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Application Of Waste Low Heat As A Motive Source For Ejection Air-Conditiong Systems For Motor Yachts, Mateusz Kędzierski, Kamil Smierciew, Dariusz Butrymowicz, Jerzy Gagan Jan 2018

Application Of Waste Low Heat As A Motive Source For Ejection Air-Conditiong Systems For Motor Yachts, Mateusz Kędzierski, Kamil Smierciew, Dariusz Butrymowicz, Jerzy Gagan

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

Heat recovery is a common approach for effective energy management. With utilization of the waste heat the investment and operation costs can be reduced. In the paper the possibility of utilisation of the waste heat from flue gases in the maritime industry will be presented and discussed. Combustion engine is a main source for electric energy consumed be all electrical devices in ships and yachts. Currently, the classic compressor systems driven by electricity generated in generators are used for production of cold water used in AC units. Conversion of fuel energy into mechanical and electrical energy is related with creation …

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Balance Is Bunk – Organizational And Marital Turnover In Dual Academic Career Couples, Merideth Thompson Jan 2018

Balance Is Bunk – Organizational And Marital Turnover In Dual Academic Career Couples, Merideth Thompson

NSF Workshop Fostering Gender and Work-Life Inclusion for Faculty in Understudied Contexts: An Organizational Science Lens

No abstract provided.

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Measurement Of Pressure Profile Of Vortex Flashing Flows In Convergent-Divergent Nozzles, Jingwei Zhu, Stefan Elbel Jan 2018

Measurement Of Pressure Profile Of Vortex Flashing Flows In Convergent-Divergent Nozzles, Jingwei Zhu, Stefan Elbel

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

Vortex control is a novel two-phase convergent-divergent nozzle restrictiveness control mechanism which requires no change to the physical dimensions of the nozzle geometry. The control is achieved by adjustable nozzle inlet vortex. A nozzle with inlet vortex was called vortex nozzle (or swirl nozzle). Previous experiments on vortex nozzle with initially subcooled R134a showed that the nozzle becomes more restrictive as the strength of the inlet vortex increases. The maximum vortex control range has been observed to be 42% of maximum choked total mass flow rate through the nozzle. The control range of inlet pressures and mass flow rates that …

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Thermodynamic Analysis Of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System With Sustainable Refrigerant Blends As Alternatives To Replace R22, Ashok Babu Puttaranga Setty Talanki, Sharmas Vali Shaik Jan 2018

Thermodynamic Analysis Of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System With Sustainable Refrigerant Blends As Alternatives To Replace R22, Ashok Babu Puttaranga Setty Talanki, Sharmas Vali Shaik

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

The phase out schedule of a hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerant R22 demands the development of ecofriendly refrigerants. Since R22 has adverse ecological effects like high ODP and high GWP. Hence the present paper emphasis on the thermodynamic analysis of vapour compression refrigeration system with various ozone friendly refrigerant blends as an alternatives to R22. In this work eight refrigerant mixtures composed of R290, R134a, R152a, R125 and R32 at various compositions are developed. All the developed refrigerants possess zero ODP and low GWP compared to R22. The main objective of the present work is to compute the thermodynamic performance parameters of R22 …

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Deadlines Jan 2018

Deadlines

Against the Grain

No abstract provided.

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Atg Interviews Gary Marchionini, Dean, School Of Information And Library Science, University Of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Katina Strauch, Tom Gilson Jan 2018

Atg Interviews Gary Marchionini, Dean, School Of Information And Library Science, University Of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Katina Strauch, Tom Gilson

Against the Grain

No abstract provided.

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Cases Of Note-Copyright-Constructive Trust, Bruce Strauch, Bryan M. Carson, Jack Montgomery Jan 2018

Cases Of Note-Copyright-Constructive Trust, Bruce Strauch, Bryan M. Carson, Jack Montgomery

Against the Grain

No abstract provided.

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A Study On Investigating The Thermal And Energy Saving Performances Of Flat Plate Heat Exchanges (Fphe) With Different Corrugated Channels Configurations, Dong Mei Pan, Yan Pan, Xuan Zhou Jan 2018

A Study On Investigating The Thermal And Energy Saving Performances Of Flat Plate Heat Exchanges (Fphe) With Different Corrugated Channels Configurations, Dong Mei Pan, Yan Pan, Xuan Zhou

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

Du to scarce conventional energy resources, energy consumptions in the buildings occupied a large proportion of the overall energy consumptions. Therefore, many researchers pay more attentions to energy conservation in the buildings, including the heat recovery of air ventilation systems. Previous studies investigated the application of the plate heat exchangers in the heat recovery of air ventilation systems. The objective of this paper is to offer new methods to improve the thermal performance of heat recovery system and provide a guidance for the optimization design of a novel plate heat exchanger. This paper firstly compared the relevant results of numerical …

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Vapor Compression System Modelica Library For Aircraft Ecs, Nicolas Ablanque, Santiago Torras, Carles Oliet, Jordi Rovira, Carles David Pérez-Segarra Jan 2018

Vapor Compression System Modelica Library For Aircraft Ecs, Nicolas Ablanque, Santiago Torras, Carles Oliet, Jordi Rovira, Carles David Pérez-Segarra

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

The aeronautical industry is developing new environmental control system architectures, based on the more electrical aircraft approach, with the aim of improving the overall performance of aircrafts. The analysis of theses architectures is very complex as they include different thermal systems interacting between each other. Their design is commonly carried out with the support of numerical simulations. The aim of this work is to present a Modelica library to simulate vapor compression cycles at both steady and transient conditions. The study of these specific cycles is particularly challenging from both the phenomena and the numerical resolution point of views. The …

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Experimental Validation Of Cfd-Based Correlations For 5 Mm Louver- And Slit-Fin Heat Exchangers: Lessons Learned, Dennis Nasuta, Song Li, Yunho Hwang, Cara Martin Jan 2018

Experimental Validation Of Cfd-Based Correlations For 5 Mm Louver- And Slit-Fin Heat Exchangers: Lessons Learned, Dennis Nasuta, Song Li, Yunho Hwang, Cara Martin

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

This paper examines a recent effort to experimentally test copper-tube, aluminum-fin heat exchangers (HXs) to validate CFD-based correlations for air-side thermal-hydraulic performance of enhanced fins with small-diameter tubes (Sarpotdar et al., 2016). Sample HXs with 5 mm diameter tubes were prepared from four manufacturers and covered a range of unique slit- and louver-fin geometries, fin densities, and tube rows. Experimental data was collected for heat exchangers tested in the dry condition using water as the tube-side working fluid and air as the external fluid with velocities ranging from 1-4 m/s. Rather than following the conventional ε-NTU-based data reduction procedure outlined …

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Development Of An Orc For High Temperature Waste Heat Recovery Utilizing Scroll Expanders, Alejandro Carlos Lavernia, Davide Ziviani, Kunal Bansal, Bryce Shaffer, Eckhard A. Groll Jan 2018

Development Of An Orc For High Temperature Waste Heat Recovery Utilizing Scroll Expanders, Alejandro Carlos Lavernia, Davide Ziviani, Kunal Bansal, Bryce Shaffer, Eckhard A. Groll

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) test setup has been constructed to investigate high-temperature waste heat recovery from a stationary internal combustion engine. In particular, an experimental study of a subcritical ORC architecture working with a high temperature heat source is performed to evaluate the feasibility of employing an ORC to recover west heat from small-scale internal combustion engines (~10 kW). The affordability of such a system for the given application has a significant impact on the cycle design. The ORC test setup consists of a diaphragm pump, a plate heat exchanger as regenerator, a novel micro-tube evaporator, an air-cooled condenser, …

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Study Of Micro Channel Heat Exchanger For Automotive Heat Pump System, Gaku Hayase Jan 2018

Study Of Micro Channel Heat Exchanger For Automotive Heat Pump System, Gaku Hayase

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

Micro channel heat exchanger (MC-HEX) is more effective for a performance enhancement than traditional fin and tube heat exchanger (F&T). MC-HEX was applied to the automotive HVAC system at first, and it is applied to a residential air-conditioner recently. Because MC-HEX helps to reduce refrigerant quantities in air-conditioner systems, we apply MC-HEX to not only cooling mode cycle but also heat pump cycle for residential air-conditioner. It means that our MC-HEX could solve the issue of frost in heating mode. On the other hand, heat pump cycle came to be applied to automotive HVAC system for reducing consumption electricity of …

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Experimental Study On Portable Air-Conditioning System With Enhanced Pcm Condenser, Yiyuan Qiao, Anne Mallow, Jan Muehlbauer, Yunho Hwang, Jiazhen Ling, Vikrant Chandramohan Aute, Reinhard Radermacher, Kyle Gluesenkamp Jan 2018

Experimental Study On Portable Air-Conditioning System With Enhanced Pcm Condenser, Yiyuan Qiao, Anne Mallow, Jan Muehlbauer, Yunho Hwang, Jiazhen Ling, Vikrant Chandramohan Aute, Reinhard Radermacher, Kyle Gluesenkamp

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

Portable personal cooling systems with a vapor compression cycle (VCC), thermal battery, and electrical battery are an attractive option for localized cooling as compared with stationary air-conditioning systems. A phase change material (PCM) can be used for storing waste heat from the VCC condenser, thereby acting as a thermal battery. In the PCM condenser, copper tubes are submerged in the PCM tank. Due to the low thermal conductivity of pure PCM, the overall heat transfer coefficient of the PCM condenser is limited, which results in high condensing VCC pressure and, thus, low system COP. By applying heat transfer augmentation, the …

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Effect Of Inlet Duct And Damper Design On Fan Performance And Static Pressure Measurements (Ashrae Rp 1743), Md Yeam Hossain, Christian K. Bach, Omer San Jan 2018

Effect Of Inlet Duct And Damper Design On Fan Performance And Static Pressure Measurements (Ashrae Rp 1743), Md Yeam Hossain, Christian K. Bach, Omer San

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

ASHARE and AHRI provides various standards for designing a test setup for HVAC systems, but none of those specify sufficient details for the inlet ductwork design. The purpose of this study is to develop an inlet duct design guideline for inclusion in the AHRI and ASHRAE testing standards which may reduce the risk of false testing failures and will lead to higher integrity of the testing results at different laboratories. This study will evaluate the performance of the fan of the indoor air handler of split systems for various design parameters including the fan and motor type of the air …

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Design For Microchannel Condensers With Separation Circuiting, Jun Li, Predrag S. Hrnjak Jan 2018

Design For Microchannel Condensers With Separation Circuiting, Jun Li, Predrag S. Hrnjak

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

It has been proved both experimentally and by modeling that separation of vapor and liquid is beneficial for performance of a condenser prototype with a specific separation circuiting. The prototype has an inlet in the middle of the height and separates into two flow paths after the second header. The two paths recombine upstream the exit of the condenser. This paper presents a search for optimal design for condensers with separation circuiting based on an experimentally validated steady-state condenser model. That model incorporates a mechanistic model of a flow in header to consider phase separation efficiency. Parametric studies are performed …

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Thermo-Hydraulic Model For Steam Condensation In A Large, Inclined, Flattened-Tube Air-Cooled Condenser, William A. Davies, Predrag S. Hrnjak Jan 2018

Thermo-Hydraulic Model For Steam Condensation In A Large, Inclined, Flattened-Tube Air-Cooled Condenser, William A. Davies, Predrag S. Hrnjak

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

A thermo-hydraulic model for calculating capacity, heat transfer coefficient and void fraction of an inclined air-cooled steam condenser is presented. The condenser tube has an elongated-slot cross-section, with inner dimensions of 214 x 16 mm. The tube is 10.7 m long. The model is for downward inclination angles from 0-90o, with co-current vapor and condensate flow. The cooling air is in cross flow. This model is developed based on existing models for inclined, stratified-flow condensation models. These have been adapted to the current geometry and conditions for the development of the current model. The model couples both air- and steam-side …

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Flashing Liquid Expander Energy Reduction In Refrigeration Systems, Lance Hays Jan 2018

Flashing Liquid Expander Energy Reduction In Refrigeration Systems, Lance Hays

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

Expansion valves in refrigeration systems can be replaced with a flashing liquid expander (FLE) to reduce the energy consumption in refrigeration systems. The original application, pioneered by J.J. Brasz, was for commercial 500 Ton chillers. A reduction in compressor power of 7-8% was obtained. Some 100 of these chillers have been operating for more than 10 years. Recent emphasis on the use of environmentally benign refrigerants have created a renewed interest in energy savings. Some refrigerents such as ammonia, carbon dioxide and propane have high lifts resulting in increased inefficiency due to the isenthalpic expansion valve. Useful power is disipated …

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Modeling Of Acoustics Based Geometry Optimization Of Orifice Tube Design, Yingyue Zhang, Stefan Elbel Jan 2018

Modeling Of Acoustics Based Geometry Optimization Of Orifice Tube Design, Yingyue Zhang, Stefan Elbel

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

Flow-induced noise in expansion devices is always a severe problem in HVAC&R applications, such as the TXV noise in an automobile where users are sensitive to noise emissions. This paper introduces a CFD based model for exploring the geometry optimization of an orifice tube using R134a. Relevant parameters including diameter and internal geometry features are discussed in the paper. When the flow is going through the constrained section, liquid R134a turns into vapor. In this paper, the internal fluid flow is solved separately as large eddies and small scales with 3D large eddy method. Phase change that happens in the …

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Design And Construction Of A Psychrometric Coil Testing Facility For Commercial Size Heat Exchanger Coils, John Phillip Franke, Mason Clark Kincheloe, Christian K. Bach, Craig Bradshaw Jan 2018

Design And Construction Of A Psychrometric Coil Testing Facility For Commercial Size Heat Exchanger Coils, John Phillip Franke, Mason Clark Kincheloe, Christian K. Bach, Craig Bradshaw

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

Heat exchanger coils are used to provide heating and cooling in HVAC&R equipment. Testing of coils is necessary to evaluate how design changes, such as refrigerant distributor, fin type, and circuitry, affect heat exchanger coil performance. A psychrometric coil testing facility has been designed to facilitate performance testing of commercial-sized coils at Oklahoma State University. The current status of the psychrometric coil testing facility will be discussed. The closed loop facility will contain various equipment to condition the air including heating/cooling coils, electric heaters, and a steam injection system. Heat exchanger coils of up to 20 nominal tons of cooling …

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Studying Underlying Characteristics Of Computing And Engineering Student Success (Success) Survey, Edward J. Berger, Allison Godwin, John Chen, James M. Widmann, Brian P. Self, Ann Q. Gates, Matthew Scheidt, Ryan R. Senkpeil, Julianna Sun Ge Jan 2018

Studying Underlying Characteristics Of Computing And Engineering Student Success (Success) Survey, Edward J. Berger, Allison Godwin, John Chen, James M. Widmann, Brian P. Self, Ann Q. Gates, Matthew Scheidt, Ryan R. Senkpeil, Julianna Sun Ge

School of Engineering Education Working Papers

This survey was developed to measure underlying factors that may influence student success including personality, community, grit, thriving, identity, mindset, motivation, perceptions of faculty caring, stress, gratitude, self-control, mindfulness, and belongingness. We measure these underlying factors because each engineering and computing student admitted to a university has clear potential for academic and personal success in their undergraduate curriculum based upon admissions criteria. However, while some thrive academically, others struggle in a variety of ways. In our NSF-funded project (1626287/1626185/1626148), we posit that some collection of characteristics—apparently not visible on their admission applications and perhaps not related to their talent or …

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Small, High-Speed, Oil-Free Radial Turbo-Compressors For Cooling Applications: Refrigerant Selection, Konstantinos Kontomaris, Cordin Arpagaus, Stefan Bertsch, Jürg Schiffmann Jan 2018

Small, High-Speed, Oil-Free Radial Turbo-Compressors For Cooling Applications: Refrigerant Selection, Konstantinos Kontomaris, Cordin Arpagaus, Stefan Bertsch, Jürg Schiffmann

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

Demand for heating and cooling continues to grow as populations and living standards continue to increase around the globe. At the same time, persistent uncertainty in energy prices and increasing awareness of the environmental impacts associated with the use of fossil fuels - including climate change and poor air quality - are motivating an interest in reducing energy use, in general, and fossil energy, in particular. Heat pumps with scroll or reciprocating compressors have been gaining ground for residential, commercial and industrial heating and cooling applications on a scale up to several tenths of kWmech (over 100 kWtherm). They usually …

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Computational Analysis Of Ejector With Oscillating Nozzle, Arun Kodamkayath Mani, Shaligram Tiwari, Mani Annamalai Jan 2018

Computational Analysis Of Ejector With Oscillating Nozzle, Arun Kodamkayath Mani, Shaligram Tiwari, Mani Annamalai

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

The demand for cooling increases at faster rate than the energy availability. So, refrigeration systems that use renewable energy sources need to be developed to reduce energy demand thus addressing the energy crisis and environmental pollution related to this. An ejector based refrigerator is one kind of a system which uses thermal energy sources such as solar energy, waste heat from industry, automotive exhaust, etc. to operate the system. Ejector consists of a primary driving nozzle, mixing section, and diffuser. Ejector is used to pump the refrigerant from evaporator to condenser using high pressure stream. Thus replacing compressor present in …

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Laboratory Assessment Of A Demand Response Controller For Rooftop Units, Rafik Sarhadian, Bruce A. Coburn, Alvaro Mendoza, Vireak Ly Jan 2018

Laboratory Assessment Of A Demand Response Controller For Rooftop Units, Rafik Sarhadian, Bruce A. Coburn, Alvaro Mendoza, Vireak Ly

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

Residential and commercial unitary air-conditioners (A/Cs) are one of the major sources of the growing electrical energy use and peak power demand. The growing need for electrical power demand can have an adverse impact in grid reliability, especially when there is not enough electricity generation, and can result in power outages. To prevent such instances, utilities offer their customers economic incentives to reduce power demand and usage at certain times in the day under demand response (DR) program. To fully take advantage of the DR program, however, the consumers need access to equipment and appliances that enable communication of rates …

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Experimental Investigation And Numerical Optimization Of Dual Evaporator Refrigerator, Avinash K. Gholap, Jamil A. Khan, Zhiwei Huang Jan 2018

Experimental Investigation And Numerical Optimization Of Dual Evaporator Refrigerator, Avinash K. Gholap, Jamil A. Khan, Zhiwei Huang

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

Improving energy efficiency and reducing the cost of the appliance simultaneously is a continuing challenge for refrigerator manufacturers. While conventional system configuration is based on a single evaporator vapor compression cycle, there are several other system configurations that can offer benefits over it. For example, a dual evaporator (one evaporator for freshfood and one for freezer) offers several benefits such as increased efficiency, isolation of odors, and higher humidity levels in the freshfood compartment. Engineers typically use extensive experimentation to optimize the system. This approach takes significant time and resources. Although optimization studies exists for a conventional single evaporator cycle, …

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Performance Investigation Of Two-Stage Heat Pump With Vapor Injection Using R410a As Working Fluid, Yikai Wang, Zuliang Ye, Feng Cao Jan 2018

Performance Investigation Of Two-Stage Heat Pump With Vapor Injection Using R410a As Working Fluid, Yikai Wang, Zuliang Ye, Feng Cao

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

The heating capacity and coefficient of performance (COP) will significantly decrease when the conventional air source heat pump (ASHP) system is operated under low ambient temperature conditions, with the high discharge temperature. The vapor injection technique with an internal heat exchanger (IHX) has been proposed as an effective way to acquire better performance. In this paper, the performance of a R410A two-stage air source heat pump system with the scroll compressor was studied experimentally. According to the experimental results, the heating capacity increased with the vapor injection at the fixed ambient temperature and water temperature, however the discharge temperature decreased. …

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Temperature Measurement And Calibration Setup (Th1), Momin E. Abdalla, Siddharth Pannir, Elgenied Khalid Jan 2018

Temperature Measurement And Calibration Setup (Th1), Momin E. Abdalla, Siddharth Pannir, Elgenied Khalid

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

The work investigated the responses of measuring and calibrating the temperature in the range of 30 to 60°C using a setup of TH1. The setup was configured with an ice flask, sensor installing unit, an electrical console, and a regulating bath which can withstand temperatures in the range of 0°C to 100°C. Various sensors such as industrial platinum resistance thermometer PT100IND, type K thermocouple, and a thermistor were installed. The setup was configured with highly accurate reference sensors of platinum resistance device PT100, with NAMAS calibration certificate, and temperature with linearized output. Extra reference sensors were installed such as bi-metallic …

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Comparison Of Approximation-Assisted Component Modeling Methods For Steady State Vapor Compression System Simulation, Ransisi Huang, Jiazhen Ling, Vikrant Chandramohan Aute Jan 2018

Comparison Of Approximation-Assisted Component Modeling Methods For Steady State Vapor Compression System Simulation, Ransisi Huang, Jiazhen Ling, Vikrant Chandramohan Aute

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

An accurate, fast and robust heat exchanger model is critical for reliable steady state simulation of vapor compression systems. In such simulations, the heat exchanger models are often the most time consuming components and can be plagued by severe non-linearities especially if they are black-box or third-party provided. This paper investigates and compares different approaches for heat exchanger performance approximation, with the distributed parameter approach being the baseline. The methods are: Gaussian kernel based on Kriging, a multi-zone approach, and polynomial regression. Generally, distributed parameter models have the highest level of accuracy but can be time-consuming. Kriging metamodels have relatively …

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Experimental Evaluation For An Extremum Seeking Control Strategy Based On Input-Output Correlation With A Mini-Split Air Conditioning System, Zhongfan Zhao, Tim Salsbury, John M. House, Yaoyu Li Jan 2018

Experimental Evaluation For An Extremum Seeking Control Strategy Based On Input-Output Correlation With A Mini-Split Air Conditioning System, Zhongfan Zhao, Tim Salsbury, John M. House, Yaoyu Li

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

Extremum Seeking Control (ESC) has emerged as a model-free real-time optimization framework, typically based on dither-demodulation driven gradient estimation. However, such conventional ESC suffers from slow convergence. Salsbury et al. have recently proposed an input-output correlation based ESC (IOC-ESC) strategy anchored on a statistical analysis. The IOC-ESC algorithm is less sensitive to changes in its internal parameters because of the use of a normalized correlation coefficient in the feedback loop. The design goal of the algorithm is to have only two tunable parameters: (1) a time scale parameter that relates to the time open loop time constant of the system; …

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Online Measurement Of The Working Fluid Mass Repartition In A Small-Scale Organic Rankine Cycle Power System, Rémi Dickes, Olivier Dumont, Sylvain Quoilin, Vincent Lemort Jan 2018

Online Measurement Of The Working Fluid Mass Repartition In A Small-Scale Organic Rankine Cycle Power System, Rémi Dickes, Olivier Dumont, Sylvain Quoilin, Vincent Lemort

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the working fluid charge repartition in a 2kWe ORC (organic Rankine cycle) test bench. To this end, an online measurement apparatus is built and fully calibrated to evaluate the charge enclosed in the three heat exchangers and the liquid receiver of the ORC unit. By changing all the system boundary conditions (including the charge enclosed in the test rig), an experimental database of 304 steady-state points is gathered and post-treated. The charge inventories obtained by online measurements demonstrate promising results on average but experience high uncertainties when considering each point individually (i.e. the …

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New Lubricants To Enable Performance, Efficiency, And Reliability, Julie Ann Majurin, Anthony Barthel Jan 2018

New Lubricants To Enable Performance, Efficiency, And Reliability, Julie Ann Majurin, Anthony Barthel

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

This paper will highlight case studies of physical and chemical interactions between refrigerants, lubricants, and components in HVACR systems from recent evaluations of new low GWP refrigerants, and will emphasize the value of including lubricants as an integral component of technology and product development roadmaps. Refrigerant/lubricant mixture properties, such as miscibility, solubility, and viscosity, are critical to understand to meet design, operation, and reliability goals of HVACR equipment. In this paper, we will discuss miscibility and solubility challenges of specific new refrigerants, and review how these challenges have been addressed using advanced capabilities and deep understanding. Working viscosity is one …

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