residents, particularly in contexts where their safety may be at-risk such as driving. Little work has examined driving performance in medical residents at multiple periods surrounding duty, including in reference to off-duty driving performance as a baseline. Certain work-related factors …

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Religion/Spirituality And Mental Health/ Well-Being Among Women Living With Hiv, Haley Medved Kendrick Jan 2018

Religion/Spirituality And Mental Health/ Well-Being Among Women Living With Hiv, Haley Medved Kendrick

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Depression among people living with HIV (PLWH) is associated with social factors such as employment, poor adherence to HIV medication and treatment, and HIV disease progression. However, estimates of prevalence rates of depression among PLWH vary widely, from 1% to 48%. Women living with HIV (WLWH) often report spirituality as an important factor in coping with stressors associated with HIV infection. Spirituality has been found to be associated with social involvement, effective coping, decreased stress, psychological adjustment, and positive mental health outcomes among PLWH. The current study aims to longitudinally examine trends of spirituality and mental health/well-being in the lives …

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Heart Failure In A Contemporary Biracial Cohort, Matthew Mefford Jan 2018

Heart Failure In A Contemporary Biracial Cohort, Matthew Mefford

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Heart failure (HF) is the inability of the heart to meet the perfusion needs of the body. HF is a leading contributor to the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and remains a public health concern. Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor for the prevention and management of HF. Hypertension develops earlier, is less controlled, and has a stronger association with some CVD and renal outcomes among blacks versus whites. These disparities may extend to HF. In addition, adults with HF often have complex treatment regimens due to multimorbidity, making medication adherence an issue. The goal of this dissertation was …

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Developing Novel And Effective Treatments For Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma, Aubrey Miller Jan 2018

Developing Novel And Effective Treatments For Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma, Aubrey Miller

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Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive tumor with a 5-year survival rate of 8%. Over 80% of patients are diagnosed with locally advanced or metastatic disease and undergo systemic chemotherapy with gemcitabine. Virtually all patients develop gemcitabine-resistant disease and median survival for these patients is ~6 months. Thus, identification of novel molecular targets and pre-clinical evaluation of therapeutics is essential to improving patient outcome. The bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins are important regulators of transcription and have recently become a potentially effective target to treat PDAC. We have shown that the BET inhibitor JQ1 suppressed PDAC tumor …

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Lick My Battery, Sasha Mitchell Jan 2018

Lick My Battery, Sasha Mitchell

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An insecure cyborg named Grit defects to a tech-atheist society. Her neuro-disorder-addicted sister, Siri, follows her with a licentious government drone, one officer Rah Tetra of the Austere Sapien Services (A.S.S. for short). Sex, anthropology, family dysfunction, and social rigidity are tackled beneath the influences of Radiohead, Billy Wilder, and Jonathan Swift.

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Hiv Disclosure, Retention In Hiv Care, And Viral Load Suppression : A Study Among New To Hiv Care Patients, Riddhi Modi Jan 2018

Hiv Disclosure, Retention In Hiv Care, And Viral Load Suppression : A Study Among New To Hiv Care Patients, Riddhi Modi

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HIV remains a major ongoing public health problem globally and in the United States (US). Despite the advances in the antiretroviral therapy (ART), new HIV cases continue to occur. Hence, understanding the factors that influence patient’s decision to HIV treatment and prevention is of paramount. HIV disclosure, an important modifiable behavior, is a barrier to linkage and engagement in HIV care. Thus far, studies examining HIV disclosure and its impact on HIV related outcomes, retention in care (RIC) and viral load (VL) suppression among HIV patients newly initiating care are scant. While these studies provide insights on risk factors of …

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Exploring The Relationship Between Social Support, Pharmacy Access And Medication Adherence, Favel Leah Mondesir Jan 2018

Exploring The Relationship Between Social Support, Pharmacy Access And Medication Adherence, Favel Leah Mondesir

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Barriers of medication adherence exist among people with coronary heart disease (CHD) and CHD risk factors, including, poor social support, poor pharmacy access and other patient, social/economic, therapy, condition, and health-care system/health-care team-related factors. However, there are few data on influence of these factors on medication adherence among people with CHD risk factors other than diabetes. Therefore, this dissertation aimed to investigate associations of medication adherence with social support (n=17,113) and pharmacy access (n=8,250) quantitatively using data from the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study (black and white adults with CHD or CHD risk factors ≥45 …

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Relationship Of Body Composition With Muscle Performance In Older Adults, Bethany Ann Moore Jan 2018

Relationship Of Body Composition With Muscle Performance In Older Adults, Bethany Ann Moore

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Background and Purpose: There is a well-established association between loss of muscle mass and decline in muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in older adults. However, fat mass may diminish the effect of muscle mass on functional performance in older adults. The relationships between percent total body fat, muscle strength, and neuromuscular performance in older adults is unknown. The purpose of this study is to assess the independent relationships between percent total body fat, muscle strength, and neuromuscular performance in older adults. Methods: Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure fat mass and leg lean mass in 60 older adults …

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Diet, Physical Activity, And Healthy Aging In People Living With Hiv, Josh Newson Muhammad Jan 2018

Diet, Physical Activity, And Healthy Aging In People Living With Hiv, Josh Newson Muhammad

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As life expectancy for people living with HIV (PLWH) has increased, healthy aging in this community has become an emerging public health concern. Although the benefits of adopting healthy diets and regular physical activity are well-documented, implementing strategies for lifestyle modifications among older PLWH remains a challenge. The complex milieu of social, physiological and economic burdens encountered by PLWH exposes this population to increased risk for adverse health outcomes, especially from preventable metabolic diseases. The interaction of diet, physical activity and social determinants of health in persons who are HIV positive is an understudied area. The aim of this dissertation …

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Racial Disparities In Oncology Clinical Trial Participation: A Qualitative Exploration, Soumya J. Niranjan Jan 2018

Racial Disparities In Oncology Clinical Trial Participation: A Qualitative Exploration, Soumya J. Niranjan

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Introduction: Current rates of participation for racial and ethnic minorities in cancer clinical trials are significantly lower when compared to non-Hispanic whites. The patients’ perspective on reasons for low participation is abundant. Yet, very little is known from the perspective of clinical and research professionals who are actively involved in patient recruitment. This study seeks to understand their perspective on how the external environment associated with the health care system contributes to limited participation of racial and ethnic minority groups in cancer clinical trials. To that effect, the health services utilization framework was utilized. Data/Methods: EMPaCT data with 91 qualitative …

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A Study To Examine The Relationship Between Hospital Mergers And Patient Experience, Timothy William Attebery Jan 2018

A Study To Examine The Relationship Between Hospital Mergers And Patient Experience, Timothy William Attebery

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Since 2009, the United States has experienced another wave of hospital mergers. Consequently, health systems are getting larger and increasing their market concentration. How patients benefit from hospital consolidation remains an open issue for policy-makers, economists, health care executives, community leaders, politicians, government agencies, and others. One measure of healthcare consolidation’s impact, and its potential benefit/detriment, is how mergers affect patient experience, which, since 2007, has been measured by the standardized HCAHPS instrument. Hundreds of studies conducted over the past 50 years have found mergers trigger an internal, socially-disruptive effect in the first 12 to 24 months following the event …

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The Impact Of The Cd11b 77his And 1146ser Variants On Mac-1 Activity And Functions, Justin Timothy Avery Jan 2018

The Impact Of The Cd11b 77his And 1146ser Variants On Mac-1 Activity And Functions, Justin Timothy Avery

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Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18, ITGAM/ITGB2, CR3) is a member of the β2 integrin family. While primarily expressed on myeloid lineage cells such as monocyte/macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, Mac-1 is also found on natural killer cells and some B cells and T cell populations. Mac-1 has over 50 ligands, many of which are critical for adhesion, signaling, and the promotion of immune functions like phagocytosis. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have linked several SNPs in ITGAM, the gene which codes for CD11b, with the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). rs1143679 results in an arginine to histidine change at amino acid position 77 …

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Parental Self-Efficacy, Feeding Practices, And Weight Gain During Infancy: A Secondary Analysis, Jessica Bahorski Jan 2018

Parental Self-Efficacy, Feeding Practices, And Weight Gain During Infancy: A Secondary Analysis, Jessica Bahorski

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Mechanisms contributing to childhood obesity begin during early life, including infant feeding practices and an excessive rate of infant growth. Parental decisions regarding their infant contribute to these mechanisms. Parental self-efficacy (PSE) is the belief parents have in their ability to accomplish the tasks of parenting and is associated with infant outcomes. A high sense of PSE, breastfeeding self-efficacy, or self-efficacy for feeding has been found to be associated with healthy infant feeding practices. However, this research is limited in scope and has not been conducted in populations at greatest risk for childhood obesity such as low-income or African-American infants. …

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The Mechanism Of Tgf-Β Function In Development Of The Axial Skeleton, Ga I Ban Jan 2018

The Mechanism Of Tgf-Β Function In Development Of The Axial Skeleton, Ga I Ban

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THE MECHANISM OF TGF-β FUNCTION IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE AXIAL SKELETON GA I BAN CELL, MOLECULAR DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY ABSTRACT Back pain is caused by degeneration of intervertebral discs (IVD). IVD consists of two compartments: the annulus fibrosus (AF) and the nucleus pulposus (NP). One strategy for treatment of IVD degeneration is stem cell therapy, which would require an in-depth knowledge of how the IVD develops. Currently, the molecular mechanism of IVD development are not well defined. AF and vertebral bodies (VB) are derived from the same embryonic progenitor, sclerotome. Specification of sclerotome is determined by complex interactions among various growth …

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Psychosocial Job Stress And Oxidative Stress In Emergency Department Nurses, Rupkatha Bardhan Jan 2018

Psychosocial Job Stress And Oxidative Stress In Emergency Department Nurses, Rupkatha Bardhan

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Job stress often causes work-related physical injuries and chronic exposure to such environment may lead to poor health outcomes. Job stress in recent years has grown significantly within the workforce due to performance pressure, long work hours and poor pay structures. Nurses work in the forefront to save patients’ lives. High job demand in this noble profession often leads to progressive decline in physical and mental health. There are existing reports that nurses in the United States (US) suffer from “burnout” syndrome which may also negatively affect patient care. There are very few studies that measured work-related stress in nurses …

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Connecting Cilium Proteins Bbs5 And Mks6 And Their Roles In Retinal Degeneration, Katie Leigh Bales Jan 2018

Connecting Cilium Proteins Bbs5 And Mks6 And Their Roles In Retinal Degeneration, Katie Leigh Bales

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The primary cilium is an evolutionary conserved structure with numerous motility and sensory-related functions, dynamically concentrating signaling molecules to developmental, homeostatic and sensory pathways. Rod and cone photoreceptor cells are highly modified primary cilia, which reside in the back of the eye within the neural retina and are responsible for dim light sensitivity and visual acuity/ color vision, respectfully. These cells require massive protein production and proper protein trafficking on a daily basis. The major protein complexes that govern protein trafficking within photoreceptors form the connecting cilium, are the transition zone which serves as a gatekeeper, regulating protein trafficking into …

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Wear, Corrosion, And Micromotion In Retrieval And Autopsy Components Of Tkr, Heath Mitchell Baskin Jan 2018

Wear, Corrosion, And Micromotion In Retrieval And Autopsy Components Of Tkr, Heath Mitchell Baskin

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Total knee replacement (TKR) is used to remedy end-stage joint deterioration. Despite advancements in TKR design, thousands of patients still experience aseptic loosening and the revision surgeries that follow. Wear and corrosion processes can lead to the harmful production of debris, causing osteolysis in the periprosthetic space. This study seeks to quantify the relationships of wear, corrosion, and micromotion as it relates to aseptic loosening in TKR. 17 TKR devices harvested at revision surgeries and 6 necropsy devices available through UAB’s retrieval program were scored for wear and inflammatory cell-induced corrosion (ICIC). All devices were implanted ≤ 10 years. All …

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