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Bedding Application And Increasing Dosage Of Trenbolone Acetate And Estradiol In Implants For Beef Steers: Influence On Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, And Circulating Metabolite Responses, Dathan T. Smerchek Jan 2020

Bedding Application And Increasing Dosage Of Trenbolone Acetate And Estradiol In Implants For Beef Steers: Influence On Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, And Circulating Metabolite Responses, Dathan T. Smerchek

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Three randomized complete block design feedlot experiments were conducted over the course of two years. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of bedding use in confined beef steers. The third experiment evaluated the effects of implants containing increasing doses of trenbolone acetate (TBA) and estradiol benzoate (EB) in confined beef steers. Experiment 1 used Simmental × Angus steers (n = 240; initial body weight (BW) = 365 ± 22.5 kg). Experiment 2 used newly weaned Charolais × Red Angus steers (n = 162; initial BW = 278 ± 13.4 kg). Steers were allotted to 1 of 2 treatments: …

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The Parmesan Cheese Model System: Alleviation Of Browning Defect In Parmesan Cheese, Megan Huegli Aubrey Jan 2020

The Parmesan Cheese Model System: Alleviation Of Browning Defect In Parmesan Cheese, Megan Huegli Aubrey

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

In cold temperature storage, Parmesan cheese can develop an undesirable browning defect. Certain pyrazine compounds converted from methylglyoxal have been identified and associated with the brown pigmentations in Parmesan cheese samples. This study focused on creating a cheese model system to study variables that caused browning and variables that helped reduce or alleviate browning. The cheese making steps for the cheese model system were monitored by measuring pH and TA and the final composition for % fat, % moisture, % salt and pH. Additionally, the cooling curve was studied to ensure all wheels of cheese made were cooled similarly. Cheese …

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Characterization Of Ovine Ileal Epithelial And Myofibroblast Cell Lines And Their Role In Innate Immunity, Shaurav Bhattarai Jan 2020

Characterization Of Ovine Ileal Epithelial And Myofibroblast Cell Lines And Their Role In Innate Immunity, Shaurav Bhattarai

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Development of continuous cell lines has been an indispensable tool for studying disease pathogenesis at cellular and molecular level. Intestinal epithelial cells serve as a barrier between the luminal contents and internal tissue and face unique challenge in maintaining homeostasis. Any form of disruption in the uppermost intestinal epithelium exposes underlying intestinal subepithelial myofibroblast (ISEMF) cells to the luminal content, which results in the generation of immune responses from ISEMF cells. Our main goal was to establish and characterize intestinal epithelial and myofibroblast cell lines from a 3-day old sheep. ISEMF cells play significantly important role in wound healing, tissue …

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Soil Physical And Hydrological Properties, And Greenhouse Gas Emissions Under Integrated Crop-Livestock Agroecosystems, Navdeep Singh Jan 2020

Soil Physical And Hydrological Properties, And Greenhouse Gas Emissions Under Integrated Crop-Livestock Agroecosystems, Navdeep Singh

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Cover crops (CCs) and grazing play a critical role in successful implementation of the integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS) because they can have a direct impact on soils and greenhouse gas emissions. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the short-term impacts of CCs [grass dominated cover crops (GdC) and legume dominated cover crops (LdC)] and grazed CCs and corn (Zea mays L.) residue under oat (Avena sativa L.)–CC–corn rotation on soil physical and hydrological properties; (ii) quantify the architecture of soil pores using X-ray computed tomography (CT) for soils managed under long-term ICLS, native grazed pasture and corn-soybean …

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Characterization And Effects Of Systemic And Ovarian Gnrh In Beef Cattle, Jerica J. J. Rich Jan 2020

Characterization And Effects Of Systemic And Ovarian Gnrh In Beef Cattle, Jerica J. J. Rich

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Previous studies evaluating single and multiple GnRH injections at time of CIDR removal/prostaglandin injection using the 7-day CO-Synch + CIDR protocol have reported decreased interval to estrus and increased expression of estrus, or increased conception rates, respectively. Thus, the objective of experiment 1 (Chapter 3) was to compare the effects of supplementing GnRH at prostaglandin injection on expression of estrus and conception rates in beef cows and heifers synchronized with different protocols. The objective was conducted in two parts, in study 1, Beef cows (n = 161) and heifers (n = 1803) from 16 herds over three years were synchronized …

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Enhanced Beta (Β) Glucan Beverages – Evaluation Of Satiety, Nutrition, And Shelf Stability, Beatrice Serwaa Manu Jan 2020

Enhanced Beta (Β) Glucan Beverages – Evaluation Of Satiety, Nutrition, And Shelf Stability, Beatrice Serwaa Manu

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Oats and barley are unique cereals owing to their nutritional and health benefits. Soluble dietary fiber components, especially β-glucan found in both grains, have been associated with the reduction of cholesterol, normalization of blood sugar levels and suppression of hunger. These nutritional and therapeutic attributes are ideal for production of novel and more diversified food products from these cereals. β-glucan, however, imparts high viscosity in food systems particularly in high moisture foods, thus impairing their sensory characteristics. Reduced viscosity oat-barley beverages, using partial enzyme and acid hydrolysis, may fill a void in the market segment and yet serve as effective …

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Antidiabetic Activity Of Cissus Rotundifolia Plant Growing In Saudi Arabia, Saad Ali Alshehri Jan 2020

Antidiabetic Activity Of Cissus Rotundifolia Plant Growing In Saudi Arabia, Saad Ali Alshehri

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production or action. A world-wide increase in the diabetes rate is projected to reach pandemic levels over the next 10-20 years. Current data shows that high numbers of the population in Saudi Arabia suffer from diabetes and prediabetes. Non-traditional treatments of diabetes from medicinal plants has shown potential antidiabetic activity. A considerable percentage of the population still prefer or use medicinal plants as a treatment or supplement to traditional medicine. Cissus rotundifolia (family Vitaceae) is a known plant in southwestern Saudi …

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Effect Of Soy Lecithin Concentration On Formulating Dairy Emulsions Through Ultrasound Treatment, Collette Kernyuy Nyuydze Jan 2020

Effect Of Soy Lecithin Concentration On Formulating Dairy Emulsions Through Ultrasound Treatment, Collette Kernyuy Nyuydze

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The ability of high intensity ultrasound to produce stable emulsions without the addition of surfactant was evaluated in a dairy-based formulation. The formulation consisted of protein (4.33 ± 0.05%, whey protein concentrates (WPC80), carbohydrates (21.52 ± 0.75%, sucrose and maltodextrin), oil (2.90 ± 0.05%, soybean oil), and surfactant (0-.05%). Pre-emulsions formulated with either 0, 0.025, and 0.05% of soy lecithin were treated for 5 min at an acoustic intensity of either 42.58 ± 2.98, 56.83 ± 3.01, or 70.48 ± 2.97 W cm-2. The stability of the emulsions was evaluated through particle size, dynamic rheology, gel electrophoresis, and …

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Factors Influencing Adoption And Adoption Intensity Of Precision Agriculture Technologies In South Dakota, Md Mahi Uddin Jan 2020

Factors Influencing Adoption And Adoption Intensity Of Precision Agriculture Technologies In South Dakota, Md Mahi Uddin

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Precision agriculture can play an important role in preserving the environment and improving the economic conditions of agricultural producers. This thesis analyzes the determinants of adoption and adoption intensity of precision agriculture technologies in South Dakota. This analysis uses survey data collected from 199 farms distributed over 28 different counties in South Dakota, accounting for approximately 500,000 acres of tillable agricultural land, to (1) discover the factors impacting precision technology adoption; (2) compare and contrast several characteristics among adopters and non-adopters; and (3) develop probit, count, and negative binomial models to determine the significance of explanatory variables impacting precision technology …

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Valorization Studies On Ice-Cream Wastewater And Whey Permeate, Maryam Enteshari Jan 2020

Valorization Studies On Ice-Cream Wastewater And Whey Permeate, Maryam Enteshari

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Ever growing demand for dairy products in many countries has led to advancements in the manufacture of such products. Nowadays, revolutionary trends for high-protein dairy foods and drinks products have brought about new challenges from processing requirements and manufacturing aspects. Using different membrane processing has enabled dairy manufacturers to produce different fraction of milk proteins such as micellar caseins, ultra-filtered (UF) milk proteins, whey proteins concentrate (WPC), and micellar casein concentrate (MCC) to meet the nutritional needs with variety of milk product options. However, the installation of new processing lines and establishing further manufacturing steps requires more consumption of water …

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Utilizing Rhizospheric And Bacterial Endophytes For Use As Potential Bio-Fertilizers For Sustainable Agricultural Production, Vincent Peta Jan 2020

Utilizing Rhizospheric And Bacterial Endophytes For Use As Potential Bio-Fertilizers For Sustainable Agricultural Production, Vincent Peta

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Brassica carinata crop production offers an exciting alternative approach to the energy crisis when looking at novel ways to power our motor vehicles. Bacterial endophytes, while residing in host-plant tissues, offer a wide array of plant growth promotion benefits such as nitrogen fixation to impart nitrogen (N) nutrition, phosphate (P) solubilization to make soil-bound phosphate more mobile in soil for plant uptake, can suppress pathogenic microbes such as fungus and produce plant growth hormones to offset stress incurred by the plant. Previous literature has shown that there is large interest in studying endophytes from economically important crops such as wheat, …

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Epitope Mapping And Mechanisms Of Action Of Human Influenza Antibodies Derived From Transchromosomic Cattle, Rongyuan Gao Jan 2020

Epitope Mapping And Mechanisms Of Action Of Human Influenza Antibodies Derived From Transchromosomic Cattle, Rongyuan Gao

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Influenza remains a global health risk and challenge. Currently, NA inhibitors are extensively used to treat influenza, but their efficacy is compromised by the emergence of drug resistant variants. Antibodies targeting influenza A virus surface glycoproteins are critical components of influenza therapeutic agents and may provide alternative strategies to the existing countermeasures. This study characterized both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies produced from the transchromosomic (Tc) cattle platform. A polyclonal antibody, designated SAB-100, was generated from Tc cattle after immunized with H1N1,H3N2, and influenza B virus. The peptide-based Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay shows that the polyclonal antibody recognizes three distinct epitopes, one …

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Quantitative Imaging Of Cell-Level Auxin Cytokinin Outputs In Soybean And Model Plants, Paul Gaillard Jan 2020

Quantitative Imaging Of Cell-Level Auxin Cytokinin Outputs In Soybean And Model Plants, Paul Gaillard

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Auxin and cytokinin are major plant hormones that orchestrate plant development. These hormones are involved in cell division and differentiation and their spatio‐temporal balance controls organ initiation and maturation. Even though independent transcriptional responses to these hormones have been characterized, their concomitant outputs have not been described. We developed methodology to determine auxin-cytokinin relative output (ACRO) ratios at cellular resolution. Hormone-specific fluorescent markers that localize to the nucleus were used to report transcriptional outputs of auxin and cytokinin. Multiphoton microscopy and image data processing were used to quantify their relative ratio at cellular level in three-dimensional tissue volumes. This strategy …

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Epidemiological Investigations Of Bighorn Sheep Respiratory Disease And Implications For Management, Brandi L. Felts Jan 2020

Epidemiological Investigations Of Bighorn Sheep Respiratory Disease And Implications For Management, Brandi L. Felts

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Infectious respiratory disease has long been identified as the cause of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) historical declines and extirpations, and Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (Movi) is the primary pathogen inducing disease and mortality. Population-level effects of pneumonia events range from mild to extirpation. Variable individual response to pathogen exposure emerges from dynamic interactions between competing evolutionary processes within the host and pathogen. Understanding impacts of this evolutionary warfare is essential to assessing long-term impacts of pathogen invasion and developing appropriate countermeasures to protect population health. Freeranging populations are faced with spillover infections from domestic sheep and goats as well as …

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Applications Of Hydrodynamic Cavitation In Dairy Manufacturing: Process Development And Standardization, Jae Young Sim Jan 2020

Applications Of Hydrodynamic Cavitation In Dairy Manufacturing: Process Development And Standardization, Jae Young Sim

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The phenomenon of hydrodynamic cavitation involves the formation, growth, and subsequent collapse of bubbles when a given liquid experienced a reduction of pressure below its vapor pressure. The presence of cavitation limits the performance and the safe operation of many machinery and pumps. However, innovation in the design of the hydrodynamic cavitation devices has offered promising applications in the food and dairy industry. Upon collapse of the cavities, the fluid experiences significant mechanical effects (shear and turbulence) as well as instantaneously elevation of the fluid temperature. All these effects can be put to work for mixing, dispersion, particle size reduction, …

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Development Of Cellulose Acetate-Based Scaffold For Bone Tissue Engineering Applications, Ruhit Sinha Jan 2020

Development Of Cellulose Acetate-Based Scaffold For Bone Tissue Engineering Applications, Ruhit Sinha

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Cellulose Acetate (CA) based biomaterials are being used as substrates for bone ingrowth applications due to their nontoxic and nonirritant nature coupled with optimum morphology and stiffness. Electrospinning with additives and/or post-treatment has emerged as a viable protocol to further improve mechanical properties of CA and expand its utility. Herein, we highlight the role of potassium chloride (KCl) in association with airdrying to enhance the elastic modulus and tensile strengths of CA fibers. Salt aggregation in between fibers is observed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), however, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis signifies the interactions between K+ ions and acetyl groups. The …

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Small Rnas: Big Roles In White Mold Infecting Crop Plants, Achal Neupane Jan 2020

Small Rnas: Big Roles In White Mold Infecting Crop Plants, Achal Neupane

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

In eukaryotes, small RNAs (sRNAs) are key regulators of RNA silencing which is also known as RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi is an essential mechanism known in plants, animals and fungi that regulates various biological activities, including defense against foreign nucleic acids and viruses. Fungal pathogens, such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, severely limit crop production in all parts of the world. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum cause white mold infection, affecting all dicotyledonous plants including many economically important field crops, vegetables, and floriculture. There does not exist known host resistance, and only limited chemical control can be achieved. Given the growing cost and environmental impacts …

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Biomass And Morphological Development Of Miscanthus Compared With Native Grass In South Dakota, Ehsan J. Al Ainizi Jan 2020

Biomass And Morphological Development Of Miscanthus Compared With Native Grass In South Dakota, Ehsan J. Al Ainizi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Little is known about Miscanthus for bioenergy in the northern Great Plains. This study compared 10-year-old stands of Miscanthus x giganteus to switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata Link) for biomass on marginal cropland in eastern South Dakota. This study was conducted during 2017 and 2018 at Brookings, SD. Day of year (DOY), species, and N fertility were evaluated for effects on biomass yield and related components (tillers m-2, plant height, and weed biomass). All three variables had significant effects on biomass yield, tiller m-2, and tiller height in both years. N rate had no effect on …

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Animal Science Department News, Department Of Animal Science Jan 2020

Animal Science Department News, Department Of Animal Science

Animal Science Newsletters

No abstract provided.

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Winter Patch Grazing, Patch Burn Grazing, And Bird Communities In Western South Dakota, Jennifer Lutze Jan 2020

Winter Patch Grazing, Patch Burn Grazing, And Bird Communities In Western South Dakota, Jennifer Lutze

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Ground nesting bird species are on a considerable decline and research efforts are being made to increase these populations throughout the Great Plains. Ground nesting bird communities found in the Northern Great Plains are driven greatly by varying amounts of cover and area size. Past research implemented patch-burn grazing to increase structural heterogeneity and to increase grassland bird habitat in the tallgrass prairie. While bird populations were very responsive to this management in the Northern Great Plains fire management is viewed negatively, especially for Midwest cattle ranchers. We implemented research to determine if winter-patch grazing on mixed grass prairie could …

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Characterization Of Bacterial Endophytes Isolated From Brassica Carinata And Their Potential Use To Decrease Nutrient Requirements In Crops, Alex Soupir Jan 2020

Characterization Of Bacterial Endophytes Isolated From Brassica Carinata And Their Potential Use To Decrease Nutrient Requirements In Crops, Alex Soupir

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Bacterial endophytes have the capability to enhance plant growth by producing plant growth hormones, solubilizing phosphates, suppressing pathogenic fungi, and reducing plant stress hormones. These capabilities make them desirable limiting the amount of nutrients and pesticides that are applied to crops. Through these assays and isolations, it is possible to identify novel bacterial species. In-vitro testing had shown 9 of the 20 isolates possess the ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) with Pantoea agglomerans BC09 producing a concentration of 30.2 ng/μl over 4 days. BC09, Bacillus subilis BC10, and Pantoea sp. BC12 were able to solubilize calcium phosphate, 7 endophytes …

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Partitioning Variation In Measurements Of Beef Carcass Traits Made Using Ultrasound, Bradie M. Schmidt Jan 2020

Partitioning Variation In Measurements Of Beef Carcass Traits Made Using Ultrasound, Bradie M. Schmidt

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Ultrasound technology provides cattle breeders a relatively quick, non-invasive, and economical way to gather carcass data on live animals. Ultrasound provides the means to accurately predict body composition and develop estimated breeding values; however, national cattle genetic evaluations assume homogenous additive genetic and residual variances. These assumptions may be violated when estimating genetic merit for carcass traits by ultrasound because of differences in variance due to scanning technician and image interpretation laboratory. The objective of this study was to partition the phenotypic variance of measurements of carcass traits that were made using ultrasound into components attributable to additive genetic effects, …

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Molecular Facet Of Host-Pathogen Interactions In Fusarium Head Blight In Wheat ( Triticum Aestivum L.), Bimal Paudel Jan 2020

Molecular Facet Of Host-Pathogen Interactions In Fusarium Head Blight In Wheat ( Triticum Aestivum L.), Bimal Paudel

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a severe disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). It not only reduces the quantity of the harvested grains but also decreases the grain quality due to mycotoxins contamination, especially Deoxynivalenol (DON). Qfhb1 (or simply called Fhb1) is the most important quantitative trait locus (QTL) for FHB resistance. Our lab has previously identified wheat gene WFhb1-1 (aka. Wfhb1_c1) as a candidate for FHB resistance gene. Here we report that WFhb1-1 has been cloned. The gene (GenBank # KU304333.1) consists of a single exon, encoding a putative membrane protein of 127 amino acids. WFhb1-1 protein produced in …

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Development Of Analytical Methods For Toxic Inhaled Hazards (Tih) And Their Metabolites, Obed Adu Gyamfi Jan 2020

Development Of Analytical Methods For Toxic Inhaled Hazards (Tih) And Their Metabolites, Obed Adu Gyamfi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Toxic inhalation hazards (TIHs), such as methyl isocyanate (MIC) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), are noxious gases and vapors that are harmful, and often deadly, to humans. However, because of their low cost and high reactivity, they are extensively used for industrial productions, creating risk of exposure for both industrial workers (e.g., occupational exposure) and civilians (e.g., accidental release during transport). The illicit use of TIHs, including as terrorist agents, is also concerning. Considering the rapid toxicity of TIHs and the danger they pose to both human and animal lives, there is a critical need to develop of analytical methods for …

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Optimization Of Conditions For Heat Pretreatment And Enzymatic Predigestion Of Ddgs For Pigs, Kevin Jerez-Bogota Jan 2020

Optimization Of Conditions For Heat Pretreatment And Enzymatic Predigestion Of Ddgs For Pigs, Kevin Jerez-Bogota

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The high fiber content of corn dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) can limit its utilization in swine diets. Pretreatment with heat and enzymatic predigestion of whole stillage (WS; slurry material that is dried into DDGS) can alleviate negative effects of dietary fiber and can improve digestive and fermentation characteristics of the feedstuff. However, optimal time and temperature of the heat pretreatment of WS, and best enzymes for predigestion of WS have not been identified. Experiments were conducted to identify optimal conditions for heat pretreatment and multienzyme predigestion of WS for pigs. First experiment was conducted to identify optimal temperature …

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Genetic Study Of Alkane Production And Oxic Nitrogen Fixation In Anabaena Sp. Pcc 7120, Jaimie L. Gibbons Jan 2020

Genetic Study Of Alkane Production And Oxic Nitrogen Fixation In Anabaena Sp. Pcc 7120, Jaimie L. Gibbons

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is a filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium that uses spatial separation to perform photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation simultaneously. Under fixed nitrogen limiting conditions, Anabaena 7120 forms specialized cells, called heterocysts, to fix nitrogen. In this research, I sought to add to the knowledge surrounding the process of heterocystous nitrogen fixation in Anabaena 7120. Cyanobacteria universally produce alkanes, which have been suggested to play a role in helping the organism adapt to abiotic stress, such as diazotrophic conditions. In my first study, I sought to identify the genes required for production of the hydrocarbon heptadecane (C17H36). Through using a …

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Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials And Their Composites For Electrochemical Detection Of Toxic Mercury Ions In Water, Md Tawabur Rahman Jan 2020

Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials And Their Composites For Electrochemical Detection Of Toxic Mercury Ions In Water, Md Tawabur Rahman

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The presence of trace amounts of mercury ion (Hg2+) in drinking water has a detrimental effect on human health. The development of an electrochemical sensor for Hg2+ detection is still challenging to obtain ultra-trace sensitivity, excellent selectivity, wide Linear Detection Ranges (LDRs), and ultra-low detection limit. This work presents an electrochemical sensor based on two-dimensional nanomaterials and their composites for the enhanced sensing of Hg2+ in water. Graphene oxide (GO)-silver nanowires (AgNWs) composite and metallic 1T phase tungsten disulfide (WS2) microflowers were utilized for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors using drop-casting. Under the optimized experimental conditions, …

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Hedgehog Signaling Inhibators And Their Importance For Cancer Treatment, Haileselassie Tefera Jan 2020

Hedgehog Signaling Inhibators And Their Importance For Cancer Treatment, Haileselassie Tefera

Biology and Microbiology Graduate Students Plan B Research Projects

The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays a crucial role during embryonic development as well as tissue maintenances in adults. Deregulated Hh signaling has been implicated in different diseases and conditions including cancer. Previously, the mechanisms of Hh signaling pathway and its role in cancer formation have been studied and has led to the development of therapeutic drugs. Among those agents, vismodegib and sonidegib are FDA approved drugs to treat basal cell carcinoma and other cancers. Up to date, several hedgehogs (Hh) signaling inhibitors and drugs have been made and evaluating for cancer treatment. In this review, I will discuss the …

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Role Of Adiponectin In Neuroinflammation & Neuroprotection, Nathan Stadem Jan 2020

Role Of Adiponectin In Neuroinflammation & Neuroprotection, Nathan Stadem

Biology and Microbiology Graduate Students Plan B Research Projects

Microglial cells play a significant role in defense of the brain. However, in certain disease states, their response can lead to inflammation that can be detrimental to the survival of brain cells and have harmful effects on a person’s brain activity. Currently, the treatment options for microglial induced neuroinflammation are relatively limited. Adiponectin has recently appeared as a potential moderator of neuroinflammation as well as a promoter of neuroprotection. Adiponectin is a naturally occurring cytokine that has been shown to play a role in a multitude of processes throughout the body including potential as a microglial induced neuroinflammation. Adiponectin’s role …

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Hiv Vaccine Development: The Importance Of Gp120 Variable Loop 3 For The Survival Of The Human Immunodeficiency Virus And The Potency Of The Neutralizing Antibody To Bind To The Variable Loop 3, Riham Hussien Jan 2020

Hiv Vaccine Development: The Importance Of Gp120 Variable Loop 3 For The Survival Of The Human Immunodeficiency Virus And The Potency Of The Neutralizing Antibody To Bind To The Variable Loop 3, Riham Hussien

Biology and Microbiology Graduate Students Plan B Research Projects

The tendency for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) to proliferate and mutate it’s trimeric envelop (Env), is one of the reasons why it’s a challenge for an antibody-based vaccine to be developed. Glycoprotein 160 (gp160,) which consists of glycoprotein 120 (gp120) and glycoprotein 41 (gp41), is the main focus for a research vaccine design. Gp120 consists of an outer membrane, inner membrane and bridging sheet. The protein is trimeric, and non-covalently binds to gp41. The outer domain is where the neutralizing antibody bind, such as 2G12, immunoglobulin G1b12, and anti-V3 antibodies. V3 stands for the Variable loop 3, gp120 has …

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