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The Use Of Laboratory Findings In The Diagnosis Of Ceh-Pyometra Complexin The Bitch, Mustafa Kaymaz, Ayhan Baştan, Ni̇l Erünal, Seli̇m Aslan, Murat Findik
The Use Of Laboratory Findings In The Diagnosis Of Ceh-Pyometra Complexin The Bitch, Mustafa Kaymaz, Ayhan Baştan, Ni̇l Erünal, Seli̇m Aslan, Murat Findik
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
The aim of this study was to research the effects of ultrasonography, vaginal cytology, a serum biochemical profile, complete blood count and blood gas analysis in 18 bitches in the diagnosis of cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)-pyometra complex. In transabdomimal ultrasonography, it was observed the the majority of anechongenic areas differed with the thickness of the uterine wall. Usually basal-parabasal type of cells appeared in vaginal cytologic examination, invasion of neutrophyl leucocytes and in some cases degenerative cell changes proved inflammatory changes. In bitches with CEH-pyometra complex there was a very significant increase in AST (Aspartate aminotransferase) and decrease in the …
Isolation And Preparation Of Monoclonal Antibody To Ovineimmunoglobulin M, Hüseyi̇n Yilmaz, Aysan Tantaş, Ati̇lla Ilgaz, Kenton L. Morgan
Isolation And Preparation Of Monoclonal Antibody To Ovineimmunoglobulin M, Hüseyi̇n Yilmaz, Aysan Tantaş, Ati̇lla Ilgaz, Kenton L. Morgan
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
Ovine immunoglobulin M was isolated from sheep serum using gel filtration and affinity chromatography. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against this isotype were prepared. The specificity of the monoclonal antibody was investigated using SDS-Page, immunoblotting, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and affinity chromatography. On immunoblotting, monoclonal anti-IgM reacted with a 70 kD protein which corresponded to ovine IgM.
Monitoring And Comparing Follicular And Luteal Function Betweengenetically High- And Low-Producing Dairy Cows By Ultrasonography, Şükrü Meti̇n Pancarci
Monitoring And Comparing Follicular And Luteal Function Betweengenetically High- And Low-Producing Dairy Cows By Ultrasonography, Şükrü Meti̇n Pancarci
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effectiveness of ultrasonography in monitoring ovarian activity by examining follicular growth and regression and studying the correlation between corpus luteum (CL) measurements and plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations, and to compare high-and low-production genetic lines of dairy cows regarding endogenous bovine somatotropin (bST) and milk production effects on follicular wave patterns, size and number of follicles, CL growth and plasma P4 concentrations during the estrous cycle monitored by ultrasound. Seventeen multiparous lactating Holstein cows were divided into two groups, a low-production group (control group, n=9) and a high-production group (select group, n=8). …
The Location Of Extrinsic Afferent And Efferent Neurons Innervatingthe Stomach And Colon In Rat, Berri̇n Gençer Tarakçi, Camille Vaillant
The Location Of Extrinsic Afferent And Efferent Neurons Innervatingthe Stomach And Colon In Rat, Berri̇n Gençer Tarakçi, Camille Vaillant
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
The location of extrinsic afferent and efferent neurons projecting to the rat gastrointestinal tract were mapped using the retrograde tracer, True Blue (TB). Injection of retrograde tracer, TB into stomach, proximal colon and distal colon resulted in labelled cells in the dorsal root ganglia. Cells were also labelled in the nodose ganglia following injection of tracer into stomach and proximal colon. TB-labelled cells were also seen in the prevertebral ganglia (coeliacomesenteric complex and inferior mesenteric ganglion), after injection of TB into the stomach, proximal and distal colon. Many TB-labelled cells were detected in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus …
Therapy Of Knemidocoptic Mange In Budgerigars With Spot-On Applicationof Moxidectin, Müfi̇t Toparlak, Erkut Tüzer, Ayşen Gargili, Aynur Gülanber
Therapy Of Knemidocoptic Mange In Budgerigars With Spot-On Applicationof Moxidectin, Müfi̇t Toparlak, Erkut Tüzer, Ayşen Gargili, Aynur Gülanber
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
In this study, 30 Budgerigars ( Melopsittacus undulatus) with Knemidocoptes pilae infection were treated with a spot-on application of moxidectin (Cydectin® Injection For Cattle) at a dose of 1 mg (0.1 ml Cydectin) per bird. This application was given once to 10 birds and twice at 10 days intervals to 20 birds. Clinical signs in all birds of both groups disappeared 30-40 days after treatment. No side effects were seen.
The Morphologicial Investigations Of Experimental Avian Encephalomyelitis In Turkey Embriyo, Fethi̇ Yilmaz, Harun Özer
The Morphologicial Investigations Of Experimental Avian Encephalomyelitis In Turkey Embriyo, Fethi̇ Yilmaz, Harun Özer
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
In this study; macroscopic and microscopic changes induced by Avian Encepholomyelitis Virus (AEV) in turkey embryos were investigated. For purpose 0,1 ml. AEV-VR (Van Roekel Strain) at Embriyo Infective Dose 50 of 10 -3 diluted in steril saline at 1/10 ratio was inoculated into 7-day-old emriyonated turkey eggs via yolk sac. The most prominent macroscopic findings were loss of embryo movements, retardation in growth, cerebral edema, torticollis, cataract, deformities in the leg and feed. Microscopic lesions characterized by vascular proliferation, edema, gliosis, neuronal necrosis and degeneration in the brain, gliosis, neuronal degeneration and necrosis, in medulla spinalis, cataract in the …
Effects Of Selection For Four Week Body Weight On Some Parameters In Japanese Quail(Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)1. Genetic Parameters, İsmai̇l Oğuz, Levent Türkmut
Effects Of Selection For Four Week Body Weight On Some Parameters In Japanese Quail(Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)1. Genetic Parameters, İsmai̇l Oğuz, Levent Türkmut
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
This research was carried out to determine the genetic effects of divergent selection under two different selection pressures for 4. week body weight over 3 generations on 4 week body weight and related characters such as slaughter weight, carcass weight, breast weight and leg weight in Japanese quail. Individual selection for body weight was carried out at 4 weeks, separately for each sex. The proportion kept was 10% for males and 30% for females in H1 and H2 lines, and 20% for males and %60 for females in H3 and H4 lines. H1 and H3 lines were selected for high …
A Case Report Of Naturally Occurring Zinc Deficiency In A Calf, In Elazığ, Turkey, Rauf Can, İbrahi̇m Çi̇mtay, Yesari̇ Eröksüz
A Case Report Of Naturally Occurring Zinc Deficiency In A Calf, In Elazığ, Turkey, Rauf Can, İbrahi̇m Çi̇mtay, Yesari̇ Eröksüz
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
It was reportked a case of naturally occurring zinc deficiency in a calf with it's clinical, histopathological, haematological and biochemical findings in province of Elazığ, Turkey. Zinc oxide was administered per orally, in the dose of 100 mg/day for 8 days, and then 40 mg/day for 7 days, and 40 mg/week for 4 weeks. At the end of 8th day of treatment, plasma and hair zinc levels along with plasma alkaline phosphatase level were found to be increased. Though, plasma copper level decreased. Beginning with the treatment, the severity of clinical signs and lesions relieved and completely ceased at the …
Effects Of Selection For Four Week Body Weight On Reproductiveperformance In Japanese Quail, Levent Türkmut, Özge Altan, İsmai̇l Oğuz, Servet Yalçin
Effects Of Selection For Four Week Body Weight On Reproductiveperformance In Japanese Quail, Levent Türkmut, Özge Altan, İsmai̇l Oğuz, Servet Yalçin
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
This research was carried out to determine the genetic effects of divergent selection under two different selection pressures for four week body weight over three generations on reproductive characteristics and some egg characteristics in Japanese quail. Birds were weighed individually. Individual selection for body weight was carried out at four weeks, separately for each sex. The proportion kept was 10% for males and 30% for females in 10Y and 10D lines, and 20% for males and 60% females in 20Y and 20D lines. 10Y and 20Y lines were selected for high body weight, 10D and 20D lines were selected for …
The Effects Of Carbon Tetrachloride (Ccl_4 ) Induced Experimental Acute And Chronicintoxication On Hystological Structure Of Liver And Some Hematological Values Andelectrocardiogram In Rabbits, Ali̇ Çinar, Meci̇t Yörük, İsmai̇l Meral, Di̇de Kiliçalp, Ahmet Koç, Ali̇ Erteki̇n
The Effects Of Carbon Tetrachloride (Ccl_4 ) Induced Experimental Acute And Chronicintoxication On Hystological Structure Of Liver And Some Hematological Values Andelectrocardiogram In Rabbits, Ali̇ Çinar, Meci̇t Yörük, İsmai̇l Meral, Di̇de Kiliçalp, Ahmet Koç, Ali̇ Erteki̇n
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
This paper reports an investigation of the effects of acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride intoxications on the histologic structure of the liver and hematological values and electrocardiograms in rabbits. The rabbits were divided into 3 groups of 7. The first group was the control group, the second group was acutely intoxicated and the third group was chronically intoxicated. In the acutely intoxicated group, caryorexsis, along with necrosis was observed in the hepatocyte of the centrolobular area of the liver. In the chronically intoxicated group, connective tissue mass around the V. centralis increased. This increase of connective tissue caused chirrosis. Hematological …
Investigation On Developing Sire Lines For Lamb Production (First Stage), Mustafa Kaymakçi, Reşi̇t Sönmez, Ercan Kizilay, Turgay Taşkin, Nejdet Ergül
Investigation On Developing Sire Lines For Lamb Production (First Stage), Mustafa Kaymakçi, Reşi̇t Sönmez, Ercan Kizilay, Turgay Taşkin, Nejdet Ergül
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
The investigation was performed to develope sire lines for lamb production at Acipayam state Farm. For this purpose, German Black Face (A) x Acipayam (AC) and Ramliç (R) x Acipayam (AC) cross-bred were used. According to the results; Fecundities are 109%, 72.0%, 85.0%, 95.0% and 85.0% for ACxAC, AxAC, RxAC, AxAC and RxRAC cross-bred groups respectively. Weaning weights are also 22.45 kg, 22.23 kg, 24.38 kg, 21.48 kg and 23.06kg for AC, AAC, AAAC, RAC and RAAC genotype respectively.
Macro-Anatomical Investigations On The Skeletons Of Porcupine (Hystrix Cristata) Ii. Ossa Membri Pelvini, Sadik Yilmaz, Gürsel Di̇nç, Ali̇ Aydin
Macro-Anatomical Investigations On The Skeletons Of Porcupine (Hystrix Cristata) Ii. Ossa Membri Pelvini, Sadik Yilmaz, Gürsel Di̇nç, Ali̇ Aydin
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
The aim of this study was investigated the bones of pelvic limb of two porcupines (Hystrix cristata). Incisura acetabuli was narrow and when examining at ventral direction the surface areas of the ilium bones were parallel while the wing (ala ossis ilii) and the body (corpus ossis ilii) were very wide and narrow, respectively. The iliac tuberosity (tuberositas iliaca) was approximately 2/3 of the sacropelvic surface (facies sacropelvina). The tuber coxae is beak shaped. The iliac crest (crista iliaca) was convex. Foramen obturatum is very large, tuber ischiadicum with single prominence, and arcus ischiadicus slightly marked. The fovea capitis was …
Cover And Contents
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
No abstract provided.
Seasonal Variation Of Pseudophyllidean Cestode, Diphyllobothriumspp. Infection In Cyclops Strenuus Abyssorum (Copepoda) In Loch Lomond, Mustafa Dörücü
Seasonal Variation Of Pseudophyllidean Cestode, Diphyllobothriumspp. Infection In Cyclops Strenuus Abyssorum (Copepoda) In Loch Lomond, Mustafa Dörücü
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The seasonal variation in natural levels of infection with procercoids of pseudophyllidean cestodes, Diphyllobothrium spp, and the abundance of Cyclops strenuus abyssorum (Copepoda) were studied in Loch Lomond, Scotland, From March 1993, to February 1994. The prevalence of infected copepods was found to increase with the temperature of the water, a peak occurring in June, while relatively low levels were recorded between December and March. The population density of C. strenuus abyssorum also exhibited seasonal variation, being higher during the warmer months. Water temperature in Loch Lomond, near Rowardennan, ranged from 3.2 to 16°C. The lowest water temperature was recorded …
Erythrocyte Sizes Of Some Anurans From Turkey, Mehmet Kutsay Atatür, Hüseyi̇n Arikan, İ. Ethem Çevi̇k
Erythrocyte Sizes Of Some Anurans From Turkey, Mehmet Kutsay Atatür, Hüseyi̇n Arikan, İ. Ethem Çevi̇k
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The erythrocyte sizes of some anurans from Turkey (Rana ridibunda, Bufo bufo, Bufo viridis, Pelobates syriacus, Bombina bombina, Hyla arborea) were established utilizing blood smears stained with Wright's stain. The largest erythrocytes were found in R. ridibunda, the widest in B. bombina and the smallest in P. syriacus.
Liocarcinus Depurator (Linnaeus, 1758) And Brachynotussexdentatus(Risso, 1827) (Decapoda, Brachyura), Two New Records For The Turkish Black Sea Fauna, A. Suat Ateş
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The present study is on 2 Brachyura species, collected by a scuba diver during investigations on the decapod fauna of the Sinop Peninsula shores of the Western Black Sea region, Turkey, between June, 1995, and July, 1996. Liocarcinus depurator (Linnaeus, 1758) and Brachynotus sexdentatus (Risso, 1827), which was found in the study area, has not been reported previously from Turkish Black Sea coastal waters.
A Study On Mustela Nivalis Linnaeus, 1766 (Mammalia: Carnivora) In Turkey, Ercüment Çolak, Nuri̇ Yi̇ği̇t, Mustafa Sözen, Şaki̇r Özkurt
A Study On Mustela Nivalis Linnaeus, 1766 (Mammalia: Carnivora) In Turkey, Ercüment Çolak, Nuri̇ Yi̇ği̇t, Mustafa Sözen, Şaki̇r Özkurt
Turkish Journal of Zoology
In this study, five specimens of Mustela nivalis collected from five localities in Turkey were examined based on karyological, morphological, bacular and some ecological aspects. The karyotype of M. nivalis has 2n=42, NFa=72 and FN=76. The baculum seems to be similar to that of specimens of M. nivalis dinniki from Erivan (Armenia).
Checklist Of Tabanidae (Diptera) From Turkey, Ali̇ Yavuz Kiliç
Checklist Of Tabanidae (Diptera) From Turkey, Ali̇ Yavuz Kiliç
Turkish Journal of Zoology
After a review of the literature on the Tabanidae fauna of Turkey, it was found that 156 species and 12 subspecies have been reported. Twelve of the species are from the subfamily Pangoninae, 19 species and 2 subspecies are from the subfamiy Chrysopsinae and 125 species and 10 subspecies are from the subfamily Tabaninae.
The Taxonomic Status Of Triturus Vulgaris(Linnaeus, 1758) Populations In Western Anatolia, Turkey, Kurtuluş Olgun, İbrahi̇m Baran, Cemal Varol Tok
The Taxonomic Status Of Triturus Vulgaris(Linnaeus, 1758) Populations In Western Anatolia, Turkey, Kurtuluş Olgun, İbrahi̇m Baran, Cemal Varol Tok
Turkish Journal of Zoology
A total of 179 (97 males, 82 females) Triturus vulgaris specimens collected during the breeding season from Western Anatolia (Efes, Ayvacık, Lapseki, Karacabey, Gemlik) and European Turkey (Bolayır) was examined. The morphological and the statistical evaluations showed that the Western Anatolian (except Efes) and the Thrace populations are similar. The West Anatolian populations, therefore, should be included in the nominate subspecies, T.v. vulgaris. The Efes specimens were found to be different from specimens of Ayvacik, Lapseki and Gemlik especially in terms of body measurements. The explanation of the taxonomic status of the Efes population will be possible with the material …
A Study On Vormela Peregusna Guldenstaedt, 1770 (Mammalia: Carnivora) In Turkey, Şaki̇r Özkurt, Mustafa Sözen, Nuri̇ Yi̇ği̇t, Ercüment Çolak
A Study On Vormela Peregusna Guldenstaedt, 1770 (Mammalia: Carnivora) In Turkey, Şaki̇r Özkurt, Mustafa Sözen, Nuri̇ Yi̇ği̇t, Ercüment Çolak
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Karyological and morphological characteristics of a female Vormela peregusna captured from Gönen (Balıkesir) were examined. The diploid number of chromosomes (2n) 38, fundamental number (FN) 72, and the number of autosomal arms (NFa) 68. The X chromosome is medium-sized submetacentric. The morphological and karyological evaluations showed that Turkish peregusna is similar to Vormela peregusna syriacus from Syria.
Age Variations In Microtus Guentheri Danford And Alston, 1880 (Mammalia: Rodentia) In Turkey, Mustafa Sözen, Ercüment Çolak, Nuri̇ Yi̇ği̇t, Şaki̇r Özkurt
Age Variations In Microtus Guentheri Danford And Alston, 1880 (Mammalia: Rodentia) In Turkey, Mustafa Sözen, Ercüment Çolak, Nuri̇ Yi̇ği̇t, Şaki̇r Özkurt
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The skull, teeth, phallus and bacula of Microtus guentheri specimens raised in the laboratory were investigated at different stages of postnatal development. The most of the cranial measurements attained those of adults on day 60. There were determined to be some morphological differences between the skulls of young and adult voles. The incisors and the molars began to erupt at 3 and 6 days, respectively. It was shown that there was no difference in respect to the phallic and bacular morphology between young and adults except for size. The proximal bacula became larger during the period between juvenile life and …
Effects Of A Snake Venom And Some Hypometabolic Agents On The Substandard Gas-Oxygen Metabolism In Mice, Sh. I. Allamuratov, R. N. Ahmerov, K. T. Almatov, I. K. Kazakov
Effects Of A Snake Venom And Some Hypometabolic Agents On The Substandard Gas-Oxygen Metabolism In Mice, Sh. I. Allamuratov, R. N. Ahmerov, K. T. Almatov, I. K. Kazakov
Turkish Journal of Zoology
A lethal dose of the snake Vipera lebetina venom decreases the standard gas-oxygen metabolism of mice approximately threefold while its nonlethal dose does so twofold. The same effects on the gas-oxygen metabolism of mice were noted for lethal and nonlethal doses of aminooxyacetate (blocker of aminotransferases), catacin (antihypoxant), halothane (anesthetic agent) and serotonin (hypometabolic agent). It is concluded that the organism's physiologically reversible substandard metabolic (or vital hypometabolic) limit induced by different intoxications is approximately two times as low, and the irreversible substandard metabolic (or lethal hypometabolic) limit is three times as low as the level of the standard metabolism.
Some Ultrastructural Observations On Cellular Interaction Between Trophectoderm And Uterine Epithelium During Preimplantation In Rat, Ramazan Demi̇r, İsmai̇l Üstünel, Necdet Demi̇r
Some Ultrastructural Observations On Cellular Interaction Between Trophectoderm And Uterine Epithelium During Preimplantation In Rat, Ramazan Demi̇r, İsmai̇l Üstünel, Necdet Demi̇r
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The blastocystic trophoblast cells consist of different types of cells according to their structural architecture and their functional specialisation: a) supporting, preventing and feeding functions; b) signalization, polarisation, and depolarisation functions between blastocyst and uterine; c) immunological acceptance or rejection and secreting functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the ultrastructure of cellular interaction between mural trophoblast/trophectoderm cells of blastocyst and uterine epithelium in rat. Tissue samples obtained from rats on day 5 of pregnancy were studied ultarstructurally. In contrast to the polar trophoblast cells exhibiting degeneration according to implantataion progress, some mural trophoblast cells play an important …
Investigation Of The Selectivity Of Multifilament And Monofilament Gill Nets On Pike Perch (Stizostedion Lucioperca (L., 1758)) Fishing In Lake Beyşehir, İsmet Balik
Turkish Journal of Zoology
In this study, carried out in Lake Beyşehir, the selectivity of multifilament and monofilament gill nets used for pike perch fishing were investigated. Multifilament gill nets with 5 differenet mesh sizes and monofilament gill nets with 6 different mesh sizes were used during experimental fishing from October 1994 ve May 1996. According to the results, the common selection factor of multifilament gill nets was calculated to be 4.67 and 4.70 for monofilament gill nets.
The Effects Of Methionine Supplementation To Soybean Meal (Sbm)-Based Diets On The Growth And Whole Body-Carcass Chemical Composition Of Tilapia (T. Zillii), Abdurrahman Polat
The Effects Of Methionine Supplementation To Soybean Meal (Sbm)-Based Diets On The Growth And Whole Body-Carcass Chemical Composition Of Tilapia (T. Zillii), Abdurrahman Polat
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The effects of supplementing soybean meal-based diets with methionine on the growth and carcass-whole body chemical composition of T. zillii were studied during a 62-day feeding trial. A control diet prepared for T. zillii was supplemented with five different levels of free methionine, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5% (the same amounts of ?-cellulose were removed). At the end of the study, the best growth rate and FCR were determined in the group fed a diet supplemented with 0.5% methionine (total 1.38% methionine+cystine). Statistically significant effects of methionine supplementation on whole body protein content were determined (p
Investigation Of The Selectivity Of Monofilament Gill Nets Used In Carp Fishing (Cyprinus Carpio L., 1758) In Lake Beyşehir, İsmet Balik
Turkish Journal of Zoology
In this study, the selectivity of monofilament gill nets used for fishing carp in Lake Beyşehir was studied. Monofilament gill nets with mesh sizes of 7, 8, 13 and 14 cm were used in experimental fishing between October 1994 and May 1996. From the results, the common selection factor of monofilament gill nets was calculated as 2.922.
The Feeding Features Of The Pike-Perch (Stizostedion Lucioperca) Population In Lake Beyşehir, İsmet Balik
The Feeding Features Of The Pike-Perch (Stizostedion Lucioperca) Population In Lake Beyşehir, İsmet Balik
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The stomach contents of pike-perch (Stizostedion lucioperca) in Lake Beyşehir were investigated. The stomachs of 474 pike-perch were studied between March 1995 and February 1996. 76.6% of specimens had full and 23.4% had empty stomachs. The contents of the stomachs consisted of Gammarus sp. (77.5%), Mysis sp. (14.7%), Chirinomidae (4.3%), pike-perch (2.7%) and others (0.8%). Around 20.9% cannibalism was estimated and it was widespread among individuals with a length of 11-60 cm. In addition, it appears that pike-perch can consume fellow specimens with a mean size of 35.9% of its length.
The Black Sea Zooplankton: Composition, Spatial/Temporal Distribution And History Of Investigations, A. V. Kovalev, V. A. Skryabin, Yu. A. Zagorodnyaya, Feri̇t Bi̇ngel, Ahmet Erkan Kideyş, U. Ni̇ermann, Z. Uysal
The Black Sea Zooplankton: Composition, Spatial/Temporal Distribution And History Of Investigations, A. V. Kovalev, V. A. Skryabin, Yu. A. Zagorodnyaya, Feri̇t Bi̇ngel, Ahmet Erkan Kideyş, U. Ni̇ermann, Z. Uysal
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Investigations into the composition, spatial and temporal distribution of the Black Sea zooplankton were reviewed in context with its historical development. The review comprises the main zooplankton studies published by the riparian countries of the Black Sea beginning with the earliest faunistic publications in the 1860s and 1870s up to the recent multinational ecosystem investigations carried out within the framework of the NATO-TU-Black Sea Project. The reviewed material covers a wide subject range of zooplankton investigations from descriptive studies to distribution and the production mechanisms in the ecosystem. The main findings of recently performed large scale investigations into the horizontal …