Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (10180)
- Communication (4996)
- Journalism Studies (4766)
- Mass Communication (4763)
- Library and Information Science (4438)
-
- Scholarly Communication (1277)
- Information Literacy (682)
- Arts and Humanities (649)
- Collection Development and Management (564)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (490)
- Education (480)
- Cataloging and Metadata (431)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (374)
- Engineering (363)
- Transportation (350)
- Computer Sciences (303)
- Sociology (249)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (193)
- Business (175)
- Art and Design (170)
- Computer Engineering (154)
- Scholarly Publishing (154)
- Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies (122)
- Higher Education (116)
- Archival Science (103)
- Life Sciences (94)
- Civil and Environmental Engineering (92)
- Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (81)
- Communication Technology and New Media (81)
- Other Computer Engineering (81)
- Keyword
-
- Spartan Daily (4726)
- Newspaper (4351)
- Newspapers (389)
- Nigeria (197)
- Information (178)
-
- Library (151)
- Libraries (139)
- Social media (128)
- Academic libraries (121)
- COVID-19 (117)
- Bibliometrics (113)
- Librarians (100)
- Social Media (97)
- ICT (93)
- Academic Libraries (89)
- Library services (87)
- Education (83)
- Internet (81)
- Information literacy (80)
- Students (79)
- Awareness (77)
- Psychology (73)
- Pakistan (70)
- India (67)
- E-resources (64)
- Technology (63)
- Bibliometric (61)
- Library Services (61)
- Utilization (58)
- Research (57)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) (4088)
- Spartan Daily (School of Journalism and Mass Communications) (4078)
- Master's Theses (542)
- Faculty Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity (472)
- Master's Projects (429)
-
- Faculty Publications (427)
- Mineta Transportation Institute (403)
- SWITCH (236)
- School of Information Student Research Journal (107)
- Spartan Daily, 2021 (87)
- Spartan Daily, 2022 (87)
- Spartan Daily, 2023 (86)
- Spartan Daily, 2020 (85)
- Spartan Daily, 2024 (85)
- Spartan Daily, 2025 (85)
- Spartan Daily, 2017 (78)
- Spartan Daily, 2018 (76)
- Spartan Daily, 2019 (72)
- Spartan Daily, 2016 (71)
- NACCS Annual Conference Proceedings (67)
- Spartan Daily, 2026 (67)
- Themis: Research Journal of Justice Studies and Forensic Science (56)
- Dissertations (52)
- Secrecy and Society (49)
- Doctoral Projects (48)
- Faculty and Staff Publications (48)
- Asian American Literature: Discourses & Pedagogies (45)
- ART 108: Introduction to Games Studies (33)
- McNair Research Journal SJSU (31)
- Archeota (23)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 2041 - 2070 of 13050
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Utilisation Of Library Information Resources By Undergraduates Of Public University In Ogun State, Rahman Olorunleke Arowolo, B.A. Ajiboye, Samuel Kolawole Adio
Utilisation Of Library Information Resources By Undergraduates Of Public University In Ogun State, Rahman Olorunleke Arowolo, B.A. Ajiboye, Samuel Kolawole Adio
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
The library has the singular function of collecting, organising, preserving, conserving and making information accessible to potential users in different formats. This study examined the correlation between utilisation of print and electronic resources by Undergraduates of Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye and Tai solarin University, Ijagun, Ogun State, Nigeria. Structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from 380 students from the total population 39,256 of the undergraduates in the institutions, while for the qualitative data the researcher interviewed the Heads of Automation and Readers’ Services Units of the three universities studied. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, frequencies, percentage, mean, …
Emerging Role Of Librarians On Information Provisions, Services And Facilities In The Agriculture University Libraries In Nigeria, Lawal Mohammed Tukur, Mr Nafi’U Maharazu
Emerging Role Of Librarians On Information Provisions, Services And Facilities In The Agriculture University Libraries In Nigeria, Lawal Mohammed Tukur, Mr Nafi’U Maharazu
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
The study examines the information infrastructure, facilities and services in Nigeria's Agriculture University Libraries., Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Federal, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Abia, and Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, are the respondents. The main objective of the study is to assess the information resources, services and facilities at Agriculture University Libraries in Nigeria in order to analyze the types of available information resources, services and facilities, and the constraints associated with on the provision of information resources services and facilities to library users. Although questionnaires were provided to university librarians, the researcher was in charge of monitoring …
An Assessment Of User Satisfactions With Library Resources At Obafemi Awolowo University Oau, Nigeria, Lawal Mohammed Tukur, Mr Nafi’U Maharazu
An Assessment Of User Satisfactions With Library Resources At Obafemi Awolowo University Oau, Nigeria, Lawal Mohammed Tukur, Mr Nafi’U Maharazu
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
The main objective of the study is to determine the user satisfaction with the library. Although questionnaires were provided to users when the researcher took 0.15 % of the entire respondent population= 35392= 52 around 0.15 sampled. However, fifty two (52) copies of the questionnaires were given to the respondents where fifty (50) copies were retrieved and analyzed, representing 96.15 %. The findings show the existing information resources available. In the Agriculture University Library the challenges User such as internet access, power failure, employee attitudes. To resolve these limitations insufficient numbers of library workers should be filled in, which meant …
Strategic Alignment Of The Integrated Library System For Late Adopters: The Case Of At Makerere University Library, Francis Ssekitto
Strategic Alignment Of The Integrated Library System For Late Adopters: The Case Of At Makerere University Library, Francis Ssekitto
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
Abstract
Introduction:
Generally, African University libraries can be said to be among the late adopters of ILS technologies in their service range. As of 2022, Makerere University Library is in the initial stages of migrating from Virtua ILS to Koha ILS. Yet adopting ILS is an expensive and time consuming endeavour. Therefore, there is a need for strategic “useful” deployment of ILS in any academic library.
Objective: This paper attempted to assess the strategic alignment of the Integrated Library Systems (ILS) in Makerere University Library to achieve strategic fit within the corporate environment of the University and achieve the …
Global Research Trends And Hot Topics On Library And Information Science: A Bibliometric Analysis, Sirous Panahi Associate Professor In Librarianship And Medical Information Department, Mahshid Lotfi, Ali Ouchi
Global Research Trends And Hot Topics On Library And Information Science: A Bibliometric Analysis, Sirous Panahi Associate Professor In Librarianship And Medical Information Department, Mahshid Lotfi, Ali Ouchi
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
Abstract
Background and objective: One of the approaches to represent scientific publications in a field of science is to determine research trends and hot topics. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the research trends on the Library and Information Science (LIS) in the Scopus database during 2011-2020 and specify the hot topics in this field from July 2020 to July 2021.
Materials and Methods: This study used scientometric techniques. The research population consisted of all papers in the field of LIS from July 2011 to July 2021. The data were collected from the Scopus database. The results were …
Spartan Daily, May 12, 2022, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications
Spartan Daily, May 12, 2022, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications
Spartan Daily, 2022
Volume 158, Issue 43
Improving Readiness For Nursing Practice Via Simulation In Workplace Violence Mitigation, Paul J. Weingartner
Improving Readiness For Nursing Practice Via Simulation In Workplace Violence Mitigation, Paul J. Weingartner
Doctoral Projects
Workplace Violence (WPV), a significant problem in health care in the United States and worldwide, causes emotional and physical harm to nurses, negatively affects quality care delivery, and contributes to burn out, job dissatisfaction, and attrition. Clinical simulation was used to educate registered nursing students about WPV and train them in mitigation techniques in an effort to improve their awareness and readiness for professional nursing practice. Data from 37 students in their final semester of nursing school were collected anonymously prior to and after reviewing online materials about WPV and attending a 3-hour simulation experience in which two scenarios were …
Efficacy Of Audio-Visual Aided Instruction For Improving Students’ Interest And Achievement In Stem Subjects: Implications For Library Practice, William Onu, Anthony Uchechukwu Uzoigwe, Fakolade Benjamin Ayodele, Oluwatoyin Comfort Oluwatosin, Deborah Dele
Efficacy Of Audio-Visual Aided Instruction For Improving Students’ Interest And Achievement In Stem Subjects: Implications For Library Practice, William Onu, Anthony Uchechukwu Uzoigwe, Fakolade Benjamin Ayodele, Oluwatoyin Comfort Oluwatosin, Deborah Dele
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
Considering that science and technology is key to comprehending and providing solution to problems plaguing humanity, STEM education is vital to a great future. With this being so, students are encouraged to develop skills and competencies needed to become educators, innovators, researchers, and leaders in different STEM domains, who can solve the most pressing problems facing humanity, now and in the future. However, there seem to be shortage of interest from students to pursue STEM careers. In a bid contribute to raising the level of interest in STEM subjects, this study, conducted in Nsukka education zone of Enugu state, sought …
Challenges Of Maintenance Practices Of Paper Based Archival Information Materials And Strategies For Enhancement In Academic Libraries In Nigeria, Chika Phoebe Madumere Dr. (Mrs)
Challenges Of Maintenance Practices Of Paper Based Archival Information Materials And Strategies For Enhancement In Academic Libraries In Nigeria, Chika Phoebe Madumere Dr. (Mrs)
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
The paper examined the challenges of maintenance of paper based archival information materials and strategies for enhancement in academic libraries in South East, Nigeria which doubled as the objectives of the study. Descriptive survey research method was used for the study. The population consisted of 277 library staff in academic libraries of government owned institutions. Questionnaire and structured interview guide was used to collect data which was analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Mean scores and standard deviation were used to analyze data generated for the two research questions while t-test was used for the …
Spartan Daily, May 11, 2022, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications
Spartan Daily, May 11, 2022, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications
Spartan Daily, 2022
Volume 158, Issue 42
Utilization Of Social Networks Sites Among Lis Professionals In Academic Libraries: A Study Of Balochistan, Pakistan., Zhiwei Tang, Anwar Muhammad
Utilization Of Social Networks Sites Among Lis Professionals In Academic Libraries: A Study Of Balochistan, Pakistan., Zhiwei Tang, Anwar Muhammad
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
The importance of Social media in academic libraries cannot be denied and overstated. The rapidly growing need for social media and its associated tool are creating problems and comfort for both uses and producers. The academic libraries have accepted the changes due to the demand, need, and expectation of library users. The prime objectives of the study were to find out the perception, use, issues, factors and marketing among the library professional in academic libraries of Balochistan, the descriptive survey method were used to complete this paper. The sample size was comprised of 67 library professionals. The data has been …
A Citation Analysis Of Scholarly Communications Of Universities In Karnataka, Kodandarama ., Chandrashekara M
A Citation Analysis Of Scholarly Communications Of Universities In Karnataka, Kodandarama ., Chandrashekara M
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
Purpose-The study aims to analyse the resources used in the citations of 571 research publications of University of Mysore and Karnatak University in the field of physics and prepares the list of core journal, leading publishers and prolific authors. For any research and academic institutional libraries, books and journals are considered as key resources. As the resources are more and diverse, collection building is a tough task for librarians. Citation analysis is one of the best methods to list the most used resources by the users. The paper highlights the extent of use of different sources in the research …
Spartan Daily, May 10, 2022, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications
Spartan Daily, May 10, 2022, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications
Spartan Daily, 2022
Volume 158, Issue 41
Assessment Of Health Information Literacy Of Nigerians On The Preventive Measures Of Covid 19 Pandemic: A Cross Sectional Online Survey, Onyedikachi Michael Okwor Mr, Linus I. Ugwuanyi Mr, Emmanuel C. Eze Dr, Jude Chidike Onah Mr
Assessment Of Health Information Literacy Of Nigerians On The Preventive Measures Of Covid 19 Pandemic: A Cross Sectional Online Survey, Onyedikachi Michael Okwor Mr, Linus I. Ugwuanyi Mr, Emmanuel C. Eze Dr, Jude Chidike Onah Mr
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
The study assessed the health information literacy level of Nigerian on the preventive measures and management of COVID 19 pandemic using online cross sectional survey. The research design adopted for the study is descriptive survey research design. Nigerians between the age of 15 and above made up the population of the study. Online survey using Google form was conducted between using social media platforms. To assess the health information literacy level of Nigerians on the preventive measures of COVID-19; a 25 objective questions constructed by the researcher called “COVID-19 Health Related Information Literacy Assessment Scale” was used. Data collected was …
Lecturers Attitude Towards Collaborating And Communicating With Librarian For Effective Teaching In Universities In South-South Nigeria., Mary Idahosa Mrs, Jerome Idiegbeyan-Ose Dr
Lecturers Attitude Towards Collaborating And Communicating With Librarian For Effective Teaching In Universities In South-South Nigeria., Mary Idahosa Mrs, Jerome Idiegbeyan-Ose Dr
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
The study investigated the attitude of lecturers towards collaborating and communicating with the librarians for effective teaching in universities in south-south Nigeria. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprised 2,500 lecturers in faculty of humanities and science in federal universities in south-south Nigeria and the sample size was 750 lecturers selected using proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The instruments for data collection was questionnaire. A total of 750 copies of questionnaire were administered by the researchers, out of which 730 copies were correctly filled and returned and used for the study. The data obtained …
Social Networking: Instrument For Promoting Library Services To Undergraduate Students In University Of Nigeria Nsukka., Asogwa Amuche Maryrose, Onyeke Emmanuel Onyeke
Social Networking: Instrument For Promoting Library Services To Undergraduate Students In University Of Nigeria Nsukka., Asogwa Amuche Maryrose, Onyeke Emmanuel Onyeke
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the use of social networking in promoting library services to undergraduate students in University of Nigeria Nsukka. The study was carried out in Nnamdi Azikiwe Library, University of Nigeria Nsukka. The population of the study comprised 180 library staff and four research questions guided the study. Data for the study were generated using questionnaire and data were analysed using mean and standard deviation, frequency tables and percentages. The findings revealed that some social networking platforms are used for the promotion of library service to undergraduate students of University of Nigeria Nsukka. …
Spartan Daily, May 5, 2022, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications
Spartan Daily, May 5, 2022, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications
Spartan Daily, 2022
Volume 158, Issue 40
Instructional Use Of Streaming Media By Sjsu Faculty, Ann Agee, Nick Szydlowski, Mantra Roy
Instructional Use Of Streaming Media By Sjsu Faculty, Ann Agee, Nick Szydlowski, Mantra Roy
Data
This data set is composed of transcripts from semi-structured interviews of SJSU ethnic studies and clinical practice faculty on their use of streaming media in instruction. The interviews were conducted in Spring 2022 in support of the international Ithaka S+R study on Streaming Media Licensing and Purchasing Practices at Academic Libraries.
Information Literacy, Critical Thinking And Research Productivity Of Doctoral Students In Universities In Ogun State, Nigeria, Ezinwanyi Madukoma Dr., Adesola Paul Adekunle
Information Literacy, Critical Thinking And Research Productivity Of Doctoral Students In Universities In Ogun State, Nigeria, Ezinwanyi Madukoma Dr., Adesola Paul Adekunle
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
Research productivity is one of the major determinants of the prosperity and academic status of a nation. To ensure its continuity, universities have put in place doctoral education meant to initiate doctoral students into the research culture; nurture and groom them until they become productive researchers. However, evidence from the literature indicated that doctoral students in universities in Ogun state are experiencing low research productivity which poses a threat to the sustenance of scholarship and prosperity of the nation. Several studies have examined the research productivity of scholars and factors that are likely to enhance it. Some of these studies …
Spartan Daily, May 4, 2022, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications
Spartan Daily, May 4, 2022, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications
Spartan Daily, 2022
Volume 158, Issue 39
Implications Of Educational Counseling On Prep Uptake In Msm At A Community Health Clinic, Thanh T. Dinh
Implications Of Educational Counseling On Prep Uptake In Msm At A Community Health Clinic, Thanh T. Dinh
Doctoral Projects
HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) medication is 99% effective at preventing HIV acquisition if used daily (CDC, 2020; FDA, 2019). Despite its effectiveness and wide availability, PrEP uptake and adherence remained low, especially among MSM of color (Bradley et al., 2019; Kuhns et al., 2017). Prior studies have shown that participants exposed to PrEP information, counseling, and education were more likely to show interest in PrEP and uptake of PrEP. Although various studies support the effectiveness of educational interventions in increasing PrEP uptake, it has not been widely implemented in the practice setting in communities that would benefit from it. The …
Spartan Daily, May 3, 2022, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications
Spartan Daily, May 3, 2022, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications
Spartan Daily, 2022
Volume 158, Issue 38
Asthma Care By Unlicensed Personnel In The Elementary School Setting: A Training Program, Teresa Eligio
Asthma Care By Unlicensed Personnel In The Elementary School Setting: A Training Program, Teresa Eligio
Doctoral Projects
This Quality Improvement project (QI) aims to improve the competence and confidence of unlicensed school health staff in identifying asthma symptoms, reading an asthma action plan, asthma care, emergency response, medication delivery tools, and trigger reduction in the school setting. The QI project transpired in an Elementary School District in Los Angeles County, CA. The Project Manager, an asthma instructor trained by the American Lung Association, provided evidence-based Asthma-Basics training for health clerks (HCs), substitute health clerks (SHCs), licensed vocational nurse health clerks (LVN HCs), school office coordinators (SOCs), school office attendance clerks (SOAs), and substitute school office staff (SDO). …
Information Literacy In Curriculum Development And Online Learning During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Samsul Susilawati
Information Literacy In Curriculum Development And Online Learning During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Samsul Susilawati
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
The development of civilization in the 21st century requires a different perspective in education. The rapid development of technology and information cannot be anticipated by blocking its use in the world of education. A lot of knowledge and knowledge is easily conveyed through technology media whose development is difficult to contain. The development of civilization must be a challenge for educators to prepare superior resources and become winners in global competition. Improvement and implementation of the 2013 Curriculum at the primary and secondary education levels is carried out in order to equip students with competencies that they can live life …
Computing Technologies And Paperless Classroom In Library Schools In Rivers State, Anthonia Omehia, Onyema Nsirim
Computing Technologies And Paperless Classroom In Library Schools In Rivers State, Anthonia Omehia, Onyema Nsirim
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
Paper has been a convenience medium of communicating information, accessing information, as well as delivering and receiving lecture. However, as time changes, the mode of communication and instructional methodology takes a paradigm shift. This has resulted to the use of paperless classroom. Paperless classroom is the use of computing and communication technologies to replace the traditional method of teaching and learning in the classroom. It offers speed and ease of using electronic means in delivering lecture to a large number of students which is cost effective to students and lecturers. Consequently, schools are using computing technologies to ease the cost …
Feasibility Study Of Regional Air Mobility Services For High Priority Transportation In The San Joaquin Valley, Julia Roa, Joseph Oldham
Feasibility Study Of Regional Air Mobility Services For High Priority Transportation In The San Joaquin Valley, Julia Roa, Joseph Oldham
Mineta Transportation Institute
Regional Air Mobility (RAM) focuses on building upon existing airport infrastructure to transport people and goods using innovative aircraft that offer a huge improvement in efficiency, affordability, and community-friendly integration over existing regional transportation options. These aircraft, which typically carry less than 20 passengers or an equivalent weight in cargo, are flexible in terms of where they can take off and land, even using existing runways and infrastructure to maximize compatibility with today’s airports. This project examines the feasibility of RAM supporting high-speed transportation for high-priority passenger and cargo movement within Fresno County and connection to coastal urban centers. Some …
Continuing Professional Development As A Medium In The Empowerment Of Library And Information Science Educators For Effective Knowledge Delivery And Sustainable Education In South East, Nigeria, Mercy Ebong, Uzoamaka Ogwo, Victor N. Nwachukwu
Continuing Professional Development As A Medium In The Empowerment Of Library And Information Science Educators For Effective Knowledge Delivery And Sustainable Education In South East, Nigeria, Mercy Ebong, Uzoamaka Ogwo, Victor N. Nwachukwu
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
This study investigated continuing professional Development as a medium in the empowerment of library and information science Educators for effective knowledge delivery and sustainable Education in south East Nigeria. Five research questions guided the study. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The population of the study consisted of 282 library information science educators in five selected federal universities in South East, Nigeria. The validated instrument was trial tested using 20 respondent which comprises of 15 female library information science Educators (LISE) and5 male LISE which was outside the study area. The overall reliability coefficient of 0.89 of the instrument was …
Library Resources Utilization By Lecturers In Nigerian University, Abigail Chikaodinaka Obodo Phd, Justina Nneka Eze Phd, Mercy Ifunanya Ani Phd
Library Resources Utilization By Lecturers In Nigerian University, Abigail Chikaodinaka Obodo Phd, Justina Nneka Eze Phd, Mercy Ifunanya Ani Phd
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
This study was designed to examine the utilization of library resources by lecturers in Nigerian tertiary institutions using lecturers Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT) as case study. The specific objectives of the study is to find out the level of availability of library materials in Nigerian university, and determine the extent of use of the materials by lecturers. It is also to find out the factors that impede lecturers use of the library. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population for the study consisted all the full time lecturers made up of 536 …
Use Of Academic Library In Digital Revolution For Sustainable Development In Nigeria, Yakub Olayinka Ahmed, Idirs Sulaiman, Okah Mary Onojah
Use Of Academic Library In Digital Revolution For Sustainable Development In Nigeria, Yakub Olayinka Ahmed, Idirs Sulaiman, Okah Mary Onojah
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
The paper focuses on the use of libraries in the digital revolution for sustainable development. The paper focused on the concept of a library and the digital revolution, the roles of libraries in the digital revolution and the challenges of libraries in the digital revolution. The paper concluded that in order for libraries and librarians to be relevant, they are expected to lead the way in technology use among fellow residents and gain more time for the most important activity: helping patrons. Since the main mission of most libraries is to offer equality of access to information for every citizen, …
Perspectives Of Librarians On Quality Assurance Measures For Admission Of Students In Distance Education Programme In Nigeria, Justina Ngozi Igwe Phd, Stella C. Nwizu Prof, Christian N. Olori Phd
Perspectives Of Librarians On Quality Assurance Measures For Admission Of Students In Distance Education Programme In Nigeria, Justina Ngozi Igwe Phd, Stella C. Nwizu Prof, Christian N. Olori Phd
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
The quality assurance measures for admission of students into Distance Education (DE) programs in Nigeria were evaluated in this study. The study employed a descriptive survey design, with a total population of Librarians and learners in distance learning centers in Southeast in Nigeria, of which 206 librarians were used in the study. The librarians and learners were chosen using a multi-stage sampling technique. The data gathering instrument was a questionnaire. Three professionals independently validated the instrument. The questionnaire's reliability index was 0.97. The data was analyzed using the mean, standard deviation, and analysis of variance. The findings revealed that quality …