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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Magnetic Technologies For A Carbon Conscious Concrete, Sriramya Duddukuri Nair, Onur Ozturk
Magnetic Technologies For A Carbon Conscious Concrete, Sriramya Duddukuri Nair, Onur Ozturk
C3 Symposium 2025
Concrete has long been a cornerstone of civil infrastructure due to its strength, versatility, and cost-effectiveness. However, as global construction demands increase, so do concerns about the environmental impact of concrete production, particularly its significant carbon footprint. In recent years, numerous advanced materials and innovative methods have been explored to enhance concrete performance while minimizing its ecological impact. These advancements include the incorporation of alternative cementitious materials, self-healing agents, and 3D printing technologies. Among the emerging techniques, the use of magnetic fields to improve concrete properties has garnered considerable attention, as evidenced by the growing body of research over the …
Effect Of Absorption Kinetics Of Superabsorbent Polymer On 3d Printing Characteristics, Yucun Gu, Seongho Han, Kamal H. Khayat
Effect Of Absorption Kinetics Of Superabsorbent Polymer On 3d Printing Characteristics, Yucun Gu, Seongho Han, Kamal H. Khayat
C3 Symposium 2025
This study evaluates the effect of different superabsorbent polymers (SAP) types on rheological properties, printability, and mechanical properties of 3D concrete printing (3DCP). Three types of SAP, including two acrylamide-co-acrylic polymers with coarse and fine particle sizes (S1 and S2) and an acrylic copolymer (S3), were employed. Results showed that the use of S1 and S2 SAP exhibiting high retention ability enhanced thixotropy, whereas the S3 SAP with rapid desorption reduced thixotropy. The S1 SAP was the most significant in maintaining a higher internal relative humidity, thus resulting in higher 28-d compressive strength. The reduction in 28-day compressive strength for …
Mechanics Of Fracture In Layered Architected Materials, Reza Moini, Aimane Najmeddine, Shashank Gupta
Mechanics Of Fracture In Layered Architected Materials, Reza Moini, Aimane Najmeddine, Shashank Gupta
C3 Symposium 2025
This talk asks the role of mechanics of materials, particularly fracture mechanics in design and engineering civil infrastructure materials. Concrete, a quasi-brittle material is the backbone of the civil infrastructure. Decades of research on engineering and fracture mechanics of concrete led by the hundreds of pioneering works of great scholars, have helped us understand mechanism of crack initiation and propagation in heterogeneous materials. However, there remain a significant need to continue understand mechanics of damage in conventional and novel heterogeneous infrastructure materials. Growth in automation and robotics (e.g., 3D-printing), innovative cementitious composite materials (e.g., architected material), and numerical frameworks (e.g., …
Performance-Based Design Of 3d Printable Cement Composite Using Locally Available Materials, Haodao Li, Kamal H. Khayat
Performance-Based Design Of 3d Printable Cement Composite Using Locally Available Materials, Haodao Li, Kamal H. Khayat
C3 Symposium 2025
Proportioning 3D printable materials using locally available resources offers significant environmental and economic benefits while supporting local communities. This study proposes a performance-based design approach to adapt these materials into printable mixtures, focusing on key fresh and hardened properties. Binder combinations made with locally available materials were initially optimized for enhanced packing density and flow characteristics. Optimized candidates were narrowed down using a radar chart method based on multivariate criteria closely linked to printing performance.The printability of the optimized cement composites was subsequently validated. Developing such print materials enhances the cost-effectiveness of 3D printing in construction and expands its applicability …
Form Optimization Applications Of 3d Concrete Printing: From Bridge To Protective Structures, Kolluru V. L. Subramaniam, Prashant R. Singh, Sohanth T. Maganty, Spandana Paritala
Form Optimization Applications Of 3d Concrete Printing: From Bridge To Protective Structures, Kolluru V. L. Subramaniam, Prashant R. Singh, Sohanth T. Maganty, Spandana Paritala
C3 Symposium 2025
In construction, 3D concrete printing (3DCP) is emerging as a technology that has the potential to create a significant impact on the state of practice and overcome several limitations of conventional construction processes. 3DCP focuses on delivery systems that build a structure using layer deposition. 3DCP technology is, however, still in a nascent stage in construction-related applications. Techniques for printing free-standing structures are not sufficiently developed for large- scale applications. In this paper, the concept of form-specific structural system optimization that broadly follows ‘material-follows-force’ is used to arrive at a shape that reduces weight while minimizing the requirement of conventional …
Developing 3d Printable Concrete Using Quarry By-Products As Partial Replacement For Cement, Tippabhotla A. Kamakshi, Bao Chau, Aidyn Tugelbayev, Andrew P. Mccoy, Alexander S. Brand
Developing 3d Printable Concrete Using Quarry By-Products As Partial Replacement For Cement, Tippabhotla A. Kamakshi, Bao Chau, Aidyn Tugelbayev, Andrew P. Mccoy, Alexander S. Brand
C3 Symposium 2025
3D concrete printing (3DCP) is rapidly growing due to its wide range of advantages over conventional cast concrete. However, one major concern is that it 3DCP mixes typically have high cement contents and have a high carbon footprint as a result. To address this concern, this study incorporates quarry by-products (e.g., pond fines, screenings) in 3DCP mixes, which serves as a rheology modifier and serves to reduce the cement content. Pond fines were used as a partial replacement of cement, and screenings were used as the fine aggregate. The resultant mixtures demonstrated adequate compressive strength, higher compressive strength, and improved …
Green 3d Printing Concrete Containing Biochar And Waste Wind Turbine Blade Powder, Ping Lyu, Kejin Wang, Shelby Doyle, Simon Laflamme, Sri Sritharan
Green 3d Printing Concrete Containing Biochar And Waste Wind Turbine Blade Powder, Ping Lyu, Kejin Wang, Shelby Doyle, Simon Laflamme, Sri Sritharan
C3 Symposium 2025
Three green three-dimension printing concrete (3DPC) mixtures were made with biochar (BC), waste wind turbine blade powder (WTBP), and a pre-packaged 3DPC material (Sika-752). The mixtures were used to print small and larger beams with various fill patterns/rates. The results indicate that use of 3%BC (wetted with mixing water) and10% WTBP improved fluidity, especially slump, of the 3DPC mixture. 3%BC slightly reduced strength and ductility of the 3DPC. 10% WTBP decreased strength but increased ductility of the printed specimens. Optimized infill can improve load capacity. The use of BC and WTBP in 3DPC has promising potential in construction engineering applications.
Enhanced Shape Stability Of Flowable Mortar Through Co2 Injection For 3d Concrete Printing Application, Seongho Han, Alfred Addai-Nimoh, Yucun Gu, Kamal H. Khayat
Enhanced Shape Stability Of Flowable Mortar Through Co2 Injection For 3d Concrete Printing Application, Seongho Han, Alfred Addai-Nimoh, Yucun Gu, Kamal H. Khayat
C3 Symposium 2025
This study explores the direct injection of CO2 into the 3D printer head during the printing process, enabling real-time control of yield stress evolution in flowable mixtures. CO2 concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 1.4% by cement weight were tested by varying injection times. CO2 injection reduced slump flow of mortar from 250 to 100 mm, as reflected in the decreased width and increased height of printed layers. Mortar with 0.5% CO2 maintained flowability but experienced shape collapse during layer stacking, while higher CO2 concentrations led to nozzle blockages.
Modeling The Fresh Properties Of Cement-Based Materials For 3d Concrete Printing, David Lange, Chuanyue Shen
Modeling The Fresh Properties Of Cement-Based Materials For 3d Concrete Printing, David Lange, Chuanyue Shen
C3 Symposium 2025
A major challenge of 3-D printable concrete lies in the design of fresh material properties. Ideally, a fresh concrete needs to be fluid-like for pumping and extrusion but solid-like during placement to support the printed structure. In practice, achieving this balance is challenging. This research addresses these challenges by leveraging machine learning and numerical simulation to model the fresh behavior of cement-based materials for 3-D printing. It begins with rheological characterization to understand how mixture design factors influence rheological properties, laying the foundation for subsequent studies. A multilayer perception (MLP) model is developed to predict the yield stress of cement-based …
Sustainability Of Additively Manufactured Cement-Based Housing: What's Our Next Move?, Joseph J. Biernacki
Sustainability Of Additively Manufactured Cement-Based Housing: What's Our Next Move?, Joseph J. Biernacki
C3 Symposium 2025
Additive manufacturing of housing has rapidly grown into a nascent industry with numerous demonstration projects recently proving the technological viability of the approach. Goals for the technology, however, are not limited to business ventures that compete in the traditional housing market. Rather, some builders and activists advocate for the technology as a potential key to solving the housing crisis in the US and abroad; though, questions regarding the scalability of economy, environmental impacts and socio-political implications still revolve around the concept. This work focuses on the techno-economics of scale for construction of housing as well as suggests what our next …
Setting Limits From Coast To Coast-Us Buy Clean Policies To Decarbonize Concrete, Tien Y. Peng
Setting Limits From Coast To Coast-Us Buy Clean Policies To Decarbonize Concrete, Tien Y. Peng
C3 Symposium 2025
Several authorities have implemented Buy Clean policies with different scopes, regulatory frameworks, and incentives for implementation. These policies measure the reduction of global warming potential of "eligible materials" using Environmental Product Declarations. Many programs also require agencies to implement a “limit” to the carbon dioxide emissions of industrial materials. By assessing the different programs with established emission limits and quantifying the reductions against the industry benchmarks, we can evaluate their impacts to a diverse group of stakeholders, not just those who manufacture concrete. Policy makers, manufacturers, architects and engineers must become aware of the limitations of the reporting tools to …
Rethinking Concrete Slabs: Modular Cfrp-Reinforced Systems For Sustainable Construction, Sven Engel, Jan Bielak, Martin Classen
Rethinking Concrete Slabs: Modular Cfrp-Reinforced Systems For Sustainable Construction, Sven Engel, Jan Bielak, Martin Classen
C3 Symposium 2025
A significant portion of concrete in building construction is allocated to traditional solid slabs, resulting in excessive material use and substantial CO2 emissions. Modular ribbed CFRPreinforced floor slab systems offer an efficient alternative, significantly reducing material use while maintaining structural performance. However, fabricating such ribbed structures is challenging, particularly regarding complex formwork and labor-intensive processes. Innovations in 3D concrete printing provide a solution by enabling the straightforward production of novel, load-adapted concrete structures, disrupting conventional construction practices. This paper presents a concept for a modular floor slab system that integrates topology-optimized design principles with digital manufacturing methods. Slender, bi-directionally oriented …
Environmental And Functional Improvements On Concrete Roof Shell By Opening Frame Structure To Reduce Co2 Emissions, Ayana Suzuki, Masaki Tamura
Environmental And Functional Improvements On Concrete Roof Shell By Opening Frame Structure To Reduce Co2 Emissions, Ayana Suzuki, Masaki Tamura
C3 Symposium 2025
Despite recent global efforts to achieve carbon neutrality, the building industry still emits large amounts of carbon dioxide, posing a major challenge in achieving a sustainable society. Concrete has been used primarily as a limited structural material in modern construction because of its structural safety, durability, and low cost. However, since the construction is based on pouring in a formwork and the members tend to be wayward and massive, it has extremely low lighting and ventilation properties if we focus on the basic characteristics related to the living environment. In this study, a concrete roof shell was created, which highlighted …
Performance Of Low-Embodied Co2 And High Early-Age Strength Concrete Full-Sized Slabs, Fabian Paniagua, Eric P. Bescher
Performance Of Low-Embodied Co2 And High Early-Age Strength Concrete Full-Sized Slabs, Fabian Paniagua, Eric P. Bescher
C3 Symposium 2025
High early strength and low-embodied CO2 concretes were analyzed in full-sized slabs under California weather. Belitic calcium sulfoaluminate (BCSA), ordinary portland cement (OPC), portland limestone cement (PLC), and calcined clay (CC) were the used cementitious materials. Each material was designed to obtain a flexural strength of 2.76 MPa (400 psi) at opening time, which varied depending on the material between 4 and 10 hours. One individual slab of 4.5 x 3.6 m (15 x 12 ft) with a thickness of 23.5 cm (9.25 in) was analyzed for each material. Thermocouples and vibrating-wire strain gages (VWSG) were installed at the corner …
Dome Construction Experiment At Expo 2025 Utilizing Carbon Negative Concrete Technology, Eriko Sakai, Shiro Tomoe, Tetsushi Kanda, Hideaki Yajima
Dome Construction Experiment At Expo 2025 Utilizing Carbon Negative Concrete Technology, Eriko Sakai, Shiro Tomoe, Tetsushi Kanda, Hideaki Yajima
C3 Symposium 2025
Concrete is a challenging material for achieving a low-carbon society because of the large amount of CO₂ emissions during cement production. Technologies have been developed to separate, recover and reuse CO₂ as a resource. We adopted the following two types of environmentally friendly concrete to reduce CO₂ emissions in the construction of the Expo dome: ECM (Energy CO₂ Minimum) concrete and CO₂-SUICOM (CO₂ Storage Utilization for Infrastructure by Concrete Materials). ECM concrete contains high content granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) to reduce CO₂ emissions by reducing cement content 1). CO₂-SUICOM can achieve negative CCO₂ emissions by absorbing CO₂ into γ-C2S …
Building Better, For Longer, With Less: A “Holistic” Approach To Material And Structural Concept And Design With Advanced Cement Based Materials, Liberato Ferrara
Building Better, For Longer, With Less: A “Holistic” Approach To Material And Structural Concept And Design With Advanced Cement Based Materials, Liberato Ferrara
C3 Symposium 2025
The paper presents, as the summary of a more than a decade long research performed by the author’s research group, an approach which combines, in a holistic life cycle thinking framework, higher and longer lasting material performance with enhanced structural functionality. The signature high resilience material concept also features the possibility of engineering the structural performance over time through its self-healing capacity, i.e. the ability of the material to self-repair cracks without external intervention but thanks to its suitably designed composition. Concretes are no longer regarded as providers of passive protection, whose degradation over time has to be delayed as …
Memo From Surendra P. Shah: Ignorance, Inquiry And Innovation-Driven Cutting-Edge Research In Cement And Concrete, Surendra P. Shah
Memo From Surendra P. Shah: Ignorance, Inquiry And Innovation-Driven Cutting-Edge Research In Cement And Concrete, Surendra P. Shah
C3 Symposium 2025
No abstract provided.
Committee Members, C3 2025 Committee
The Handy Rheometer: Capturing Complex Rheology With Just A Camera And A Cylinder, Yohan Jacquet, Inka Mai
The Handy Rheometer: Capturing Complex Rheology With Just A Camera And A Cylinder, Yohan Jacquet, Inka Mai
C3 Symposium 2025
The growing need for practical, on-site rheological tools in 3D concrete printing motivates this study, which introduces a low-cost, computer-vision based method for characterizing complex flow behavior. A simple experiment is performed by pulling a cylinder through a fresh cementitious suspension while recording the surface motion of a contrasted reference line on the suspension’s surface simply using a camera. A computer vision algorithm tracks the displacement field, enabling precise velocity profile extraction over time. By applying a moment balance to the two flow regions – Couette and Poiseuille – the flow is modeled as a Herschel-Bulkley fluid. This approach enables …
Impact Of Additive-Based Frost Protection On Co2, Cost, And Rheology On Cold-Weather Self-Consolidating Concrete, Gilson R. Lomboy, Aljon S. Moraña
Impact Of Additive-Based Frost Protection On Co2, Cost, And Rheology On Cold-Weather Self-Consolidating Concrete, Gilson R. Lomboy, Aljon S. Moraña
C3 Symposium 2025
Cold weather concreting (CWC) generally refers to practices used to place concrete during cold weather. Traditionally, concrete placement in cold weather is accomplished by one or more precautions and procedures, such as pre-heating water and/or aggregates, insulating the concrete with protective blankets during curing, or heating the concrete or the surrounding concrete. However, these procedures can be energy-intensive, resulting in a shortened construction season in cold regions. Additive-based freeze protection (ABFP) is an alternative approach to casting and curing concrete at cold temperatures that reduces energy costs compared to traditional CWC techniques and potentially extends the construction season. Cold-weather self-consolidating …
Rheological Evolution Of Alkali-Activated Low-Grade Metakaolin Pastes, Neel Bhuskute, Sriramya Duddukuri Nair
Rheological Evolution Of Alkali-Activated Low-Grade Metakaolin Pastes, Neel Bhuskute, Sriramya Duddukuri Nair
C3 Symposium 2025
This study compares the rheological development of low-grade metakaolin clays mined from different geographical locations in the US. Small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) is used to monitor the structural build-up of these alkali-activated pastes. Time sweeps of the storage modulus, loss modulus and the phase angle are used to understand their viscoelastic properties and determine their initial setting times. These results are validated with the ASTM Vicat needle test. Isothermal calorimetry is performed to link the rheological development of this cementitious system with its degree of hydration. The results indicate that the SAOS can prove to be a valuable testing …
Effects Of Workability Modifiers Blending On Fresh Properties Of Limestone Metakaolin Blended Cement, Thien Tran, Daniel Benkeser, Kimberly E. Kurtis, Newell Washburn, Kejin Wang, Maria C.G. Juenger
Effects Of Workability Modifiers Blending On Fresh Properties Of Limestone Metakaolin Blended Cement, Thien Tran, Daniel Benkeser, Kimberly E. Kurtis, Newell Washburn, Kejin Wang, Maria C.G. Juenger
C3 Symposium 2025
It is widely acknowledged that metakaolin in blended cements improves engineering properties and durability. However, it reduces the blend’s fresh flowability and shortens slump retention time. In this investigation, three workability modifiers (WM) were used to fluidize a mixture of ASTM C595 Type IL cement containing 15 wt.% metakaolin, called limestone metakaolin-blended cement (LMC). The study aimed to use WMs and their combinations to curb the workability loss of the LMC system. Dosages of each WM and blends of them for the LMC system were determined in which the LMC reached neat-cement equivalent yield stress and similar flowability and workability …
Calcined Clay Rheology - Testing Cement Paste To Predict Concrete Properties, A. Neisser-Deiters, N. Beuntner, K.-Ch. Thienel
Calcined Clay Rheology - Testing Cement Paste To Predict Concrete Properties, A. Neisser-Deiters, N. Beuntner, K.-Ch. Thienel
C3 Symposium 2025
No abstract provided.
Improving Workability Of Recycled Cement Pastes, Susanne Helmich, Doru C. Lupascu
Improving Workability Of Recycled Cement Pastes, Susanne Helmich, Doru C. Lupascu
C3 Symposium 2025
Laboratory produced cement stone was reactivated through thermal treatment at 650°C. Superplasticizers added to improve flowability of reactivated cement pastes and reduce their water demand.
Mechanistic Study Of The Improvement Of Lc3 Rheological Properties By Pce Superplasticizers- A Comparative Study With Opc System, Ran Li, Jinlong Xue, Yanru Wang, Jiuwen Bao, Jie Shi, Tongbo Sui
Mechanistic Study Of The Improvement Of Lc3 Rheological Properties By Pce Superplasticizers- A Comparative Study With Opc System, Ran Li, Jinlong Xue, Yanru Wang, Jiuwen Bao, Jie Shi, Tongbo Sui
C3 Symposium 2025
Recently, LC3 attracts more and more attentions due to low CO2 emission. Understanding the mechanisms of PCEs on LC3 rheology is crucial for advancing its application. This study investigates the rheological properties of LC3 and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in response to PCE superplasticizers. HPEG PCEs were successfully synthesized via free radical copolymerization with varying acrylic acid (AA) to macromonomer (MM) ratios, and their quality were characterized using Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). Fluidity tests and rheology measurements revealed that PCEs enhance fluidity and reduce dynamic yield stress and plastic viscosity in both systems, although LC3 requires a higher PCE dosage …
Assessment Of Textured Epoxy-Coated Rebars In Concrete For Chloride Induced Corrosion, Kevin Danner, Shayan Ali Khan, John S. Popovics
Assessment Of Textured Epoxy-Coated Rebars In Concrete For Chloride Induced Corrosion, Kevin Danner, Shayan Ali Khan, John S. Popovics
C3 Symposium 2025
Textured-Epoxy coated rebar (TEC) differs from conventional Epoxy coated rebar (ECR) due to its rougher exterior surface – which aims to reduce cracking in concrete and development length. However, no studies have investigated the long-term corrosion response behavior of both TEC and ECR when subjected to service-level bridge deck displacement criteria. This study utilizes Non-Destructive Testing techniques such as Half-Cell Potential (HCP), Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV), and Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) to characterize the corrosion response behavior of service-level stressed TEC and ECR reinforced concrete samples subjected to a realistic chloride environment.
Comparative Analysis Of The Corrosion Resistance Epoxy-Coated, Textured Epoxy-Coated, And Uncoated Reinforcement Bars, Shayan Ali Khan, Kevin Danner, John S. Popovics
Comparative Analysis Of The Corrosion Resistance Epoxy-Coated, Textured Epoxy-Coated, And Uncoated Reinforcement Bars, Shayan Ali Khan, Kevin Danner, John S. Popovics
C3 Symposium 2025
The corrosion of steel reinforcement inside concrete remains a significant challenge for the construction industry. In the United States alone, an estimated annual cost of $240 billion is incurred from corrosion-related damage, with about 20% attributed to the corrosion of reinforced concrete [1]. Among various corrosion prevention techniques for reinforced concrete, epoxy coating of rebars (EC), has been widely adopted. However, due to the smooth surface of epoxy coating, its bond strength with concrete is reduced significantly, which has become a barrier for its large-scale adoption [2]. To tackle this, Sherwin Williams developed textured epoxy coated rebars (TEC) (figure 1a) …
Cathodic Protection Of Reinforced Concrete Infrastructure Using Mmo-Coated Titanium Alloy Bars, Naveen Krishnan, Christopher Higgins, O. Burkan Isgor
Cathodic Protection Of Reinforced Concrete Infrastructure Using Mmo-Coated Titanium Alloy Bars, Naveen Krishnan, Christopher Higgins, O. Burkan Isgor
C3 Symposium 2025
ASTM B1009 titanium alloy bars (TiABs), which are chemically and mechanically equivalent to Grade 5 titanium, have recently gained attention as dual-purpose materials for near-surface-mounted retrofit (NSMR) of concrete. These bars offer both structural reinforcement and corrosion protection when used as anodes in impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) systems. While TiABs without mixed metal oxide (MMO) coating provide inherent corrosion resistance as an ICCP anode, their effectiveness in ICCP applications may be limited. This study evaluates the electrochemical behavior of iridium-based MMO coatings on TiABs that are designed as ICCP anodes. Open circuit potential (OCP) measurements showed that both uncoated …
Concrete Conductivity/Resistivity With Conductive Aggregate, W. Jason Weiss, O. Burkan Isgor
Concrete Conductivity/Resistivity With Conductive Aggregate, W. Jason Weiss, O. Burkan Isgor
C3 Symposium 2025
The electrical properties of concrete (formation factor) are often used as a surrogate test method to assess fluid transport in concrete primarily because resistivity (or conductivity) can be measured rapidly and economically. While electrical properties have been measured for nearly a century, the recent rise in handheld, battery-operated testing tools coupled with the desire to quantify the transport performance of concrete has caused a sudden spike in interest in electrical property measurements as a quality control or quality acceptance tool. Standards have been developed (AASHTO T 358, AASHTO T 402, ASTM C1876) with an emphasis on the role of sample …
Recycling Waste Glass Powder In Lightweight Aggregate Concrete: Towards Lightweight, Sustainable And Durable Marine Engineering Structures, Bin Jia, Yuxi Zhao
Recycling Waste Glass Powder In Lightweight Aggregate Concrete: Towards Lightweight, Sustainable And Durable Marine Engineering Structures, Bin Jia, Yuxi Zhao
C3 Symposium 2025
This study investigates the feasibility of incorporating waste glass powder (GP) as a sustainable supplementary cementitious material in structural lightweight aggregate concrete (SLAC) for marine applications. The effects of GP replacement (0–40%) on the fresh, mechanical, and durability properties were evaluated. Results showed that while GP reduces early-age strength, long-term mechanical stability is maintained, with GP20 achieving the highest elastic modulus. GP incorporation significantly improves durability, including reduced chloride migration, lower water absorption, and higher electrical resistivity. Corrosion resistance of steel bars under chloride exposure was enhanced, as indicated by higher open-circuit potential values (OCP). Microstructural analysis revealed that GP …