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Comics And Photography: The New Frontiers Of The "Reverse Translation", Emanuela Abbatecola, Mariella Popolla
Comics And Photography: The New Frontiers Of The "Reverse Translation", Emanuela Abbatecola, Mariella Popolla
The Qualitative Report
Anyone who was trained in Italy in the last decades of the 20th century will recall how central the debate around "quali(tative)" and "quanti(tative)" was at that time, when quantitative methods seemed to offer reassurance regarding the scientific credentials of a discipline still young and insecure in terms of its identity. The supremacy of the quantitative even though it is already from the 1970s that we witness a slow, and often contested, "revival of qualitative research linked to profound epistemological changes [...], to the crisis of the objectivist paradigm [...] and the recognition of the centrality of language [...] (Frisina, …
Factors That Contribute To An Increased Risk For Dental Caries And Prevention Methods, Allen Lee
Factors That Contribute To An Increased Risk For Dental Caries And Prevention Methods, Allen Lee
BIO4960: Practicum in Biology I
This health literacy project focuses on identifying effective strategies for preventing dental caries by analyzing various aspects of an individual’s daily habits. Key lifestyle factors such as sleep patterns, dietary choices, and physical activity were explored in relation to their impact on oral health. The motivation for this project arose from direct observations of the high prevalence of cavities during clinical shadowing experiences, as well as growing evidence in the literature, highlighting an increasing trend in dental caries. Dental caries represent significant public health concern, as untreated caries can lead to serious complications such as tooth abscesses and extractions. Despite …
Psychological Assessment Is Here To Stay, Irving B. Weiner
Psychological Assessment Is Here To Stay, Irving B. Weiner
Archives of Assessment Psychology
Psychological assessment is based on the psychology of individual differences and dates back to the beginnings of scientific psychology. Clinical psychology began as a profession that provided psychological assessment, and through the 1950s assessment was what most clinical psychologists did most of the time. The value and propriety of psychological assessment was subsequently challenged on various grounds, and other activities gradually supplanted diagnostic testing as a preferred career role among clinical psychologists. Despite predictions of its demise, assessment has continued to be the second most frequent professional activity of clinical psychologists, after psychotherapy. Instead of fading away, psychological assessment has …
Wais-Iv Index And Full Scale Intelligence Quotient Score Differences Between Standard And Prorated Scoring Methods, Traci Wimberly Olivier, Charles Golden, Amarilis Acevedo, Victoria I. Sterk, Kristina M. Espinosa, Kayla M. Spengler
Wais-Iv Index And Full Scale Intelligence Quotient Score Differences Between Standard And Prorated Scoring Methods, Traci Wimberly Olivier, Charles Golden, Amarilis Acevedo, Victoria I. Sterk, Kristina M. Espinosa, Kayla M. Spengler
Archives of Assessment Psychology
Standard scoring methods for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) require that all core subtests be used to compute index scores, yet it is possible to prorate certain indices using a reduced number of subtests. The purpose of this study is to explore differences in WAIS-IV Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, and Full Scale IQ Index scores as a result of using standard versus prorated scoring methods. Participants were 149 adults, ages 18 to 84 who were previously administered the WAIS-IV. Protocols were scored using standard scoring methods and then re-scored using each alternate proration combination for Verbal Comprehension, …
The Mmpi-Arc And Mmpi-Af Scales: Psychometric Properties Of The Mmpi-2-Rf’S Restructured Clinical (Rc) And Higher Order Factor Scales When Adapted For Use With Archival Adolescent Mmpi Data., Susan L. Trumbetta, P. Kevin Bolinskey, Irving I. Gottesman
The Mmpi-Arc And Mmpi-Af Scales: Psychometric Properties Of The Mmpi-2-Rf’S Restructured Clinical (Rc) And Higher Order Factor Scales When Adapted For Use With Archival Adolescent Mmpi Data., Susan L. Trumbetta, P. Kevin Bolinskey, Irving I. Gottesman
Archives of Assessment Psychology
Objective: To explore the psychometric properties of MMPI-adapted versions of the MMPI-2-RF’s RC and factor scales when applied to archival adolescent MMPI data. Method: We explored the internal consistency, temporal stability, and convergent and criterion validity of newly derived MMPI-adapted RC scales and MMPI-adapted higher-order factors (MMPI-ARC and MMPI-AF) using data from the first normative adolescent MMPI samples: 3,971 ninth graders assessed in Minneapolis public schools in 1947-1948 and 11,329 ninth graders assessed statewide in 1954. Results: Most MMPI-ARC and MMPI-AF scales showed good internal reliability, which did not vary uniformly with the proportion of available items. The MMPI-ARC scales …
Vision In Infants, Brianna Mcgee, Rachel Wu
Vision In Infants, Brianna Mcgee, Rachel Wu
Essays in Developmental Psychology
There is a great deal of visual development over the first year of life. Many aspects of vision undergo this dramatic change, including visual perception (the ability to see and interpret information), visual acuity (the clarity of our vision), and smooth pursuit (the ability to follow objects). These three aspects are fundamental to early visual experiences that facilitate typical cognitive development. This entry will provide a brief overview of visual perception, visual acuity, and smooth pursuit in human infants.
Types Of Play, Rebecca Mcmahon Giles
Types Of Play, Rebecca Mcmahon Giles
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Rather than using a universally agreed upon definition of play, the following list of characteristics, first presented in the widely cited Association of Childhood Education International position statement on play, "Play: A Necessity for All Children" (ACEI/Isenberg & Quisenberry, 1988), is used to distinguish play from non-play behaviors: intrinsically motivated and self-initiated; process oriented; non-literal and pleasurable; exploratory and active; and rule-governed. Types of play have been categorized according to both the degree of social participation (Parten, 1932) and the level of cognitive functioning (Piaget, 1962; Vygotsky, 1967).
Attention In Old Age, Anna C. Mccarrey
Attention In Old Age, Anna C. Mccarrey
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Attention is the first step our brains take to actively process information from the environment. Our attentional capacity is limited, such that we cannot process all the sights, sounds, smells and feelings surrounding us all at once. Attention (along with memory) is one of the basic cognitive processes most impacted by growing older. In addition, attention is not a unitary process and different types of attention require more cognitive resources than others. Thus, not all attentional systems are subject to declines with age to the same degree.
Michael Rutter, Benjamin Lowry, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Michael Rutter, Benjamin Lowry, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Michael Rutter was born August 15th, 1933 to Winifred and Llewellyn Rutter in Lebanon, where his father was working as a doctor. He returned with his parents to England when he was 3-years-old. In 1940, at the age of 6-years-old, Rutter and his younger sister were evacuated to North America due to fear of German invasion of the British Isles. He and his sister were taken in by different families in the United States and only living together a few months near the end of their four year stay abroad. Rutter denied feeling separated from his parents during his stay …
Bowlby, John, Corey Lieneman, Morgan Simpson, Cheryl B. Mcneil
Bowlby, John, Corey Lieneman, Morgan Simpson, Cheryl B. Mcneil
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Edward John Mostyn Bowlby (February 27, 1907, London, England – September 2, 1990, Isle of Skye, Scotland) was a child psychologist, psychoanalyst, and psychiatrist renowned for his attachment theory. Bowlby was interested in how the caregiver-child bond impacted the child’s personality and emotional bonds formed later in life.
Adolescence: Bio-Physiological Development, Theresa C. Allen
Adolescence: Bio-Physiological Development, Theresa C. Allen
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The Wonder Years was a television comedy-drama that aired for six seasons from 1988 to 1993. It was a series on the coming of age…life through the eyes of an adolescent boy, Kevin Arnold, living in the late 1960’s - early 70’s. From surviving the indignities of the junior high gym locker room, to discovering the joys of the opposite sex, to struggling to cut parental apron strings, a nation watched Kevin Arnold try to navigate the ever-changing waters of puberty, friendships, love and lust, and the uncertainty of tumultuous social times while trying to forge a sense of self …
Handedness, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Handedness, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Handedness is a poorly understood phenomenon, that can be defined in many ways. Some consider handedness to be the hand that is used for writing. Others define handedness as the hand that is preferred to be used, or the hand that performs better on manual tasks (Markou, Ahtam & Papadatou-Pastou, 2017). Individuals are generally considered to be right-handed or left-handed, however some individuals may be ambidextrous, or able to use both hands. Finally, some consider handedness to be along a continuum, and not summed into these three categories.
Ethnic Identity Formation (In A Changing World), Kerrie S. Devries, Jonathan B. Santo
Ethnic Identity Formation (In A Changing World), Kerrie S. Devries, Jonathan B. Santo
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Ethnic identity is a multidimensional construct with varied and changing definitions. Psychologist Jean Phinney (2000, 2003) broadly defines ethnic identity as “an enduring, fundamental aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and the attitudes and feelings associated with that group membership.” Typically, members of ethnic groups will share a similar culture, religion, language, race, values, or place of origin. As individuals become aware of their ethnicity in the context of their surroundings, ethnic identity develops and changes over time. Ethnic identity has been shown to impact a broad range of an individual’s feelings, …
Midlife Stress, Kimberly Diah, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Midlife Stress, Kimberly Diah, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Midlife stress occurs naturally through the aging process but can be the result of an external psychological stressor due to loss or change such as occupational stress, health concerns, parental bereavement and divorce. Coping with the psychological suffering associated with these stressors brings challenges throughout all stages of life, but when it occurs during midlife it can be complicated by heightened or unique feelings of bewilderment. For men, recognition of their own mortality and sense of purpose in life can drive the experience of midlife stress. For women, this experience may be derived from feelings of emptiness and sadness, physical …
Information Processing Theory (R.J. Lachman), Kimberly Diah, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Information Processing Theory (R.J. Lachman), Kimberly Diah, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Information Processing Theory is a cognitive approach designed to understand human learning. Several perspectives of this theory emerged from the cognitive revolution in psychology beginning in the 1950s. The invention of the technological age of computers brought with it an innovative way of understanding how information is processed in humans. This lead researcher to draw analogies between the processing ability of humans and computers. The human-computer analogy developed from the foundation that as computers are able to process information so too can humans in a very similar method. Both encompasses ‘cognitive’ processes such as learning or obtaining information, solving problems, …
David F. Bjorklund, Rhonda Douglas Brown
David F. Bjorklund, Rhonda Douglas Brown
Essays in Developmental Psychology
David F. Bjorklund is an eminent scholar in the field of developmental psychology. He was born on June 13, 1949 in Worcester, Massachusetts. He received his bachelor’s degree cum laude in psychology from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst in 1971. His graduate degrees include a master’s in psychology from the University of Dayton in 1973 and a doctorate in developmental psychology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1976, as well as a Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2002. He received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Bern, Switzerland in 2015. Bjorklund is currently a Professor of …
Naïve Theories, Ethan Fleuchaus, Heidi Kloos
Naïve Theories, Ethan Fleuchaus, Heidi Kloos
Essays in Developmental Psychology
While the idea of the mind as a blank slate has long been abandoned, the question of what exactly a “non-blank slate” might look like is still debated. In this entry we discuss the claim that children are equipped with naïve theories—primitive, incomplete, or otherwise ill-formed, but nevertheless systematic, mental representations of cause-effect relations. Other terms that reflect this idea include ‘misconceptions’, ‘naïve beliefs’, ‘prior theories’, ‘alternative conceptions’, or ‘intuitive theories’. Their main characteristic is that they interfere with an open-minded exploration of the surrounding. The unfortunate result of such biased exploration is that children ignore evidence that conflicts with …
Heinz Werner, Ethan Fleuchaus, Katie Cunningham, Heidi Kloos
Heinz Werner, Ethan Fleuchaus, Katie Cunningham, Heidi Kloos
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Heinz Werner (February 11, 1890 – May 14, 1964) was an Austrian psychologist who played an active role in defining the field of developmental psychology at the start of the 20th century. While initially seeking to become a composer and music historian, he changed his mind after listening to a lecture on Immanuel Kant at the University of Vienna. Werner became engrossed in topics of philosophy and psychology (which were combined at the time), and he wrote his dissertation on the psychology of aesthetic experiences. Subsequently he worked at the University of Hamburg, where he published the first edition of …
Patriarchal Violence, Fallon Flowers, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Patriarchal Violence, Fallon Flowers, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Patriarchal violence has been described as a pattern of behavior by men perpetuated against women in order to maintain control over women and their behavior. Ultimately, it is meant to oppress them; resulting in women being relegated to a lower position in society. The need for men to exert control over women via Patriarchal violence has roots in one’s cultural, societal, and moral beliefs. Such beliefs pertain to what is considered appropriate and what is considered inappropriate in a cultural context. One of the burgeoning examples of this form of violence against women is the “honor killing”, the killing of …
Adolescent Death, Kim Fitzgibbon, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Adolescent Death, Kim Fitzgibbon, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
According to recent statistics from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are approximately 9,500 adolescent deaths per year in the United States, as defined by mortality rates for individuals aged 15-19. CDC statistics also show that the leading causes of death for American adolescents were unintentional accidents and injuries, suicide and homicide. Furthermore, according to David Balk’s Handbook of Adolescent Death and Bereavement, gender and racial differences contribute to disproportionate mortality rates, with African American and Hispanic males finding themselves significantly more likely to be killed by homicide than Caucasian counterparts.
Secondary Mental Abilities, Kim Fitzgibbon, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Secondary Mental Abilities, Kim Fitzgibbon, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Mental abilities have commonly been broken down into two main categories; primary and secondary. Primary mental abilities are thought to be large scale groups with similar abilities. Secondary mental ability builds off foundational primary mental abilities of intelligence. Research has suggested that there are six main secondary mental abilities, with the potential for additional abilities to be named or discovered as more research emerges. Expanding research on these abilities has also suggested that they can morph and evolve with age, just as primary abilities related to intelligence.
Marriage In Old Age, Nicole M. Fornalski, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Marriage In Old Age, Nicole M. Fornalski, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
As closely interactive cohorts throughout their adult lives, husbands and wives have been seen to become even closer confidants and partners in older age. These changes may predominate after retirement and the loss of daily work practices and professional systems. Older couples have frequently shared a considerable quantity of time with one another, and subsequently are able to call forth collective memories and years of intercommunications. In addition, older adult couples usually report less conflicts, and appear to acquire more meaning out of their spousal relationships. They also report less psychological distress and rates of illness than older singles. These …
Formal Operational Period, Katie Cunningham, Heidi Kloos
Formal Operational Period, Katie Cunningham, Heidi Kloos
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Consider the following prompt: “If you hit a glass with a feather, the glass will break. Ann hit a glass with the feather. What will happen to the glass?” To answer correctly, one would have to first learn the rule about how the feather will affect the glass. The second step then is to apply the learned rule in a logical fashion. The mental activity needed to carry out these steps is known as hypothetico-deductive reasoning. It is required for counter-factual thinking, transitive inferences, and hypothesis testing. Jean Piaget postulated that this type of mental activity is characteristic of children …
Stress (Personality Types), Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Stress (Personality Types), Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Both stress and personality types are multifaceted topics that have been defined in multiple ways. Examining the relationship between stress and personality types is complex; however, literature on this relationship is well-established. While early research on the relationship between personality and stress focused on unidimensional personality traits, such as the relationship between stress and Type A personality, optimism, and hostility, research in this field today takes a comprehensive approach conceptualizing personality in five dimensions. The most widely accepted method of defining personality today is the Big Five model, consisting of five independent factors of personality: Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Openness to …
Programmed Cell Death, Skyler Coetzee, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Programmed Cell Death, Skyler Coetzee, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Programmed cell death (PCD) is cellular death that is deliberately induced via an intracellular program. There are two main mechanisms of PCD, apoptosis and autophagic cell death. The most common form of PCD in multicellular organisms, including humans, is apoptosis.
Urie Bronfenbrenner, Wallace Fullerton, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Urie Bronfenbrenner, Wallace Fullerton, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Urie Bronfenbrenner (born April 29, 1917, Moscow, Russia – died September 25, 2005, Ithaca, New York, U.S.) was a Russian-born American developmental psychologist. He is best known for ecological systems theory. This theory explains human development as the result of nested relationships between the individual and family, friends, schools, neighborhoods, society, and the time period in which the individual lived. Bronfenbrenner described these contexts as, matryoshka, or Russian nesting dolls. The individual was layered within multiple contexts, or systems and each system was represented by one of the nested dolls. The ecological system of each individual was built from five …
Childbirth Approaches, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Childbirth Approaches, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
There are various approaches to childbirth, apart from the typical approach of vaginal delivery (e.g., typically done in a hospital). Another approach is a cesarean, which can classified as either an emergency or planned procedure. In the case where an emergency cesarean is needed a vaginal birth would have been detrimental to health of the mother and/or the fetus. A planned cesarean is requested ahead of time due to medical indication or requested by the mother. When requested by the mother the delivery is considered an elective surgical procedure, since it was requested without any medical or obstetrical indication. Cesareans …
Success And Intelligence, Halie B. Hamilton, Nathan C. Weed
Success And Intelligence, Halie B. Hamilton, Nathan C. Weed
Essays in Developmental Psychology
One of the most famous studies tracking the relationship between intelligence and success was conducted by Louis Terman. Terman’s Gifted Child Study began in the 1920s and followed nearly 1500 gifted children throughout their lives. To qualify, the children had to have an IQ of at least 140. The children were followed into adulthood to see how their intelligence was related to social and personal adjustment. Terman found that his sample showed not only positive academic outcomes, but also tended to be healthier, taller, and stronger than children with lower IQs. These positive effects persisted into adulthood. Two-thirds earned bachelor’s …
Empty Nest Syndrome, Kelsey Grodner, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Empty Nest Syndrome, Kelsey Grodner, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Empty nest is a stage in development when children leave the parental home, thus leaving it “empty.” This stage occurs when children are at the age or point in life where they are ready to become independent and create a life of their own. Parents have various reactions to this change. Many parents look forward to this transition and view it as a highly positive event, while others have a more difficult time and deal with what is commonly called the “empty nest syndrome.” Empty syndrome is typically considered a maladaptive reaction to this transition, however this significant phase of …
Dependent Care, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Dependent Care, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The term dependent care is an umbrella for several types of care regarding family members. One can be the caretaker for disabled children, disabled adult children, or elderly parents. It is expected of parents to perform a supportive role to make sure that children get the services they need from the appropriate health care professionals. Caring for children is only made more difficult when the child, or one of the children has a disability. It is becoming common practice for children with disabilities to be cared for at home in developing countries. Where the complex medical and physical needs of …