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Divorce, Effect On Child Development, Vijay Bajnath, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Divorce, Effect On Child Development, Vijay Bajnath, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Childhood experiences of divorce affect multiple domains of development. Cognitive, emotional and physical areas of a child’s development may be impacted by the separation.  Models of development which take into account both biological and environmental influences suggest that problems of divorce impact the parental practices towards the children which lead to difficulties in emotional regulation and insecurity. These arenas impact health in both explicit health risk behaviors as well as biological responses within the body. The combination of these seen and unseen processes contribute to an overall impact on health.

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Newborn Senses, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Newborn Senses, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

When babies are born, they possess all five senses-taste, hearing, sight, touch and smell; however, some senses are more developed than others. Newborns had previously been an enigma to scientists and little was known about their intelligence, motives, and capabilities. Neuroscientists are now able to map out a timeline of when senses are developed during and after gestation; this has given the scientific community and parents everywhere a better understanding of newborns and their ability to process their environment.

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Newborn Reflexes, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Newborn Reflexes, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Reflexes are characterized as involuntary movements or actions and are a key indicator of a healthy brain and nervous system in newborn babies. There are five primitive reflexes that are common for infants who do not experience central nervous system (CNS) deficits. Furthermore, newborn reflexes are also considered to add adaptive value by increasing their chances of survival.

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Reasons For Divorce, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Reasons For Divorce, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Today, divorce is a common result for many couples regarding marital conflict and discord. The impacts of divorce have been linked to increased psychological distress, increased risk of substance abuse, depression, and poorer overall health when compared to non-divorced individuals (Amato, 2000; Hughes and Waite, 2009). Per Shelby Scott and colleagues, there are ten likely reasons for a couple to get divorced (Scott et al., 2013). By understanding these ten reasons, one may better conceptualize the overall factors that contribute to divorce.

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Maria Montessori, Vanessa Braun, Donna Devaughn Kreskey Apr 2025

Maria Montessori, Vanessa Braun, Donna Devaughn Kreskey

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Maria Tecla Artemesia Montessori (born August 31, 1870, Chiaravalle, near Ancona, Italy – died May 6, 1952, Noordwijk aan Zee, Netherlands) was an Italian educator.  She is commonly remembered for the many schools around the globe that bear her name and implement her educational methods, the Montessori system. Maria Montessori was a scientist, educator, activist, and advocate for children.

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James Mark Baldwin, Scott Harcourt Apr 2025

James Mark Baldwin, Scott Harcourt

Essays in Developmental Psychology

James Baldwin was born on January 12, 1861 in Columbia, South Carolina. He attended secondary school in New Jersey. He initially planned on a life in the ministry, but in his first year at Princeton (then the College of New Jersey), he fell under the tutelage of the Scottish Realist James McCosh, and studied empirical psychology instead, graduating as valedictorian in 1894. He spent a fellowship year in Germany and France, studying with Wundt in Leipzig, before returning to Princeton for his Ph.D. He then taught at Lake Forest University for two years, during which time he married.

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Perspective Taking Stages, Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Perspective Taking Stages, Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Perspective taking is the ability to gain an understanding of how another person is thinking or feeling about an event based on the information which is available. Learning to understand the perspective of another person is an ability that develops over childhood through many stages. Typically, this concept is first grasped by school age, or around 6 to 7 years of age. There are multiple types of perspectives that can be taken as well, including physical or visual perspective, affective perspective, cognitive perspective, or perspective of communication. Each of these types is important for social behaviors and the ability to …

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Mamie P. Clark, Jayla Hill, Simon Howard, Kalen Kennedy Apr 2025

Mamie P. Clark, Jayla Hill, Simon Howard, Kalen Kennedy

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Mamie Phipps Clark (born July 14, 1914 Hot Springs, Arkansas – August 11, 1983, New York City, New York) was an American developmental psychologist best known for her work on the development of African American children’s sense of self, specifically through a series of experiments conducted with her husband Kenneth Clark known as the “Doll Studies.” These studies would be instrumental in the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education court decision in which school segregation was declared unconstitutional.

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Preoperational Period, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Preoperational Period, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

The preoperational period is part of Jean Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development (Lally & Valentine-French, 2019). Piaget was a cognitive psychology, who in 1936 created a model to explain how children understand the world and develop cognitively. While other contemporary theorists believed that intelligence was a fixed trait, Piaget believed that cognitive development was a process that occurred in distinct stages, and that maturation brings about changes and growth in development, rather than training (Lally & Valentine-French, 2019). Piaget posited that each stage occurred at a specific time and in a specific sequential order, such every child goes through …

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Psychological Development: Cognition, Emotions, Personality, Anita Knight Kuhnley, Kelly Carapezza, Gary Sibcy Apr 2025

Psychological Development: Cognition, Emotions, Personality, Anita Knight Kuhnley, Kelly Carapezza, Gary Sibcy

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Adolescence is considered the age that bridges childhood and adulthood, Erik Erikson, who has contributed much to our understanding of the developmental stages described adolescence as, “the age mediating between childhood and adulthood (Erikson, 1997, p.xi).” Adolescence includes the sometimes tumultuous years between the ages of 11 and 21, and the Eriksons addressed this as one stage (Newman and Newman, 2013). Some authors attribute the fact that adolescence is such a trying time to the fact that adolescents lose synapses in the brain specifically in the primary visual cortex at a rate of 5,000 per second (Bears, Connor, and Paradiso, …

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Personal Control Beliefs, Sarah Kurzu, Eric A. Goedereis Apr 2025

Personal Control Beliefs, Sarah Kurzu, Eric A. Goedereis

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Personal control refers to the degree to which an individual believes one is in control of his or her own life, as opposed to one’s circumstances being the result of factors outside of one’s control. An individual with high personal control has a stronger belief that he or she is able to produce desired outcomes within a designated domain. The beliefs themselves are broken down into two main constructs: external and internal control. Internal control emphasizes the responsibility of the individual and his or her actions on the outcome, while external control determines the outcome as being guided by an …

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Adolescent Depression, Skip Kumm Apr 2025

Adolescent Depression, Skip Kumm

Essays in Developmental Psychology

It is common for teens to experience depression. Researchers have found that up to one in eight youth experience some form of depression during their teenage years. It is also well known that all adolescents face many unique challenges related to school, finding a college, peer pressure, and hormones, which may result periods of sadness, frustration, and despair; however, depression is more than just feeling sad or not being happy, depression is a serious mental condition different from typical adolescent experiences.

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Parental Influence, Justin Burgess, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Parental Influence, Justin Burgess, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

An adequate level of parenting—providing enough nutrition, shelter, exposure to language and peers, or not harshly punishing children (punching, kicking, striking with a weapon)—seems to not have a long-term effect on cognitive development in children. Twin and adoption studies have found that intelligence is accounted for almost entirely by genes and nonshared environment, which includes peers, teachers, and unique experiences. However, there are parenting styles and types of home environments that are correlated with better school performance, stronger school engagement, and more words spoken at certain ages.

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Nutrition And Growth, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Nutrition And Growth, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

From a child’s embryonic development in the womb to adulthood, nutrition plays a key role in physical, mental, and social growth and development. Throughout the lifespan, proper nutrition and growth are essential to living a long, healthy life. Nutrition is particularly important in the developmental period.

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Representative Sampling, Jessica Choe, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Representative Sampling, Jessica Choe, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

The research process begins with an initial observation that scientists or researchers of various backgrounds want to engage in and understand, which prompts them to formulate theories and hypotheses, collect data, and use statistical procedures to organize, summarize, and interpret gathered data. Research conducted through questionnaires or surveys are often utilized to determine the nature of a population or the interests of members in a particular group.

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Psychomotor Speed In Old Age, Cheryl Chakranarayan, Nathan C. Weed Apr 2025

Psychomotor Speed In Old Age, Cheryl Chakranarayan, Nathan C. Weed

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Psychomotor ability is defined in terms of the relationship between cognitive functions and motor activities. It plays an important role in acquiring and carrying out a broad range of physical skills and coordinated behaviors, such as playing a sport, or in everyday activities like pouring a glass of milk or applying makeup. Psychomotor speed therefore is the rate at which a certain psychomotor behavior can be carried out. Because of the relevance of psychomotor speed to many areas of personal functioning, it has been extensively studied in a wide variety of applied contexts including sports performance, personnel selection within the …

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Social Rejection, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Social Rejection, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

People conform to gain social acceptance and avoid rejection. It is believed that people carry a strong, instinctive need to form social bonds and avoid the consequences of rejection. Even individuals who prefer to be alone still tend to have a few close friends. Rejection is one of the main obstacles faced by many individuals in their attempts to fulfill this need. Being rejected by social groups can be distressing to the individual, as the consequences of rejection can be catastrophic. However, those who feel rejected can also behave in a manner that can either strengthen their remaining social bonds …

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Unemployment, David A. Scott, Caroline Sumner, Taylor Roberson, Rachel Edwards Apr 2025

Unemployment, David A. Scott, Caroline Sumner, Taylor Roberson, Rachel Edwards

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Unemployment is a difficulty that millions of Americans face on a yearly basis. Unemployment is a multifaceted concern that impacts the individual, including their financial security, their family, and the larger community systems. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported the unemployment rate at 4.1% in 2017, which is the lowest unemployment rate since 2000. Based on the BLS’s 2016 statistics, African Americans suffer with the highest unemployment rates, followed by Hispanics, Whites, and lastly, Asians. However, statistics only tell part of the story. According to the BLS, unemployment is classified as “people who are jobless, are actively seeking work …

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Success And Intelligence, Halie B. Hamilton, Nathan C. Weed Apr 2025

Success And Intelligence, Halie B. Hamilton, Nathan C. Weed

Essays in Developmental Psychology

One of the most famous studies tracking the relationship between intelligence and success was conducted by Louis Terman. Terman’s Gifted Child Study began in the 1920s and followed nearly 1500 gifted children throughout their lives. To qualify, the children had to have an IQ of at least 140. The children were followed into adulthood to see how their intelligence was related to social and personal adjustment. Terman found that his sample showed not only positive academic outcomes, but also tended to be healthier, taller, and stronger than children with lower IQs. These positive effects persisted into adulthood. Two-thirds earned bachelor’s …

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Wear And Tear Theory Of Aging, Zahra Sattaur, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Wear And Tear Theory Of Aging, Zahra Sattaur, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

The wear and tear theory of aging is an idea proposed by German biologist, Dr. August Wiesmann, in 1882. The theory suggests that aging results from a gradual deterioration of the cells and tissues of the body via wear and tear, oxidative stress, exposure to radiation, toxins, or other deteriorative processes. It suggests that living organisms “wear out” over time with repeated use and increased stress on the body. This concept is similar to the idea that objects such as automobiles deteriorate or wear out as they are used repeatedly over time. Because people observe the wear and tear on …

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Stages Of Labor, Ashleigh Lupton, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Stages Of Labor, Ashleigh Lupton, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Labor, or the process through which a baby is born, is separated into three primary stages. The first stage begins at the onset of labor and ends when the cervix reaches a 10-centimeter dilation. This first stage is comprised of three sub-stages: early labor, active labor, and transition. The early labor phase begins at the onset of labor and ends when the women’s cervix is 3 centimeters dilated. This phase generally takes place over 8-12 hours at which point the cervix begins to open up (i.e., dilate) and thin out.  During this phase, contractions, which are the uterine muscles tightening …

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Subjective Well-Being, Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Subjective Well-Being, Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Subjective well-being (SWB) is defined as an individual’s cognitive and affective evaluations of his or her life. The cognitive element encompasses how one feels about his or her life, and the affective element refers to emotions, moods, and feelings. In simpler terms, SWB represents an individual’s happiness and life satisfaction. The concept of SWB has been discussed for centuries; however, interest in this field has grown exponentially since the 1950s as Psychologists expanded their focus on negative emotional states such as depression to also explore positive emotional states such as happiness and feelings of well-being.

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Studs Terkel's 1974 Alienation Study, Michelle E. Tully, Jonathan B. Santo Apr 2025

Studs Terkel's 1974 Alienation Study, Michelle E. Tully, Jonathan B. Santo

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Psychology studies have changed the world in many ways, but few have served as the basis for both a Broadway musical and a graphic novel. Studs Terkel’s nonfiction book, Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do, was an immediate bestseller when it was published in 1974. While not a psychology study in the strictest quantitative definition, ‘Working’ served as an ethnography on the working life of the American adult.

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Stephen J. Ceci, Rachel Zachar, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Stephen J. Ceci, Rachel Zachar, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Stephen J. Ceci was born on March 22, 1950, and while not much information is available on his early years, his life’s work has focused on studies surrounding the validity of children’s courtroom testimony, gender studies, and intelligence. Ceci received his bachelor’s degree in general psychology from the University of Delaware in 1973, earning his master’s degree in developmental psychology two years later in 1975 from the University of Pennsylvania. He completed his doctoral degree in developmental psychology in 1978 at the University of Exeter in England.

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The Concrete Operational Period Of Development, Rebecca Olson, Kelsey Eackles, Cassandra Kepple, Cheryl B. Mcneil Apr 2025

The Concrete Operational Period Of Development, Rebecca Olson, Kelsey Eackles, Cassandra Kepple, Cheryl B. Mcneil

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Jean Piaget was one of the first psychologists to systematically investigate the cognitive development of children. He believed that intelligence develops as a result of both biological and environmental reactions rather than being an unchangeable, inherited trait. He believed cognition develops in distinct stages from infancy to adulthood, which became the basis of Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory.

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Sibling Relationships In Old Age, Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Sibling Relationships In Old Age, Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

The relationship between siblings is unique among family relationships in that sibling relationships have a dimension of equality. In other words, they do not necessarily share the same obligations toward each other as a married partners or parents and child may, especially in Western cultures. Durkheim (1933) described sibling relationships as a “mechanical” bond rather than an “organic” bond, which would better characterize a complimentary relationship, such as that between married partners or a parent and child. This mechanical bond results in ambivalence and rivalry towards one another during childhood and early adulthood, as siblings are often forced to compete …

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Sensorimotor Period, Maria Munoz, Heidi Kloos Apr 2025

Sensorimotor Period, Maria Munoz, Heidi Kloos

Essays in Developmental Psychology

The developing mind does not merely follow a linear trajectory—say from knowing little to knowing more. Instead, the mind appears to actively organize information into coherent structures. According to Jean Piaget, these mental organizations – referred to as schemas – go through qualitatively distinct stages, the first of which is the sensorimotor period. Cognition at this stage is characterized by a reliance on reflexes and primary sense, rather than on symbolic or abstract thought. The argument is that children younger than 2 years base their cognition on immediate actions-perception loops, making distinctive mistakes when the task requires an ability to …

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Ethical Research, Stephanie Nguyen, Aya Shigeto Apr 2025

Ethical Research, Stephanie Nguyen, Aya Shigeto

Essays in Developmental Psychology

In the early history of empirical research, the ethical code of conduct was only loosely followed and not well regulated. Now, following a proper code of ethics is expected in research with committees from the institutional to the international level strictly regulating and holding researchers accountable for their work. Research ethics address questions, such as whether a study will produce the greatest good; who is intended to benefit from a study at the expense of others; and how research participants, especially those from vulnerable populations (e.g., pregnant women; minors; people in impoverished circumstances, with disabilities, or from minority groups), should …

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Psychological Development During Childhood, Meg Milligan, Kanessa Miller Doss, Sherrionda H. Crawford Apr 2025

Psychological Development During Childhood, Meg Milligan, Kanessa Miller Doss, Sherrionda H. Crawford

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Childhood is a time of tremendous psychological development. Our personalities, cognitive capabilities, and emotions expand and transform us from infants to adolescents. In some ways we exhibit continuous development, while others are more accurately described as stages. The following pages present some of these significant changes that occur during early and middle childhood.

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Piaget's Conservation Experiments, Motolani Shenbanjo, Heidi Kloos Apr 2025

Piaget's Conservation Experiments, Motolani Shenbanjo, Heidi Kloos

Essays in Developmental Psychology

When it comes to assessing the magnitude of a quantity, the mind has several options. For example, to determine the amount of juice in a glass, one could merely look at the height of the juice in the glass; or one could incorporate both the height and the width of the glass. The latter would be the correct approach: The height alone can be misleading, for example when the glass is very narrow. Thus, in order to behave rationally, one has to look past the salient dimension of height and instead focus on integrating several dimensions. According to Jean Piaget, …

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