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Harry Harlow’S Nature Of Love (1958), Jonathan B. Santo Apr 2025

Harry Harlow’S Nature Of Love (1958), Jonathan B. Santo

Essays in Developmental Psychology

In Harold Harlow’s 1958 address of the American Psychological Association, he hoped to tackle a concept he felt was too often avoided by the psychologists of his time, the nature of love. His work on the behavior of macaques when reared without their mothers makes a compelling argument about the limits of viewing psychology (and by extension development) as simply the reduction of “primary drives” like hunger, thirst and avoidance of pain.

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Job Dissatisfaction, David A. Scott, Dawn-Marie Farrell-Smith, Angela Garren, Hannah Wegley Apr 2025

Job Dissatisfaction, David A. Scott, Dawn-Marie Farrell-Smith, Angela Garren, Hannah Wegley

Essays in Developmental Psychology

We either have experienced or know someone who has experienced job dissatisfaction at some point in their life. Many factors can lead to job dissatisfaction, including horrible mangers, poor working conditions, irritating co-workers and even harassment. Job dissatisfaction is very common and can have an impact on a person’s overall health and relationships. Job dissatisfaction can also lead to people changing careers several times over their lifetime. A person would be considered very lucky to have a job they enjoy going to each and every day.

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Infant Speech Perception And Babbling, Brian Schanding Apr 2025

Infant Speech Perception And Babbling, Brian Schanding

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Much work in the study of early life speech perception centers on an infant’s ability to discriminate sounds. Studies rely on an infant’s reactions to spoken language, measured by various physical and biometric responses, as evidence of an infant’s ability to perceive distinct spoken sounds. Studies have identified a number of characteristics of human speech, termed cues, which infants have demonstrated they can recognize.

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Charles Darwin, Michaela J. Santo, Jonathan B. Santo Apr 2025

Charles Darwin, Michaela J. Santo, Jonathan B. Santo

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Charles Robert Darwin was born February 12th, 1809 in Shropshire England, the fifth child of six to Robert and Susannah Darwin. Although Darwin is best known for his work as a naturalist, he had an early interest in medicine working with his father treating the poor in the village of his birth. Though he enrolled in medical school, he found the study of taxidermy more engaging than his medical studies. His interest soon shifted towards natural history, to the cataloging of beetles and eventually geology. He subsequently dropped the pursuit of medicine to finishing his coursework to become an Anglican …

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Parenting Dimensions, Pamela C. Sheffler, Ceclia S. Cheung Apr 2025

Parenting Dimensions, Pamela C. Sheffler, Ceclia S. Cheung

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Parenting is the process of supporting the development of a child from infancy through adulthood. This support encompasses not only the child’s physical development, but his or her social, emotional, and financial development as well. Although children are most often raised by their biological parents, parenting refers to a process that is separate from its biological definition. Thus, siblings, grandparents, and legal guardians may also parent. For example, in the Kipsigis community of Kenya, after a child reaches the age of two it is common practice for older siblings to take on the role of parent while the mother is …

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Early Stages Of Sociocultural Development, Lisa L. Persinger, Joey D. Persinger Apr 2025

Early Stages Of Sociocultural Development, Lisa L. Persinger, Joey D. Persinger

Essays in Developmental Psychology

We often think about the development of a person’s interpersonal skills, relationships, and identity as something that happens after birth, and certainly, it does. However, in practice, prenatal (before birth) interactions between caregivers and the fetus start the sociocultural developmental process that continues after a baby is born. Personality development, interpersonal style, and identity begin before birth and extend far into the life span. Caregivers provide interactions as well as physical care during pregnancy, and after birth, that influence these developments. This chapter will provide an overview of how interactions from conception through age two influence trust and attachment, emotional …

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Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen), Mithra H. Pirooz, Jonathan B. Santo Apr 2025

Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen), Mithra H. Pirooz, Jonathan B. Santo

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham was an Arab Muslim born around 965 CE and died circa 1040 CE in current-day Iraq.  A scientist, astronomer, philosopher, and mathematician, he is particularly known for his work in astronomy, mathematics, visual perception, and optics.  In medieval Europe, he was referred to as the “Second Ptolemy”.  As the first to determine that vision results from light being reflected from an object to the eye, he is often referred to as “the father of optics”.  He is also praised for being among the first theoretical physicists.  He was one of the first scientists …

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Jean Piaget, Kelsey Pegg, Amanda Kracen Apr 2025

Jean Piaget, Kelsey Pegg, Amanda Kracen

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Jean Piaget (1896-1980) is a well-known leader in the field of psychology with a focus on child development and cognition. Piaget was born in Neuchâtel, Switzerland. As an adolescent, he had interests in the natural sciences including a fascination with mollusks. While studying zoology and receiving a doctoral degree in the natural sciences at the University of Neuchâtel, Piaget attended psychology courses  at the University of Zürich with Carl Jung, an important figure in the field of psychoanalysis. In learning information about psychoanalysis, Piaget became interested in psychology and the complex operations of the human mind.

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Memory Change In Old Age, Suzanna L. Penningroth, Tesalee K. Sensibaugh, Angel Munoz Gomez Andrade Apr 2025

Memory Change In Old Age, Suzanna L. Penningroth, Tesalee K. Sensibaugh, Angel Munoz Gomez Andrade

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Scientists who study aging usually define older adulthood as beginning at around age 65. Older adults show many differences in memory functioning compared to young adults, and these differences get progressively larger throughout older adulthood. Although many older adults are afraid of developing Alzheimer’s disease, the vast majority will not; only 7% of people age 90 or older develop this disease. With normal aging, memory systems show a complex pattern of changes: many types of memory decline, but a few show stability and even improvements.

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Demographics Of Aging, Lisa Stebbins, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Demographics Of Aging, Lisa Stebbins, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

The experience of growing older in the 21st century is vastly different from the past. The advancement in technology, medicine, and lower rates of death at birth has allowed for the population to shift in size. The shift is specifically from the baby boomers generation, which refers to the increase in birth rate from 1940’s to the early 1960’s. This generation is aging and in recent years the first baby boomers began reaching retirement age.  This segment of the U.S. is the fastest growing, so it is essential to understand the growth of the aging population. This aging group is …

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Self-Esteem From A Developmental Perspective, Jonathan B. Santo Apr 2025

Self-Esteem From A Developmental Perspective, Jonathan B. Santo

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Self-esteem is among one of the most well understood components of identity development. It refers to a person’s overall positive or negative assessment of their worth. It’s needs to be noted that self-esteem is not to be confused with self-concept which encompasses the characteristics that a person ascribes to themselves [see self-concept, same volume]. Specifically, self-esteem reflects the degree to which a person feels competent and of worth. Self-esteem has been of interest to psychologists and other social scientists because it is often related to other measures positive development such as satisfaction with life and academic engagement.

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Adopted Children, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Adopted Children, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Adoption is the legal transfer of parental rights and responsibilities over the care of a child from the birth parents to other adult(s), who will then raise the child. The adoption of children by non-biologically-related adults has a long and complicated history in both the United States and around the world. Over time awareness of adopted individuals, adoptive families, and birth parents and families has increased; all three groups known as the adoption triad, or adoption kinship network.

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Age Discrimination, Ruth V. Walker, Jessica L. Spauldin Apr 2025

Age Discrimination, Ruth V. Walker, Jessica L. Spauldin

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Ageism refers to discrimination toward individuals due to their age. Although younger adults may experience ageism, researchers and governmental policies recognize ageism as discrimination toward older adults. Women define ageism as a societal fixation with youth in addition to discrimination against older adults. Ageism is unique from other “isms” because everyone who lives long enough may be subjected to this particular form of prejudice.

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Aggression In Children, Emma C. Lathan, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jose Gonzales Apr 2025

Aggression In Children, Emma C. Lathan, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jose Gonzales

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Maladaptive aggression, defined by social psychologists as a set of behaviors intended to be verbally or physically harmful to others or objects, is unregulated and disinhibited, yet developmentally normative during certain stages of childhood (Connor, 2002). For example, for boys and girls, physical aggression increases at 18-months, peaks at 3.5 years, and declines with cognitive and emotional development (Teymoori et al., 2018). However, a small group of children continue to experience high levels of aggression that persist beyond developmentally appropriate behaviors. The current chapter will briefly: (i) review individual differences, including gender and age, that may affect forms of aggression …

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Andreas Demetriou, Benjamin Lowry, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Andreas Demetriou, Benjamin Lowry, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Andreas Demetriou was born August 15th, 1950 in Stongylo, Famagusta, Cyprus. Demetriou attended the University of Thessaloniki and obtained a Ph.D. in psychology in 1983. After completing his doctoral degree he was a professor of developmental and educational psychology at the University of Thessaloniki until 1996. Demetriou then became a professor at the University of Cyprus, serving in various leadership positions from 1996 to 2008, including chairing the Department of Educational Science and serving as dean for the School of Humanities and Social Sciences and dean of the School of Social Sciences and Sciences of Education. He also became the …

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Lifelong Learning, Rachel Wu Apr 2025

Lifelong Learning, Rachel Wu

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Lifelong learning is regarded as an important component in maintaining cognitive functioning in older age and has been at the center of many educational policies and psychological interventions. However, since this concept is broad and multi-faceted, some researchers argue that lifelong learning cannot be attributed a single, all-encompassing definition, but instead can hold different meanings in various contexts. For instance, some researchers perceive it as a process that inherently occurs throughout the course of one’s life.  This type of learning is said to be unique to each individual, because it is dependent on several factors, such as personal interests, environmental …

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Self-Concept From A Developmental Perspective, C. Nathalie Yuen, Jonathan B. Santo Apr 2025

Self-Concept From A Developmental Perspective, C. Nathalie Yuen, Jonathan B. Santo

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Self-concept refers to individuals' perceptions of who they are (Marsh & Shavelson, 1985).  Conceptually distinct from self-esteem, self-concept addresses how individuals describe themselves in specific areas whereas self-esteem addresses how individuals generally feel (positively or negatively) about themselves.  Self-concept is multifaceted and consists of individuals' beliefs about themselves academically, socially, emotionally, and physically.  Self-concept refers to both how people think about themselves in general and in specific areas (Swann et al., 2007).

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Brain Plasticity, Rachel Wu Apr 2025

Brain Plasticity, Rachel Wu

Essays in Developmental Psychology

For decades, it was assumed that people are born with a certain number of neurons in the brain, and these neurons slowly died off with age. However, scientific studies have shown that the infant brain goes through very dramatic changes in the first few months and years of life (including adding additional neurons), and the brain can recover (although perhaps not fully) after a traumatic brain injury or stroke. Very recently, it has even been shown that new neurons can grow in the healthy adult brain. Brain plasticity involves long-lasting changes due to generation of new neurons, as well as …

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Leisure Activities, Rachel Wu Apr 2025

Leisure Activities, Rachel Wu

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Many studies in the past few decades have examined how participation in leisure activities, such as playing a musical instrument, gardening, and reading the newspaper, can positively influence the aging process. For instance, studies have found an association between leisure activities and a reduced risk of amnestic mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and/or Alzheimer’s disease. In addition to positive cognitive outcomes, leisure activities also have been associated with a variety of other benefits, such as improved quality of life, mental health, life satisfaction, self-reports of happiness, and overall well-being. This entry provides a brief overview of the definition of leisure activities, …

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Personal Control And Domains, Gregory John Vitale, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Personal Control And Domains, Gregory John Vitale, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Through early experiences, people develop a growing sense of what they can control. One of the first ways researchers began to examine control was to define the degree to which an individual believes control is self-determined (i.e., internal locus of control) or not (i.e., external locus of control). An internal locus of control has traditionally been considered the “favored” profile, being associated with low levels of depression and other common psychopathology. A more modern view of locus of control suggests that a balance between both internal and external loci of control may foster the most adaptive outlook, and that it …

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Learning (Communication), Talia Waltzer, Heidi Kloos Apr 2025

Learning (Communication), Talia Waltzer, Heidi Kloos

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Children are impressive learners. For instance, after a few years of exposure, they can utter sentences that resemble mature phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. They do so without formal instruction, and they do so seemingly effortlessly. What are the mechanisms by which children can accomplish such a feat? In this entry, we sketch out different perspectives on learning, focusing on language learning as an example.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Overview, Harry Voulgarakis, Jessica Scher Lisa Apr 2025

Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Overview, Harry Voulgarakis, Jessica Scher Lisa

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by pervasive deficits in social communication and interaction, alongside patterns of restricted, repetitive, stereotyped behaviors and interests (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The causes, as well as neurobiological and genetic bases for ASD is still unknown, yet there is developing research in these areas.  Although diagnosis does not necessarily need to be made in early childhood, it is important to establish a developmental history consistent with such symptoms, in order to distinguish such deficits from those associated with trauma or other adverse impacts later in life. Beyond the main diagnostic criteria, there …

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Sexual Stereotypes In Older Adulthood, Ruth V. Walker, Emily L. Bohnert, Kaitlyn B. Demoss Apr 2025

Sexual Stereotypes In Older Adulthood, Ruth V. Walker, Emily L. Bohnert, Kaitlyn B. Demoss

Essays in Developmental Psychology

The most prevalent stereotype about sexuality in older adulthood is that older adults do not have or want to have sex. This is often due to ageist attitudes whereby older adult sexuality is viewed with disgust. The reality is that older adults continue to engage in sexual activity, and broaden their conceptualization of sexual behavior, into their 70s, 80s, and beyond. In fact, sexual activity is often reported as an integral part of the lives of older adults.

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Depression In Older Adulthood, Ruth V. Walker, Danielle N. Capone-Wash Apr 2025

Depression In Older Adulthood, Ruth V. Walker, Danielle N. Capone-Wash

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Depression is not an inevitable part of the aging process. The Center for Disease Control reports the prevalence for depression is 5.4% in adults 60 years and older, significantly lower than rates in middle-aged (9.8%) and younger adults (7.4%). Although prevalence rates of depression in older adults are relatively low, research suggests symptoms of depression that do not meet diagnostic criteria are experienced by 19-39% of older adults. Additionally, prevalence rates for older adults residing in nursing homes are 49%. This may be due to the high comorbidity, or coexistence, of depression and physical illnesses such as diabetes, stroke, cancer, …

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Widowhood, Kirsten Horne, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Widowhood, Kirsten Horne, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Widowhood is defined as the state or period of being a widow or widower.  A widow is a female whose spouse has died, while a widower is a male whose spouse has died.  Although both men and women are likely to experience widowhood, research indicates that women are more likely to be widowed than men. Research suggests there are two main reasons why women are more likely to be widowed. First, women in average live longer than men. The second reason consists of the idea that women tend to marry older men. (Now that the USA and many other countries …

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Some Inequalities Of A Matrix And Its Modulus In Powers Acting On Unit Vectors, Fuzhen Zhang Apr 2025

Some Inequalities Of A Matrix And Its Modulus In Powers Acting On Unit Vectors, Fuzhen Zhang

Mathematics Colloquium Series

Given a square matrix, one can associate it with a variety of numerical values and properties—such as the trace, determinant, eigenvalues, and singular values (at the undergraduate level), and the numerical range (and numerical radius), matrix norms, and majorization inequalities involving eigenvalues and singular values (at the graduate level). These studies all serve a common goal: to describe and understand the matrix as thoroughly as possible. In this talk, we present several inequalities involving a matrix A and its operator modulus ∣A∣, particularly in the context of their powers acting on the unit sphere (i.e., unit vectors)

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Zine-Making As Site Of Research Brave Space: From Ethical Challenges To Transformative Opportunities In The Study Of Digital Sexual Intimacies, Rachele Reschiglian, Cosimo Marco Scarcelli Apr 2025

Zine-Making As Site Of Research Brave Space: From Ethical Challenges To Transformative Opportunities In The Study Of Digital Sexual Intimacies, Rachele Reschiglian, Cosimo Marco Scarcelli

The Qualitative Report

This paper presents zine-making workshops as sites of Research Brave Spaces (RBS), a methodological posture for scholars within transformative worldviews. Positioned within queer research methodologies, the paper argues that zine-making offers a creative and multimodal method that enhances participant engagement and reflexivity, challenging some limitations of traditional research methods. By framing research as a “brave space,” the paper shifts from the notion of “safe spaces,” emphasising the importance of embracing discomfort, vulnerability, and critical reflection throughout the research process in all the subjects involved. The methodology incorporates elements of care, collaboration, and adaptability, addressing the specific needs of marginalised participants, …

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Towards An Embodied And Graphic Based Qualitative Sociology: Methodological Reflections On Reflexivity And Pictorial Embodiment In The Field Of Health And Illness, Alice Scavarda, Barbara Grüning Apr 2025

Towards An Embodied And Graphic Based Qualitative Sociology: Methodological Reflections On Reflexivity And Pictorial Embodiment In The Field Of Health And Illness, Alice Scavarda, Barbara Grüning

The Qualitative Report

The aim of this paper is to discuss the comicisation of qualitative sociology, i.e., the use of comics as research methods and analytical tools in sociology, drawing from case studies related to illness and neurodivergence. In the first part, we will pinpoint how comics as qualitative research methods enhance the reflexivity of sociologists themselves in the various phases of their research projects: from the definition of a case study to the choice of research and analysis techniques up to the communication of research outputs. In line with El Refaie’s (2012) concept of pictorial embodiment, we will show how producing drawn …

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The Ethics Of Drawing Illness: Interdisciplinary Negotiations In A Participatory Graphic Narrative Project, Veronica Moretti, Annalisa Plava, Stefano Ratti Apr 2025

The Ethics Of Drawing Illness: Interdisciplinary Negotiations In A Participatory Graphic Narrative Project, Veronica Moretti, Annalisa Plava, Stefano Ratti

The Qualitative Report

This paper illustrates how the design of health-related comics contributes to reflecting on the methodological and ethical challenges of qualitative research. In line with Comics-Based Research (CBR), we demonstrate how creating a comic on medical topics emerges from continuous and iterative dialogue among multiple voices: patients, sociologists, artists, and physicians. On an ethical and methodological level, our study explores the creation of a comic book about pancreatic diseases with varying stages of severity and possibilities for cure and recovery. Constructing a comic in such contexts provides a new way of visualizing and understanding the illness experience. Representing traumatic memory in …

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From Sketches To Stereotypes: Understanding Criminality Through Student Illustrations, Sandra Sicurella, Simone Tuzza Apr 2025

From Sketches To Stereotypes: Understanding Criminality Through Student Illustrations, Sandra Sicurella, Simone Tuzza

The Qualitative Report

This study investigates the use of comics to challenge stereotypes about criminals, acknowledging the partial and sensationalized nature of cultural production. It examines how TV series, films, and news influence students’ perceptions. Using Art-Based Research (ABR), a creative and uncommon approach in criminology, the research adopts comics as a pedagogical and investigative tool. The study aims to empirically validate this method, contributing to the academic debate on creative techniques in social research. It tests the hypothesis that visual storytelling can reveal beliefs related to the criminal imaginary and stimulate critical reflection. Three workshops were conducted with university students (aged 20–25) …

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