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Corrigendum To “Two New Species Of Inocybe (Inocybaceae: Agaricomycetes) From Türkiye Based On Morphological Characteristics And Phylogenetic Evidence [Turkish Journal Of Botany 48 (3) 2024 145-154 ], Oğuzhan Kaygusuz, Ditte Bandini, Henning Knudsen, Meike Piepenbring

Turkish Journal of Botany

This corrigendum is to address an issue regarding the manuscript's previous publication, specifically Fig. 5.Regrettably, the authors have noticed that the Figure 5 is missing among the figures although there is an incite reference within the text. To rectify this oversight and ensure the accuracy of the published work, the Figure 5 is included for your reference.

Link to the original article: https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/vol48/iss3/3/

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Zoology

No abstract provided.

Spatial And Temporal Nesting Pattern Of Sea Turtles In Alas Purwo National Park, And Itsimplications For Conservation Management Practices, Nia Kurniawan, Novita Kusuma Wardani, Noviyani Utami, Muhammad Asyraf Rijalullah, Miftah Farid Assiddiqy, Awang Gitayana, Hartono Hartono, Muhammad Fathoni, Andreas Bandang Hardian

Turkish Journal of Zoology

As a sea turtle conservation area, Alas Purwo National Park (APNP) shows different patterns in the four species of turtles thathave nesting records, such as an increase in Olive Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), stability in Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas), anda decline in Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). During the survey, which lastedfrom January to July 2023, we discovered that each type of sea turtle preferred nesting sites at specific hypothetical stations, except forthe L. olivacea, which nested at all hypothetical stations along Pancur-Cungur Coast. We also discovered that it is highly encouragedto continue relocations that have …

Limited Thermal Plasticity In High Mountain Tropical Water Bear, Juan Manuel Carvajalino-Fernández, Valentina Diaz-Galvis, Alan Dante Torres-Jaramillo

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Tardigrades, a phylum of microscopic organisms well known for their resistance to extreme conditions thanks to adaptations such as cryptobiosis, in which they are able to suspend their metabolism until more favorable conditions arise. These organisms are found in a wide range of environments, and high Andean mountains are not the exception, even though weather conditions are highly variable during the day, let alone a month. An experiment was thus conducted at 2600m in Bogotá, Colombia to evaluate the resistance of Macrobiotus sp. found on trees, three sets of fifteen tardigrades were exposed to 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 …

Identification Of Blood Meals In Field Collected Culex Pipiens, Anopheles Sacharovi And Culex Tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) Using The Elisa Method, Fatma Bursali, Gi̇zem Anti̇ka, Sare İlknur Yavaşoğlu, Fati̇h Mehmet Şi̇mşek

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Information obtained about the blood feeding behavior of mosquito populations in nature is important for understanding their vectorial capacity and evaluating their potential role in the transmission of vector-borne diseases. This study investigated the feeding patterns of Culex pipiens, Anopheles sacharovi and Culex tritaeniorhynchus by using ELISA method. A total of 435 blood-fed females were collected from the Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Türkiye between May 2021-September 2023. The types and numbers of potential domestic animal hosts were recorded in each village. Of the 372 blood meals tested, 348 gave a single host positive result mainly on bovine and human, …

Artificial Light At Night On Nesting Beaches Of The Green Turtle, Chelonia Mydas, In The Eastern Mediterranean And Its Possible Effect On Populations, Noam Leader, Yaniv Levy, Oğuz Türkozan

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Artificial light associated with coastal development is becoming one of the major threats to coastal biodiversity. Sea turtles are coastal breeders, and it is well-known that hatchlings tend to move toward lighter objects on the beach, which prevents them from reaching the sea. It is, therefore, essential to identify the impact of artificial light at night (ALAN) on the nesting beaches. Here, we investigated ALAN levels using imagery from satellites at important green turtle (Chelonia mydas) nesting beaches in the Mediterranean. Mean August radiance levels at nesting beaches ranged from 0.00473 nW/cm2sr (Northern Cyprus-South Karpaz Beach) to 14.44 nW/cm2sr (Turkey …

Modeling Habitat Suitability And Current Distribution Of The Relicted Maghreb Magpie (Pica Mauritanica), Kamel Eddine Mederbal, Mohcen Menaa, Abdallah Aouadi, Lamia Boutabia, Lamia Bensaâd-Bendjedid, Khalladi Mederbal, Amira Bouderbala, Abderrahmane Chebli, Salah Telailia

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The Maghreb Magpie (Pica mauritanica) is an endemic bird to North Africa, encompassing Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Unfortunately, its population is facing a significant decline primarily attributed to habitat loss and fragmentation resulting from urbanization and agricultural practices. Due to the lack of studies on habitat requirements of Pica mauritanica on a large scale, investigating the habitat preferences of this species and thereby understanding the potential threats, remains crucial for effective conservation strategies. We performed species distribution modeling (SDM), incorporating both occurrence records and predictor variables, to investigate the potentially suitable habitat and the factors influencing the distribution of the …

Lungbank: A Novel Biorepository Strategy Tailored For Comprehensive Multi-Omics Analysis And P-Medicine Applications In Lung Cancer, Di̇lek Demi̇rcan Çeker, Volkan Baysungur, Serdar Evman, İlker Kolbaş, Abdurrahi̇m Gördebi̇l, Si̇nem M. Nalbantoğlu, Yusuf Tambağ, Ömer Kaçar, Ahmet Mi̇di̇, Hati̇ce Aslanoğlu, Nülüfer Kara, Ni̇lgün Algan, Ayberk Boyacioğlu, Betül Karademi̇r Yilmaz, Ali̇ Şahi̇n, Hi̇vda Ülbeği̇ Polat, Abi̇di̇n Şehi̇toğullari, Ali̇ Osman Çibikdi̇ken, Mücahi̇t Büyükyilmaz, İbrahi̇m Berkan Aydi̇lek, Abdulkeri̇m Eneş, Sevde Küçüker, Fati̇h Karakaya, İhsan Boyaci, Mahmut Gümüş, Onur Şenol, Merve Öztuğ, Evren Saban, Ömer Soysal, Nur Büyükpinarbaşili, Akif Turna, Mehmet Zeki Günlüoğlu, Aslı Çakir, Şaban Teki̇n, Uygar Tazebay, Abdullah Karadağ

Turkish Journal of Biology

Background/aim: LUNGBANK was established as a pioneering biorepository dedicated to lung cancer. Designed for streamlined biospecimens handling, it employs high-volume technologies to secure high-quality samples. Fortified with robust data management, LUNGBANK efficiently integrates diverse datasets. This strategic infrastructure positions LUNGBANK as more than a biospecimens repository; it operates as a sophisticated platform for advanced lung cancer research, amplifying the potential for meaningful discoveries.Materials and methods: LUNGBANK is intricately designed to streamline the collection, transfer, storage, and processing of biospecimens, employing high-volume technologies to ensure the acquisition of high-quality biological specimens. The system is fortified with robust data management protocols, facilitating …

O-Demethyl Galantamine Alters Protein Expression In Cerebellum Of 5xfad Mice, İrem Kiriş, Merve Karayel Başar, Büşra Gurel, Tomasz Mroczek, Ahmet Tarik Baykal

Turkish Journal of Biology

Background/aim: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), one of the most common health issues, is characterized by memory loss, severe behavioral disorders, and eventually death. Despite many studies, there are still no drugs that can treat AD or stop it from progressing. Previous in vitro tests showed that O-demethyl galantamine (ODG) might have a therapeutic potential owing to its 10 times higher acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity than galantamine (GAL). Materials and methods: We aimed to assess effect of ODG on a molecular level 12-month-old 5xFAD Alzheimer’s mouse model. To this end, following the administrations of ODG and GAL, used as a positive control, protein …

Petox-Dope Nanoliposomes Functionalized With Peptide 563 In Targeted Bikdda Delivery To Prostate Cancer, Ayca Ece Nezi̇r, Zeynep Büşra Bolat, Ongun Mehmet Saka, Itir Ebru Zemheri̇, Sevgi̇ Gülyüz, Umut Uğur Özköse, Özgür Yilmaz, Asuman Bozkir, Fi̇kretti̇n Şahi̇n, Di̇lek Telci̇

Turkish Journal of Biology

BackgroundNanocarrier-based systems have cultivated significant improvements in prostate cancer therapy. However, the efforts are still limited in clinical applicability, and more research is required for the development of effective strategies. Here, we describe a novel nanoliposomal system for targeted apoptotic gene delivery to prostate cancer.MethodsPoly (2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) nanoliposomes were conjugated with the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting peptide GRFLTGGTGRLLRIS (P563) and loaded with BikDDA, a mutant form of the proapoptotik Bik. We selected 22Rv1 cells with moderate upregulation of PSMA to test the in vitro uptake, cell death, and in vivo anti-cancer activity of our formulation, P563-PEtOx-DOPE-BikDDA.ResultsBikDDA was …

Antiviral And Cytotoxic Activities And Chemical Profiles Of Two Species Of Abies Nordmanniana From Türkiye, Nazli Sarikahya, Gaye Sümer Okkali, Furkan Ozan Çöven, Sevda Zeinali̇, Gülce Gucur, Ayşe Di̇la Çağlar, Ece Uyar, Ahmet Ceyhan Gören, Ayşe Nalbantsoy

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Abies is an important genus of the family Pinaceae, with about 50 species found in the highlands of Asia, Europe, North Africa, and North and Central America. The principal aim of the present work was to investigate the chemical content and biological potential of the resin and cone from Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmulleriana and Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani, respectively. The flavonoid and phenolic contents of the resin and cones were evaluated using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Additionally, the essential oil and fatty acid compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID).. Cytotoxicity …

Central Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin F2Α, Prostaglandin E, And Prostaglandin D Contribute To The Cardiovascular Effects Elicited By Nesfatin-1, Gökçen Güvenç Bayram, Murat Yalçin

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Background/aim: Our recent study revealed that the expression of lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes in the hypothalamus is activated by nesfatin-1, leading to the liberation of leukotrienes and prostaglandins (PG), respectively. Moreover, our prior report explained that intracerebroventricular (ICV) nesfatin-1 treatment triggers cardiovascular responses mediated by central LOX and COX enzymes. Building upon our prior reports, the present investigation sought to clarify the role of cardiovascularly active central COX products, such as thromboxane (TX) A2, PGF2α, PGE, and PGD, in orchestrating nesfatin-1-evoked reactions in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR).Materials and methods: The Sprague Dawley rats, which …

Sting Activation Increases The Efficiency Of Temozolomide In Pten Harbouring Glioblastoma Cells, Zafer Yildirim, Eda Doğan, Hale Güler Kara, Buket Kosova, Vi̇ldan Bozok

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Background/aim: Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive tumours, resistant to all applied therapy regiments and prone to relapse. Median survival rates are therefore only expressed as months. STING agonists are immunomodulatory molecules that activate type I interferon expression, making them potentially useful in regulating the tumour microenvironment. Since PTEN serves as a critical phosphatase in activating interferon-regulating transcription factors and is frequently mutated in glioblastoma cells, this study aimed to investigate STING activation in glioblastoma cell lines, examining whether they harbour the PTEN protein or not.°Materials and methods: T98G and U118MG glioblastoma cell lines were treated with the 2ʹ3ʹ-c-di-AM(PS)2(Rp,Rp) …

Local Organic And Inorganic Amendments To Improve Table Grape Production In Mediterranean Vineyards Of Southern Türkiye, Semi̇h Tangolar, Simone Priori, Serpi̇l Tangolar, Meti̇n Turan, Erhan Akça

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

In the Mediterranean Region, calcareous soils are generally considered to be of low fertility. The use of large amounts of chemicals and irrigation to compensate for low productivity reduces the producer’s net profit and degrades physical and chemical properties of the soils. As a result, the selection of adaptable genotypes is important in agriculturally limited lands. Grapevine is one of the leading crops in the Mediterranean Basin due to its high tolerance to abiotic conditions. However, the fact that the grapevine grows in extreme soils does not mean that such crop does not respond to a good nutritional program, especially …

Eco-Friendly Management Of Helicoverpa Armigera Using Entomopathogenic Fungi: A Sustainable Approach, Hafiz Husnain Nawaz, Gülşah Kekli̇k, Yamin Bibi, Javed Iqbal, Attiq Ur Rehman, Mubashar Hussain, Shahzad Toufeeq, Rashid Azad, Khalid Ali Khan, Abid Farid, Abdul Qayyum

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, 1808 (Noctuidae; Lepidoptera) is one of the major pest problems causing production constraints in both conventional and organic agricultural systems. Chemical and semichemical, along with biotechnological approaches, like the sterile insect technique, are used to manage pest populations. However, these methods raise environmental concerns. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to assess the biocontrol potential of the entomopathogenic fungal strains Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Akanthomyces lecanii, and Purpureocillium lilacinus against H. armigera. These strains, identified through morphological and molecular techniques, were evaluated for their effectiveness in controlling H. armigera. A total of eight fungal strains were identified …

Physiological And Biochemical Responses Of Maize (Zea Mays L.) Cultivars Under Salinity Stress, Nosheen Iftikhar, Shagufta Perveen, Baber Ali, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem, Mohammad Khalid Al-Sadoon

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Salt stress is a serious threatening factor for cereal crops such as maize (Zea mays L.) by affecting their growth and development. In the current era, the requirement for staple crops is increasing, so it is important to screen out salt-tolerant genotypes. For this purpose, a pot experiment was designed within three replications on ten different genotypes of the maize. The plants were planted in plastic pots and salt stress (0, 40, 70, 100 mM) was maintained. The salt stress induced a noticeable reduction in plant growth traits (shoot length, root length, shoot, root fresh and dry weight, and leaf …

Using Computational Modeling To Design Antiviral Strategies And Understand Plant-Virus Interactions, Hira Kamal, Muhammad Mubashar Zafar, Abdul Razzaq, Aqsa Ijaz, Zunaira Anvar, Hayat Topçu, Khalid M. Elhindi, Asif Saeed, Urooj Fatima, Xuefei Jiang

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Using a bioinformatics approach to identify binding pockets between proteins is a preferable method before modifying the genome to delineate host interactions with viruses. Based on extensive proteomics data in numerous databases, several interaction prediction methods are available to identify binding sites between viruses and hosts at the individual residue level, but little is known about the interaction prediction strategy for plant viruses. Begomoviruses, belonging to the family Geminiviridae, constitute a group of circular single-stranded (ss) DNA viruses that encode multifunctional proteins responsible for viral replication, causing severe diseases in multiple host plants. These viruses usually escape through plant defense …

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Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

No abstract provided.

Histomorphological Evaluation Of Osteoreplacement With Germanium-Doped Calcium Phosphate Ceramics For Model Bone Defects In Rabbits, Tetiana Todosiuk, Mykhailo Rublenko, Valeriy Chemerovskiy, Nataliia Ulianchych, Volodymyr Kolomiiets

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

To give calcium phosphate ceramics osteoinductive properties, they are doped with silicon, germanium, zinc, and magnesium ions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of doped and undoped calcium phosphate ceramics on reparative osteogenesis in rabbits. Twenty-four California white rabbits, aged 3 months and weighing 2.5 kg each, were used for the study. The rabbits were divided equally into experimental (n=12) and control (n=12) groups. In the experimental group, defects were replaced with granules of germanium-doped hydroxyapatite ceramics (HA/β-TCP/l-Ge–700), while in the control group, defects were filled with granules of unalloyed ceramics (HA/β-TCP–700). Subsequently, clinical and histological …

Application Of Some Artificial Intelligence Optimization Methods To Determine The Freshness Of Eggs, Hasan Alp Şahi̇n, Hasan Önder

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Egg quality, can be divided into two groups as internal and external, is evaluated using various methods whether breaking eggs. Image processing makes digital images usable for various purposes such as image compression, image editing, object recognition, face recognition, medical imaging, and many other areas such as the automotive industry. This study aimed to determine the freshness of eggs using different artificial intelligence optimization methods with image processing without breaking the eggs. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), artificial bee colony, particle swarm optimization, and genetic algorithms were compared using classification coefficients. As a result of the study, it was determined that …

Features Of Lying Behavior Of Gazella Marica Fawns In Semicaptive Conditions, Adi̇l Uztemur, Abdülkadi̇r Orman

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The lying behavior of Gazella marica fawns was investigated in the gazelle breeding station established to prevent the extinction of this species, whose numbers are decreasing continuously in the wild. There are significant differences between the lying duration in the bedding sites of different kinds (plant-based site, soil-based, side of a stone or rock). Gazella marica fawns were lying on one side of the body 50.23 min on average in the plant-based bed sites, 36.06 min in the soil-based places, and 38.14 min in the stone/ rock area. Gazella marica fawns from semicaptive conditions lied on one body side longer …

Carboniferous Graptolites (Hemichordata: Graptolithina) From The Dnipro-Donets Depression And Donets Basin, Ukraine, Vitaly Dernov

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Remains of the Carboniferous graptolites ?Ptiograptus sp. and Dictyonema sp. are described from the Donets Basin and the border zone of the Dnipro-Donets Depression and Donets Basin (eastern Ukraine). These graptolites were found in the Mezhova (Visean, Mississippian) and Avilovka (Kasimovian, Pennsylvanian) formations. Dictyonema sp. from the Avilovka Formation is probably the youngest dendroid graptolite to date. The analysis of geological data allowed to make a reasonable assumption about the Late Devonian rather than the Carboniferous age of the graptolite fauna from the Englewood Formation of South Dakota (USA) and the Tournaisian rather than the Cisuralian age of graptolites from …

Signer-Independent Sign Language Recognition With Feature Disentanglement, İnci̇ Meli̇ha Baytaş, İpek Erdoğan

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Learning a robust and invariant representation of various unwanted factors in sign language recognition (SLR) applications is essential. One of the factors that might degrade the sign recognition performance is the lack of signer diversity in the training datasets, causing a dependence on the singer’s identity during representation learning. Consequently, capturing signer-specific features hinders the generalizability of SLR systems. This study proposes a feature disentanglement framework comprising a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a long short-term memory (LSTM) network based on adversarial training to learn a signer-independent sign language representation that might enhance the recognition of signs. We aim to …

Eco-Assessment Of Phytoplankton Composition In Relation To Environmental Conditions Of Saltwater And Freshwater Lakes In The Konya Closed Basin (Türkiye), Abuzer Çelekli, Ömer Lekesiz, Tolga Çetin

Turkish Journal of Botany

Great importance is given to maintaining lentic ecosystems, threatened by human-induced consequences worldwide. The present study hypothesized to assess differences in species-environment relationships and ecological status of 15 lakes (saline water systems, high-altitude freshwater lakes, and other freshwater lakes) in the Konya Closed River Basin using phytoplankton indices throughout wet and dry periods. Results of canonical correspondence analysis separated saline and freshwater (high-altitude) habitats, which were characterized by different phytoplankton species. Total phosphorus (TP), electrical conductivity (EC), nickel-Ni, and altitude were the most influential environmental factors affecting phytoplankton dispersal in these ecosystems. Saline lakes were under pressure of high EC, …

Two New Species Of Inocybe (Inocybaceae: Agaricomycetes) From Turkey Based On Morphological Characteristics And Phylogenetic Evidence, Oğuzhan Kaygusuz, Ditte Bandini, Henning Knudsen, Meike Piepenbring

Turkish Journal of Botany

During a survey of agarics in the Mediterranean region of southwestern Turkey, some noteworthy mushrooms were collected. Among the specimens, two represent new species of Inocybe which are proposed and illustrated in this study as Inocybe pseudogeophylla and I. succinea. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on a nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and partial 28S rDNA (LSU) dataset reveal that these species belong to the Inocybe geophylla group. The sequences of the new species form two independent lineages and differ from the known species of Inocybe by a unique combination of morphological characteristics. Detailed macro- and micromorphological features, colour photographs, habitat and …

Post-Mucilage Status Of The Teleost Fish Assemblages In The Sea Of Marmara, Mustafa Sari, Uğur Karadurmuş

Turkish Journal of Zoology

A frightening mucilage event occurred in the Sea of Marmara (SoM) from November 2020 to July 2021, leaving devastating effects on maritime industries, fishing activities and the benthic ecosystem. The mucilage led to intense fish mortalities, particularly affecting species like smelt, anchovy, and picarel, with severe consequences for benthic ecosystems and various marine species. This study aims to analyze the possible long-term effects of the recent mucilage disaster on species diversity and biomass by assessing the current status of teleost fish assemblages in the SoM. The data set is based on bottom trawl surveys carried out at 52 points at …

Occlusal Surface Variations In Genetically-Identified Specimens Of The Genus Apodemus (Mammalia: Rodentia) Distributed In The Northern Anatolia Region And Three Turkish Islands: Gökçeada, Marmara Island And Bozcaada, Duygu Korkmaz, Engin Selvi̇, Nuri Yi̇ği̇t, Ercüment Çolak

Turkish Journal of Zoology

A total of 134 Apodemus samples, whose genetic diagnoses had been previously conducted, were morphologically examined from 39 localities in Northern Anatolia, Thrace, Gökçeada, Bozcaada and the Marmara Island. The variation boundaries of dental variations in the distribution areas of five Apodemus species (Apodemus flavicollis, Apodemus witherbyi, Apodemus sylvaticus, Apodemus uralensis, Apodemus mystacinus) included in the research were determined. The defining morphological characters of Apodemus species, which have a complex taxonomic status, and their variations according to regions were identified using samples that had undergone genetic diagnoses. It was determined whether geographical barriers such as the Marmara Sea, the Bosphorus …

The Common Wall Lizard Podarcis Muralis (Reptilia: Lacertidae) Shows Diverse Food Preferences And Intraspecific Difference: A Study Case From Bulgaria, Emiliya Vacheva, Borislav Naumov

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The Common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) has the largest range among the genus Podarcis. Although there are a number of studies on its diet, data on regional level remains insufficient, particularly from a purely ecological perspective. We investigated 194 individual faecal samples of P. muralis obtained from two localities in western Bulgaria with the aim of clarifying the composition of the trophic spectrum of the species, as well as the intra-population characteristics in terms of age and sex. In one study site we compared the realized trophic niche (prey items from the faecal pellets) with the fundamental (invertebrates collected via …

Sexual Size Dimorphism Of Darevskia Schaekeli (Sauria: Lacertidae), Seyyed Saeed Hosseinian Yousefkhani, Saeed Morvari

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Sexual dimorphism has been established as one of the important evolutionary results in the process of sexual selection between males and females of different species. Distinct morphological features between males and females can also be seen in reptiles. Lizards of the genus Darevskia show sexual dimorphism, as Darevskia schaekeli was studied as an example. The morphological traits investigated between males and females of this species showed that head length, trunk length, length of forelimbs and hindlimbs as well as the number of femoral pores are more in males than in females. All these morphological traits, which were more in males …

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Zoology

No abstract provided.