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An Approach For Performance Prediction Of Saturated Brushed Permanent Magnetdirect Current (Dc) Motor From Physical Dimensions, Rasul Tarvirdilu, Reza Zeinali, Hulusi̇ Bülent Ertan
An Approach For Performance Prediction Of Saturated Brushed Permanent Magnetdirect Current (Dc) Motor From Physical Dimensions, Rasul Tarvirdilu, Reza Zeinali, Hulusi̇ Bülent Ertan
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
An analytical approach for performance prediction of saturated brushed permanent magnet direct current (DC) motors is proposed in this paper. In case of a heavy saturation in the stator back core of electrical machines, some flux completes its path through the surrounding air, and the conventional equivalent circuit cannot be used anymore. This issue has not been addressed in the literature. The importance of considering the effect of the flux penetrating the surrounding air is shown in this paper using finite element simulations and experimental results, and an analytical approach is proposed to consider this effect on magnet operating point …
Application Of Long Short-Term Memory (Lstm) Neural Network Based On Deeplearning For Electricity Energy Consumption Forecasting, Mehmet Bi̇lgi̇li̇, Ni̇yazi̇ Arslan, Ali̇i̇hsan Şekerteki̇n, Abdulkadi̇r Yaşar
Application Of Long Short-Term Memory (Lstm) Neural Network Based On Deeplearning For Electricity Energy Consumption Forecasting, Mehmet Bi̇lgi̇li̇, Ni̇yazi̇ Arslan, Ali̇i̇hsan Şekerteki̇n, Abdulkadi̇r Yaşar
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
Electricity is the most substantial energy form that significantly affects the development of modern life, work efficiency, quality of life, production, and competitiveness of the society in the ever-growing global world. In this respect, forecasting accurate electricity energy consumption (EEC) is fairly essential for any country?s energy consumption planning and management regarding its growth. In this study, four time-series methods; long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) with subtractive clustering (SC), ANFIS with fuzzy cmeans (FCM), and ANFIS with grid partition (GP) were implemented for the short-term one-day ahead EEC prediction. Root mean square error (RMSE), …
A Futuristic Approach To Generate Random Bit Sequence Using Dynamic Perturbedchaotic System, Sathya Krishnamoorthi, Premalatha Jayapaul, Vani Rajasekar, Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj, Celestine Iwendi
A Futuristic Approach To Generate Random Bit Sequence Using Dynamic Perturbedchaotic System, Sathya Krishnamoorthi, Premalatha Jayapaul, Vani Rajasekar, Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj, Celestine Iwendi
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
Most of the web applications require security which in turn requires random numbers. Pseudo-random numbers are required with good statistical properties and efficiency. Use of chaotic map to dynamically perturb another chaotic map that generates the random bit output is introduced in this work. Perturbance is introduced to improvise the chaotic behaviour of a base map and increase the periodicity. PRNG with this architecture is devised to generate random bit sequence from initial keyspace. The statistical properties of newly constructed PRNG are tested with NIST SP 800-22 statistical test suite and were shown to have good randomness. To ensure its …
Motion-Aware Vehicle Detection In Driving Videos, Mehmet Kiliçarslan, Tansu Temel
Motion-Aware Vehicle Detection In Driving Videos, Mehmet Kiliçarslan, Tansu Temel
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
This paper focuses on vehicle detection based on motion features in driving videos. Long-term motion information can assist in driving scenarios since driving is a complicated and dynamic process. The proposed method is a deep learning based model which processes motion frame image. This image merges both spatial (frame) and temporal (motion) information. Hence, the model jointly detects vehicles and their motion from a single image. The trained model on Toyota Motor Europe Motorway Dataset reaches 83% mean average precision (mAP). Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed method has a higher mAP than a tracking-based model. The proposed method runs …
A Novel Energy Consumption Model For Autonomous Mobile Robot, Gürkan Gürgöze, İbrahi̇m Türkoğlu
A Novel Energy Consumption Model For Autonomous Mobile Robot, Gürkan Gürgöze, İbrahi̇m Türkoğlu
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
In this study, a novel predictive energy consumption model has been developed to facilitate the development of tasks based on efficient energy consumption strategies in mobile robot systems. For the proposed energy consumption model, an advanced mathematical system model that takes into account all parameters during the motion of the mobile robot is created. The parameters of inclination, load, dynamic friction, wheel slip and speed-torque saturation limit, which are often neglected in existing models, are especially used in our model. Thus, the effects of unexpected disruptors on energy consumption in the real world environment are also taken into account. As …
Automatically Classifying Familiar Web Users From Eye-Tracking Data:A Machine Learning Approach, Meli̇h Öder, Şükrü Eraslan, Yeli̇z Yesi̇lada
Automatically Classifying Familiar Web Users From Eye-Tracking Data:A Machine Learning Approach, Meli̇h Öder, Şükrü Eraslan, Yeli̇z Yesi̇lada
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
Eye-tracking studies typically collect enormous amount of data encoding rich information about user behaviours and characteristics on the web. Eye-tracking data has been proved to be useful for usability and accessibility testing and for developing adaptive systems. The main objective of our work is to mine eye-tracking data with machine learning algorithms to automatically detect users' characteristics. In this paper, we focus on exploring different machine learning algorithms to automatically classify whether users are familiar or not with a web page. We present our work with an eye-tracking data of 81 participants on six web pages. Our results show that …
Stability Regions In Time Delayed Two-Area Lfc System Enhanced By Evs, Ausnain Naveed, Şahi̇n Sönmez, Saffet Ayasun
Stability Regions In Time Delayed Two-Area Lfc System Enhanced By Evs, Ausnain Naveed, Şahi̇n Sönmez, Saffet Ayasun
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
With the extensive usage of open communication networks, time delays have become a great concern in load frequency control (LFC) systems since such inevitable large delays weaken the controller performance and even may lead to instabilities. Electric vehicles (EVs) have a potential tool in the frequency regulation. The integration of a large number of EVs via an aggregator amplifies the adverse effects of time delays on the stability and controller design of LFC systems. This paper investigates the impacts of the EVs aggregator with communication time delay on the stability. Primarily, a graphical method characterizing stability boundary locus is implemented. …
Temporal Bagging: A New Method For Time-Based Ensemble Learning, Göksu Tüysüzoğlu, Derya Bi̇rant, Volkan Kiranoğlu
Temporal Bagging: A New Method For Time-Based Ensemble Learning, Göksu Tüysüzoğlu, Derya Bi̇rant, Volkan Kiranoğlu
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
One of the main problems associated with the bagging technique in ensemble learning is its random sample selection in which all samples are treated with the same chance of being selected. However, in time-varying dynamic systems, the samples in the training set have not equal importance, where the recent samples contain more useful and accurate information than the former ones. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a new time-based ensemble learning method, called temporal bagging (T-Bagging). The significant advantage of our method is that it assigns larger weights to more recent samples with respect to older ones, so it …
Evaluating The English-Turkish Parallel Treebank For Machine Translation, Onur Görgün, Olcay Taner Yildiz
Evaluating The English-Turkish Parallel Treebank For Machine Translation, Onur Görgün, Olcay Taner Yildiz
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
This study extends our initial efforts in building an English-Turkish parallel treebank corpus for statistical machine translation tasks. We manually generated parallel trees for about 17K sentences selected from the Penn Treebank corpus. English sentences vary in length: 15 to 50 tokens including punctuation. We constrained the translation of trees by (i) reordering of leaf nodes based on suffixation rules in Turkish, and (ii) gloss replacement. We aim to mimic human annotator?s behavior in real translation task. In order to fill the morphological and syntactic gap between languages, we do morphological annotation and disambiguation. We also apply our heuristics by …
An Active Contour Model Using Matched Filter And Hessian Matrix For Retinalvessels Segmentation, Mahtab Shabani, Hossein Pourghassem
An Active Contour Model Using Matched Filter And Hessian Matrix For Retinalvessels Segmentation, Mahtab Shabani, Hossein Pourghassem
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
Medical image analysis, especially of the retina, plays an important role in diagnostic decision support tools. The properties of retinal blood vessels are used for disease diagnoses such as diabetes, glaucoma, and hypertension. There are some challenges in the utilization of retinal blood vessel patterns such as low contrast and intensity inhomogeneities. Thus, an automatic algorithm for vessel extraction is required. Active contour is a strong method for edge extraction. However, it cannot extract thin vessels and ridges very well. In this research, we propose an improved active contour method that uses discrete wavelet transform for energy minimization to solve …
Stressed Or Just Running? Differentiation Of Mental Stress And Physical Activityby Using Machine Learning, Yekta Sai̇d Can
Stressed Or Just Running? Differentiation Of Mental Stress And Physical Activityby Using Machine Learning, Yekta Sai̇d Can
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
Recently, modern people have excessive stress in their daily lives. With the advances in physiological sensors and wearable technology, people?s physiological status can be tracked, and stress levels can be recognized for providing beneficial services. Smartwatches and smartbands constitute the majority of wearable devices. Although they have an excellent potential for physiological stress recognition, some crucial issues need to be addressed, such as the resemblance of physiological reaction to stress and physical activity, artifacts caused by movements and low data quality. This paper focused on examining and differentiating physiological responses to both stressors and physical activity. Physiological data are collected …
An Effective Prediction Method For Network State Information In Sd-Wan, Erdal Akin, Ferdi̇ Saraç, Ömer Aslan
An Effective Prediction Method For Network State Information In Sd-Wan, Erdal Akin, Ferdi̇ Saraç, Ömer Aslan
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
In a software-defined wide area network (SD-WAN), a logically centralized controller is responsible for computing and installing paths in order to transfer packets among geographically distributed locations and remote users. Accordingly, this would necessitate obtaining the global view and dynamic network state information (NSI) of the network. Therefore, the centralized controller periodically collects link-state information from each port of each switch at fixed time periods. While collecting NSI in short periods causes protocol overhead on the controller, collecting in longer periods leads to obtaining inaccurate NSI. In both cases, packet losses are inevitable, which is not preferred for quality of …
Synthesis, Characterization, And Antimicrobial Evaluation Of Polyvinylalcohol-Osthol Composite Films, Ishrat Gowsia, Feroz Mir, Javid Banday
Synthesis, Characterization, And Antimicrobial Evaluation Of Polyvinylalcohol-Osthol Composite Films, Ishrat Gowsia, Feroz Mir, Javid Banday
Turkish Journal of Chemistry
Although poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA) has certain mechanical drawbacks such as a weak barrier, it has widely been used in food packaging over the last many years. To increase the suitability of PVA (C2H4O)n and render it ideal for food packaging, a diversity of studies have already been carried out. In the below-mentioned script, we, for the first time, report the use of natural product osthol in making a new composite with PVA for enhancing thermal, physicochemical, and antimicrobial properties. The significant aim of the report is the insertion of osthol (C15H16O3 …
Notes On The Quadraticity Of Linear Combinations Of A Cubic Matrix And A Quadratic Matrix That Commute, Tuğba Peti̇k, Hali̇m Özdemi̇r, Burak Tufan Gökmen
Notes On The Quadraticity Of Linear Combinations Of A Cubic Matrix And A Quadratic Matrix That Commute, Tuğba Peti̇k, Hali̇m Özdemi̇r, Burak Tufan Gökmen
Turkish Journal of Mathematics
Let $A_{1}$ and $A_{2}$ be an $\{\alpha_{1}, \beta_{1}, \gamma_{1}\}$-cubic matrix and an $\{\alpha_{2}, \beta_{2}\}$-quadratic matrix, respectively, with $\alpha_{1} \neq \beta_{1}$, $\beta_{1} \neq \gamma_{1}$, $\alpha_{1} \neq \gamma_{1}$ and $\alpha_{2}\neq \beta_{2}$. In this work, we characterize all situations in which the linear combination $A_{3}=a_{1}A_{1}+a_{2}A_{2}$ with the assumption $A_{1}A_{2}=A_{2}A_{1}$ is an $\{\alpha_{3}, \beta_{3}\}$-quadratic matrix, where $a_{1}$ and $a_{2}$ are unknown nonzero complex numbers.
On Unbounded Order Continuous Operators, Bahri̇ Turan, Bi̇rol Altin, Hüma Gürkök
On Unbounded Order Continuous Operators, Bahri̇ Turan, Bi̇rol Altin, Hüma Gürkök
Turkish Journal of Mathematics
Let $U$ and $V$ be two Archimedean Riesz spaces. An operator $S:U\rightarrow V$ is said to be unbounded order continuous ($uo$-continuous), if $r_{\alpha }\overset{uo}{\rightarrow }0$ in $U$ implies $Sr_{\alpha }\overset{uo}{% \rightarrow }0$ in $V$. In this paper, we give some properties of the $uo$% -continuous dual $U_{uo}^{\sim }$ of $U$. We show that a nonzero linear functional $f$ on $U$ is $uo$-continuous if and only if $f$ is a linear combination of finitely many order continuous lattice homomorphisms. The result allows us to characterize the $uo$-continuous dual $U_{uo}^{\sim }.$ In general, by giving an example that the $uo$-continuous dual $U_{uo}^{\sim …
Subsequence Characterization Of Statistical Boundedness, Leila Miller Van Wieren
Subsequence Characterization Of Statistical Boundedness, Leila Miller Van Wieren
Turkish Journal of Mathematics
In this paper, we present some relationships between statistical boundedness and statistical monotonicity of a given sequence and its subsequences. The results concerning statistical boundedness and monotonicity presented here are also closely related to earlier results regarding statistical convergence and are dealing with the Lebesgue measure and with the Baire category.
On Some Fractional Operators Generated From Abel's Formula, Eki̇n Uğurlu
On Some Fractional Operators Generated From Abel's Formula, Eki̇n Uğurlu
Turkish Journal of Mathematics
This work aims to share some fractional integrals and derivatives containing three real parameters. The main tool to introduce such operators is the corresponding Abel's equation. Solvability conditions for the Abel's equations are shared. Semigroup properties for fractional integrals are introduced. Integration by parts rule is given. Moreover, mean value theorems and related results are shared. At the end of the paper, some directions for some fractional operators are given.
K−Uniformly Multivalent Functions Involving Liu-Owa Q−Integral Operator, Asena Çeti̇nkaya
K−Uniformly Multivalent Functions Involving Liu-Owa Q−Integral Operator, Asena Çeti̇nkaya
Turkish Journal of Mathematics
In this paper, we introduce $q-$analogue of Liu-Owa integral operator and define a subclass of $k-$uniformly multivalent starlike functions of order $\gamma, (0\leq\gamma< p; p\in\mathbb{N})$ by using the Liu-Owa $q-$integral operator. We examine coefficient estimates, growth and distortion bounds for the functions belonging to the subclass of $k-$uniformly multivalent starlike functions of order $\gamma$. Moreover, we determine radii of $k-$uniformly starlikeness, convexity and close-to-convexity for the functions belonging to this subclass.
Variational Geometry For Surfaces In Conformally Flat Space, Najma Mosadegh, Esmaiel Abedi
Variational Geometry For Surfaces In Conformally Flat Space, Najma Mosadegh, Esmaiel Abedi
Turkish Journal of Mathematics
In this paper, it is shown that a closed surface in 3-dimensional harmonic conformally flat space is minimal if the sign of the mean curvature does not change. Also, it is determined that the critical point of mean curvature functional of the surface is homeomorphic to the sphere.
Hyperelastic Curves In $3-$Dimensional Lightlike Cone, Sümeyra Tuğçe Kağizman, Ahmet Yücesan
Hyperelastic Curves In $3-$Dimensional Lightlike Cone, Sümeyra Tuğçe Kağizman, Ahmet Yücesan
Turkish Journal of Mathematics
We study hyperelastic curves known as a generalization of elastic curves in $3-$dimensional lightlike cone which is a degenerate hypersurface in Minkowski $4-$space as critical points of the cone curvature energy functional constructed with the $r-$th power of the cone curvature depending on the given boundary conditions for the natural number $r \geq 2$. We derive the Euler-Lagrange equations for the critical points of this functional that is namely the hyperelastic curves and solve completely the Euler-Lagrange equations by quadratures. Then, we construct Killing vector fields along the hyperelastic curves. Lastly, we give explicitly the hyperelastic curves by integral according …
Hyers-Ulam Stability Of A Certain Fredholm Integral Equation, Alberto Simões, Ponmana Selvan
Hyers-Ulam Stability Of A Certain Fredholm Integral Equation, Alberto Simões, Ponmana Selvan
Turkish Journal of Mathematics
In this paper, by using fixed point theorem we establish the Hyers-Ulam stability and Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of certain homogeneous Fredholm Integral equation of the second kind $$ \phi(x) = \lambda \int_{0}^{1}(1+x+t) \, \phi(t) \, dt $$ and the nonhomogeneous equation $$ \phi(x) = x + \lambda \int_{0}^{1}(1+x+t) \, \phi(t) \, dt $$ for all $x \in [0,1]$ and $0
On Isolated Gaps In Numerical Semigroups, Harold J. Smith
On Isolated Gaps In Numerical Semigroups, Harold J. Smith
Turkish Journal of Mathematics
A numerical semigroup is said to be perfect if it does not contain any isolated gaps. In this paper, we will look at some basic properties of isolated gaps in numerical semigroups. In particular, we will see how they are related to elements of the Apery set. We will use these properties to find all of the isolated gaps in a numerical semigroup of embedding dimension two and demonstrate a simple method of generating some examples of perfect numerical semigroups of embedding dimension three.
Geodesics Of Fiberwise Cigar Soliton Deformation Of The Sasaki Metric, Liana Lotarets
Geodesics Of Fiberwise Cigar Soliton Deformation Of The Sasaki Metric, Liana Lotarets
Turkish Journal of Mathematics
Ricci solitons arose in proof the Poincare conjecture by R. Hamilton and G. Perelman. The first example of a noncompact steady Ricci soliton on a plane was found by R. Hamilton. This two-dimensional manifold is conformally equivalent to the plane and it is called by R. Hamilton's cigar soliton. The cigar soliton metric can be considered as a fiber-wise conformal deformation of the Euclidean metric on a fiber of the tangent bundle. In the paper we propose a deformation of the classical Sasaki metric on the tangent bundle of an n-dimensional Riemannian manifold that induces the cigar soliton type metric …
Examination Of Eigenvalues And Spectral Singularities Of A Discrete Dirac Operator With An Interaction Point, Şeri̇fenur Cebesoy
Examination Of Eigenvalues And Spectral Singularities Of A Discrete Dirac Operator With An Interaction Point, Şeri̇fenur Cebesoy
Turkish Journal of Mathematics
In this paper, the main content is the consideration of the concepts of eigenvalues and spectral singularities of an operator generated by a discrete Dirac system in $\ell_{2}(\mathbb{Z},\mathbb{C}^{2})$ with an interior interaction point. Defining a transfer matrix $ M $ enables us to present a relationship between the $ M_{22} $ component of this matrix and Jost functions of mentioned Dirac operator so that its eigenvalues and spectral properties can be studied. Finally, some special cases are examined where the impulsive condition possesses certain symmetries.
To The Solution Of Integro-Differential Equations With Nonlocal Conditions, Kamil R. Aida-Zade, Vagif M. Abdullayev
To The Solution Of Integro-Differential Equations With Nonlocal Conditions, Kamil R. Aida-Zade, Vagif M. Abdullayev
Turkish Journal of Mathematics
We investigate linear integro-differential equations with ordinary derivatives. The kernels of the integrands depend only on the variable of integration, and the conditions involve the terms with the point and integral values of the unknown function. We drive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the problem, which can be used both for analytical and numerical solutions. We present the results of solving an illustrative test problem.
Upper And Lower Bounds Of The $A$-Berezin Number Of Operators, Mualla Bi̇rgül Huban
Upper And Lower Bounds Of The $A$-Berezin Number Of Operators, Mualla Bi̇rgül Huban
Turkish Journal of Mathematics
Let $A$ be a positive bounded linear operator acting on a complex Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$. Any positive operator $A$ induces a semiinner product on $\mathcal{H}$ defined by $\left\langle x,y\right\rangle _{A}:=\left\langle Ax,y\right\rangle _{\mathcal{H}},$ $\forall x,y\in\mathcal{H}.$ For any $T\in\mathcal{B}\left( \mathcal{H}\left( \Omega\right) \right) $, its $A$-Berezin symbol $\widetilde{T}^{_{A}}$ is defined on $\Omega$ by $\widetilde{T}^{_{A}% }:=\left\langle T\widehat{K}_{\lambda},\widehat{K}_{\lambda}\right\rangle _{A},$ $\lambda\in\Omega,$where $\widehat{K}_{\lambda}$ is the normalized reproducing kernel of $\mathcal{H}$. In this paper, we introduce the notions $\left( A,r\right) $-adjoint of operators and $A$-Berezin number of operators on the reproducing kernel Hilbert space and prove some upper and lower bounds of the $A$-Berezin numbers of operators. In …
New Extension Of Alexander And Libera Integral Operators, Hatun Özlem Güney, Shigeyoshi Owa
New Extension Of Alexander And Libera Integral Operators, Hatun Özlem Güney, Shigeyoshi Owa
Turkish Journal of Mathematics
Let $T$ be the class of analytic functions in the open unit disc $\mathbb{U}$ with $f(0)=0$ and $f'(0)=1.$ For $f(z)\in T,$ the Alexander integral operator $A_{-1}f(z),$ the Libera integral operator $L_{-1}f(z)$ and the Bernardi integral operator $B_{-1}f(z)$ were considered before. Using $A_{-1}f(z)$ and $L_{-1}f(z),$ a new integral operator $F_{\lambda}f(z)$ is considered. After discuss some properties of dominant for $F_{\lambda}f(z),$ another new integral operator $O_{-1}f(z)$ of $f(z)\in T$ is discussed. The object of the present paper is to discuss the dominant of new integral operators $F_{\lambda}f(z)$ and $O_{-1}f(z)$ concerning with some starlike functions and convex functions in $\mathbb{U}.$
Classification Of Some Geometric Structures On 4-Dimensional Riemannian Lie Group, Esmaeil Peyghan, Davood Seifipour
Classification Of Some Geometric Structures On 4-Dimensional Riemannian Lie Group, Esmaeil Peyghan, Davood Seifipour
Turkish Journal of Mathematics
In this paper we study the spectral geometry of a $4$-dimensional Lie group. The main focus of this paper is to study the $2$-Stein and $2$-Osserman structures on a $4$-dimensional Riemannian Lie group. In this paper, we study the spectrum and trace of Jacobi operator and also we study the characteristic polynomial of generalized Jacobi operator on the non-abelian $4$-dimensional Lie group $G$, whenever $G$ is equipped with an orthonormal left invariant Riemannian metric $g$. The Lie algebra structures in dimension four have key role in this paper. It is known that in the classification of $4$-dimensional non-abelian Lie algebras …
Multivariate Approximation In $\Varphi$-Variation For Nonlinear Integral Operators Via Summability Methods, İsmai̇l Aslan
Multivariate Approximation In $\Varphi$-Variation For Nonlinear Integral Operators Via Summability Methods, İsmai̇l Aslan
Turkish Journal of Mathematics
We consider convolution-type nonlinear integral operators endowed with Musielak-Orlicz $\varphi$-variation. Our aim is to get more powerful approximation results with the help of summability methods. In this study, we use $\varphi$-absolutely continuous functions for our convergence results. Moreover, we study the order of approximation using suitable Lipschitz class of continuous functions. A general characterization theorem for $\varphi $-absolutely continuous functions is also obtained. We also give some examples of kernels in order to verify our approximations. At the end, we indicate our approximations in figures together with some numerical computations.
Sober Spaces, Mehmet Baran, Hassan Abughalwa
Sober Spaces, Mehmet Baran, Hassan Abughalwa
Turkish Journal of Mathematics
The goal of this paper is to introduce various forms of sober objects in a topological category and investigate the relationships among these various forms. Moreover, we characterize quasi-sober objects, $T_{0}$ objects and each of various forms of sober objects in some topological categories and give some invariance properties of them. Finally, we compare our results with some well-known results in the category of topological spaces.