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Articles 661 - 690 of 12810
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Love, Kelsey Grodner, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Love, Kelsey Grodner, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Many have sought to understand the mystifying concept of love including psychologists, philosophers, and theologians. Most research on love focuses on the early bonding between a mother and her infant, and uses this as the exemplar for how any love relationship is formed and maintained throughout the life span. Early in development, the first understanding of love is gathered through the warm connections, nurture and affection experienced through the interaction between the child and parents or caregivers. Many theorists have suggested that the type and success of this early interaction informs how future emotional bonds and relationships are molded throughout …
Social Exchange Theory, William Goulart, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Social Exchange Theory, William Goulart, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Exchange theory originated in the field of sociology in the 1920s. However, since the late 1950s and early 1960s, social exchange theory has been a major school of thought in the field of both social psychology and sociology. This is largely due to the work of George Homans, John Thibaut, Harold Kelley, and Peter Blau. Social exchange theory describes all human interactions as a series of trades or exchanges of rewards between actors.
Student Motivation - Traditional Vs. Nontraditional College Students, Marcus Lee Johnson
Student Motivation - Traditional Vs. Nontraditional College Students, Marcus Lee Johnson
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Traditional-aged college undergraduate students are typically between the ages of 18 and 23 years and pursue their college education immediately after graduating from high school. Nontraditional undergraduate students tend to be older than 24 years in age or have taken time off from pursuing higher education. Many nontraditional students have reported having parental responsibilities, mortgages, or career responsibilities. Despite these perceived challenges, the nontraditional student population has tripled in size since the 1970’s and is projected to continue growing steadily in the coming years.
Life Review, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Life Review, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
In traditional societies, storytelling was an art used to help understand the meaning of life. Storytellers typically included older adults who had experienced challenges in their lives and were aiming to help the young learn from them. This tradition of storytelling not only facilitated the transmission of valuable information between generations, but it also improved the elderly’s social status. One of the many changes associated with modernized society has been placing a larger focus on youth, allowing the elderly to be marginalized within society. As a byproduct of the focus on youth in modern society, older adults have collectively experienced …
Binge Drinking, Kayla Theberge, Eric A. Goedereis
Binge Drinking, Kayla Theberge, Eric A. Goedereis
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Binge drinking occurs when a person consumes a large amount of alcohol in a short amount of time. Because men and women metabolize alcohol at different rates, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism defines binge drinking specifically as having five or more drinks in two hours or less for men and four or more drinks in two hours or less for women. Per these guidelines, one standard drink of alcohol is defined as containing 0.6 ounces of “pure” alcohol. By this definition, each of the following is considered one standard drink: 1.5 ounces of 80-proof hard liquor, 5 …
Wisdom, Victor Tran, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Wisdom, Victor Tran, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Historically, wisdom (sagacity) has its roots tied to religious traditions. From India’s Vedas, to Egyptian proverbs, and to Christian and Islamic psalms, various religions have attempted to define wisdom and have professed the importance of fostering it. While these contributions to the understanding of wisdom cannot be ignored, it was not until philosophers intervened that the world began to attempt to systematically define and analyze wisdom as its own construct.
Toy Gaacareer Plateauing, Victor Tran, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Toy Gaacareer Plateauing, Victor Tran, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
A career plateau can be defined as a phenomenon in which an individual’s career becomes stagnant. It is imperative to distinguish the two types of career plateaus: (1) content (job content) plateauing and (2) structural (hierarchical) plateauing. Content plateauing refers to a situation in which an individual’s job content (i.e., knowledge, skills, duties, responsibilities, etc.) stops changing. While structural plateauing assumes content plateauing, it also refers to a situation in which an individual can no longer progress, advance, or be promoted within the hierarchical framework of an organization. Career plateauing is not a novel phenomenon; however, it has progressively become …
Édouard Claparède, Christopher N. Tirado, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Édouard Claparède, Christopher N. Tirado, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Édouard Claparède was born on March 24, 1873, in Geneva, Switzerland. Claparède studied science and medicine while attending universities in Germany, and France. He later returned home and graduated from the University of Geneva with an M.D. in 1897. After completion of his medical degree, Claparède went to work at Salpetriere Hospital in Paris (“Claparède, Édouard,” 2018). There, Claparède spent a year doing research in neurology with Joseph Dejerine.
Psychological Development In Adulthood: Cognitions, Emotions, And Personality, Grace Sumabat Estrada, Margarita Azmitia
Psychological Development In Adulthood: Cognitions, Emotions, And Personality, Grace Sumabat Estrada, Margarita Azmitia
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Since the beginning of time, people have searched for the secrets of living long, meaningful, and prosperous lives. Sometimes, this search involves looking younger; in the 16th century, Juan Ponce de León, for example, went to Florida to search for the fountain of youth. Other times, the quest is for healthy longevity—living to very old age without significant disease. Aubrey de Grey, a biomedical scientist who specializes in aging and divides his time between Cambridge University in the United Kingdom and a non-profit organization for fighting aging in Mountain View, California, has proposed that research shows that aging is a …
Systematic Observation, Brizel Trinidad, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Systematic Observation, Brizel Trinidad, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Systematic observation is the process of explicitly defining desired target behaviors and observing them using a systematic set of guidelines. Systematic observation assists in reducing or eliminating bias in experimental designs. The reduction allows for increased reliability and validity therefore, an integral part in experimental designs. This process is widely used in school, home, and clinical settings. The process allows preset rules and guidelines to be to be followed prior to beginning the experiment. The rules and guidelines maintain the design within reasonable boundaries. All the preset rules are inferred prior to starting the experiment.
Widowhood, Kirsten Horne, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Widowhood, Kirsten Horne, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Widowhood is defined as the state or period of being a widow or widower. A widow is a female whose spouse has died, while a widower is a male whose spouse has died. Although both men and women are likely to experience widowhood, research indicates that women are more likely to be widowed than men. Research suggests there are two main reasons why women are more likely to be widowed. First, women in average live longer than men. The second reason consists of the idea that women tend to marry older men. (Now that the USA and many other countries …
Mental Models: How Children Learn The Earth Isn’T Flat, Leila Hosseini, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Mental Models: How Children Learn The Earth Isn’T Flat, Leila Hosseini, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Researchers in the area of child psychology have taken an interest in how children revise their understanding of the world. Stella Vosniadou and William Brewer (1991) postulated a theory called mental models, which provides insight into how genuine understanding is attained. The postulated mental models are created and then tested to build up one’s understanding of how the world works. Additionally, this theory implies there may be points in time where there is some understanding of a concept, yet it is still incomplete. Vosniadou and Brewer wanted to explore these intermediate mental models and develop evidence of understanding in progress.
The Missing Child Experiment, Philip J. Hudson, Michelle P. D'Amico, Betty S. Lai
The Missing Child Experiment, Philip J. Hudson, Michelle P. D'Amico, Betty S. Lai
Essays in Developmental Psychology
“The missing child experiment” refers to a popular, non-academic, social experiment that was first conducted in 2008 by a Local 6, a news station in Orlando, Florida. The “experiment” has since been replicated and adapted in popular culture and by psychological researchers. In the “experiment,” the news crew arranged for a child actor to sit on a bench inside the entrance of a local shopping mall. Mock missing child posters featuring the child actor’s face were posted at the mall’s entrance. The child was observed by the news crew and security personnel, with her father seated in a nearby café …
Adolescent Alcohol Use, Maike Klein
Adolescent Alcohol Use, Maike Klein
Essays in Developmental Psychology
To this day, Alcohol poses a danger that literature defines as “the world's third largest contributor to disease” (Marshall, 2014). According to the World Health Organization, nearly 2.5 million deaths are caused by alcohol, with rising prevalence among adolescents (WHO, 2014). Alcohol consumption and misuse in adolescents continues to be a national health issue in the United States (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2013). In-depth reports for one month indicated underaged drinking to stand at almost 30% (SAMHSA, 2013). A recent study about ongoing drug use among high school students found an alcohol consumption level of almost …
Adolescent Drug Use, Maike Klein
Adolescent Drug Use, Maike Klein
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The adolescence stage of life is a critical period for increased risk behaviors such as use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs (Chen & Jacobson, 2012), unprotected sex and sexually transmitted infections (Center for Disease Control, 2014) as well as violent and nonviolent crimes (Pastore & Maguire, 2006; Collado, MacPherson, Kurdziel, Rosenberg, & Lejuez, 2014). Drug misuse during adolescence continues to be a problem in the United States. Mitchell et. al. (2014) illuminate the epidemical forces of drug use by reviewing data of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), showing that 1 in 10 adolescents from ages …
Singlehood, Molly B. Keith, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Singlehood, Molly B. Keith, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Singlehood is defined as a state of being unmarried, either with or without a partner. For some singlehood is a choice to remain unmarried as an adult, or it can be a stage that is passed through temporarily when a spouse dies, or even when an adult is between partners. Singlehood is experienced differently depending on which of those groups a person finds themselves in or chooses to be part of. The experience is also varied by a person’s cultural and ethnic heritage. People in both the married group and the unmarried group are able to identify benefits and drawbacks …
Sexuality: Issues In Adulthood, Taylor D. Michl, Amanda Kracen
Sexuality: Issues In Adulthood, Taylor D. Michl, Amanda Kracen
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Human sexuality in Western cultures is generally comprised of emotional intimacy, sexual identity, and sexual behavior. Sex is understood and experienced differently by people as aspects of identity (e.g., culture, race, class, gender, ability, size, religion, sexual identity) affect sexuality. Although engaging in sex is not necessary for a fulfilling life, the majority of adults in the U.S. participate in sexual activity, and regular sexual activity correlates with improved mental health (Brody, 2010).
Attachment Theory: John Dollard And Neal Miller, Carla Cabrera, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Attachment Theory: John Dollard And Neal Miller, Carla Cabrera, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
No abstract provided.
Bio-Physiological Development During Adulthood, Maria Boix Braga, Charles J. Golden, Lisa K. Lashley
Bio-Physiological Development During Adulthood, Maria Boix Braga, Charles J. Golden, Lisa K. Lashley
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Defining adulthood, and what the criteria truly is to be able to consider oneself an adult, varies from culture to culture. Biologically, adulthood can also be defined as the period in which full physical and intellectual maturity has been attained. It is a period that is defined slightly differently depending on the source, but it is agreed that it tends to be considered the life period between ages 18 and 60. However, the definition of adulthood can have varying legal and sociocultural factors as well. For example, the legal definition of an adult is a person who has reached the …
Experimental Studies, Alexander Beaujean, Allison D. Gutierrez
Experimental Studies, Alexander Beaujean, Allison D. Gutierrez
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The concept of an experiment has undergone many changes in psychology's relatively short existence, and its essential features are still debated. Psychologists agree that it involves (a) systematically observing and recording phenomena; (b) explicitly describing the conditions under which the observations occurred, and (c) analyzing the resulting data to look for meaningful relations. The major area of disagreement is whether manipulation of phenomena is required.
Longitudinal Studies, Alexander Beaujean
Longitudinal Studies, Alexander Beaujean
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Longitudinal studies provide information about phenomena constancy and change. Their core feature is that the phenomena under investigation are observed repeatedly in the same participants (e.g., persons, animals, organizations), which requires collecting data at multiple time points (called waves). The participants, phenomena observed, duration of study, and number of waves can greatly differ between studies. For example, longitudinal studies with animals often gather data across many waves, but the entire study may only last a few days or weeks. By contrast, longitudinal studies with humans typically gather data at just a few waves but may last years or decades.
Infant Memory, Jenna Beffel, Naomi J. Aldrich
Infant Memory, Jenna Beffel, Naomi J. Aldrich
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Until the second half of the 20th century, the ability to recall information was thought to emerge between 2- and 10-years-of-age. Resulting from repression of our earliest sexual urges, immature neural mechanisms, or an impoverished sense of self and linguistic skills, infantile amnesia represents the predominant view of infancy at the time; a period in which the child possessed remarkably limited mental abilities, thus experiencing the world as nothing more than “one great blooming, buzzing confusion” (James, 1890). The research contributions of Dr. Carolyn Rovee-Collier over the next seventy years succeeded in altering this perspective.
Divorce, Effect On Child Development, Vijay Bajnath, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Divorce, Effect On Child Development, Vijay Bajnath, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Childhood experiences of divorce affect multiple domains of development. Cognitive, emotional and physical areas of a child’s development may be impacted by the separation. Models of development which take into account both biological and environmental influences suggest that problems of divorce impact the parental practices towards the children which lead to difficulties in emotional regulation and insecurity. These arenas impact health in both explicit health risk behaviors as well as biological responses within the body. The combination of these seen and unseen processes contribute to an overall impact on health.
Cross-Sectional Studies, Alexander Beaujean, Allison D. Gutierrez
Cross-Sectional Studies, Alexander Beaujean, Allison D. Gutierrez
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Cross-sectional studies are a type of research design used to understand time-related constancy and change in phenomena using data collected more or less simultaneously from different groups (called cohorts) of participants (e.g., people, animals, organizations). The cohorts vary on the basis of age or some other temporal phenomena (e.g., developmental stage, grade in school), so the combined sample is thought to represent the focal phenomena in the population at different times (i.e., a cross section). Differences among the cohorts are used to approximate developmental changes.
Prosocial Reasoning, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Prosocial Reasoning, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Prosocial behavior is best described as a general range of actions that are intended to benefit individuals other than one’s self. Some of these prosocial actions include helping, comforting, and sharing with others (Batson & Powell, 2003). More specifically, prosocial behavior is better understood as one’s voluntary action that is solely meant to benefit others. Prosocial reasoning is the motivating influences for an individual to engage in a prosocial behavior. Some research suggests that reasoning behind prosocial behavior is a motivation toward altruism, a principle in which one individual is selfless and engages in behaviors that help others, despite personal …
Newborn Reflexes, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Newborn Reflexes, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Reflexes are characterized as involuntary movements or actions and are a key indicator of a healthy brain and nervous system in newborn babies. There are five primitive reflexes that are common for infants who do not experience central nervous system (CNS) deficits. Furthermore, newborn reflexes are also considered to add adaptive value by increasing their chances of survival.
Divorce, Effects On Relationships, Nicholas Boston, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Divorce, Effects On Relationships, Nicholas Boston, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Divorce has been seen to have significant impacts on relationships both within and outside of families. In terms of friendships, the divorced couple is often seen to withdraw from other couples prior to the divorce in order to avoid sharing uncomfortable details. With more attention instead focused on friendships with individuals, divorced couples lose some, if not all, of their couple friends, whom may take sides either individually or as a couple. As well, fellow couples may not wish to be pulled into conflict. However, individual friendships tend to strengthen as the divorcees turn their freed-up time for attention towards …
Reasons For Divorce, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Reasons For Divorce, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Today, divorce is a common result for many couples regarding marital conflict and discord. The impacts of divorce have been linked to increased psychological distress, increased risk of substance abuse, depression, and poorer overall health when compared to non-divorced individuals (Amato, 2000; Hughes and Waite, 2009). Per Shelby Scott and colleagues, there are ten likely reasons for a couple to get divorced (Scott et al., 2013). By understanding these ten reasons, one may better conceptualize the overall factors that contribute to divorce.
Metabolic Theories Of Aging, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Metabolic Theories Of Aging, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Metabolic theories of aging postulate that aging is due to energy expenditure, which ultimately results in the breakdown and eventual death of cells. Historically, within the realm of metabolic theories of aging, there have been three models: The Rate-of-Living theory, The Oxidative Damage/Free Radical theory, and the Metabolic Stability theory. All three theories maintain that aging is directly related to metabolic rate, but the theories differ in how they arrive at that conclusion.
Writing Skills: The Essentials, Gina Braun
Writing Skills: The Essentials, Gina Braun
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Writing Skills are an essential component of communicating and develop over time. It does not matter the intention of writing, it is a skill used daily, and we must prepare our students to have the adequate skills they will need to function as writers. Writing skills taught in school are focused on academic writing, which should transfer and generalize across settings. Writing skills take on different forms with a variety of levels of importance. The necessary writing skills needed include; the writing process, which is supported by, mechanics, writing for a variety of purposes, and finally, building technological skills.