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President Nixon’S Decision To Renounce The U.S. Offensive Biological Weapons Program, Jonathan B. Tucker, Erin R. Mahan Oct 2009

President Nixon’S Decision To Renounce The U.S. Offensive Biological Weapons Program, Jonathan B. Tucker, Erin R. Mahan

WMD Case Studies

The nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union was a prominent feature of the Cold War. A lesser known but equally dangerous element of the superpower competition involved biological weapons (BW), living microorganisms that cause fatal or incapacitating diseases in humans, animals, or plants. By the late 1960s, the United States and the Soviet Union had both acquired advanced BW capabilities. The U.S. biological weapons complex, operated by the U.S. Army Chemical Corps, consisted of a research and development laboratory at Fort Detrick in Maryland, an open-air testing site at Dugway Proving Ground in Utah, and …


Radicalization By Choice: Isi And The Pakistani Army, Robert B. Oakley, Franz-Stefan Gady Oct 2009

Radicalization By Choice: Isi And The Pakistani Army, Robert B. Oakley, Franz-Stefan Gady

Strategic Forums

The Pakistani army and the Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate remain essential for the security and stability of Pakistan. Both organizations have deliberately embraced Islamic radicalism as a means to address the conventional military gap between Pakistan and India.


Unity Of Effort: Key To Success In Afghanistan, Christopher J. Lamb, Martin Cinnamond Oct 2009

Unity Of Effort: Key To Success In Afghanistan, Christopher J. Lamb, Martin Cinnamond

Strategic Forums

The Barack Obama administration is debating alternatives to the population-centric counterinsurgency strategy in Afghanistan that it unveiled in March 2009. The reevalua- tion is prompted by the recent submission of supporting civil and military campaign plans that indicate substantial additional resources are required for success. The resource issue is important, but as General Stanley McChrys- tal, USA, the new commander of U.S. and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces in Afghanistan, argues, the need to pursue an “indirect” strategy that is sustain- able for the Afghans and implemented with unified purpose is more important.1 Lack of progress in Afghanistan …


Cyberspace And The “First Battle” In 21st-Century War, Robert A. Miller, Daniel T. Kuehl Sep 2009

Cyberspace And The “First Battle” In 21st-Century War, Robert A. Miller, Daniel T. Kuehl

Defense Horizons

Wars often start well before main forces engage. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, combat often began when light cavalry units crossed the border. For most of the 20th century, the “first battle” typically involved dawn surprise attacks, usually delivered by air forces.1 While a few of these attacks were so shattering that they essentially decided the outcome of the struggle or at least dramatically shaped its course—the Israeli air force’s attack at the opening of the June 1967 Six-Day War comes to mind—in most cases the defender had sufficient strategic space—geographic and/or temporal—to recover and eventually redress …


Defending The Military Food Supply: Acquisition, Preparation, And Protection Of Food At U.S. Military Installations, Andrew S. Mara, Lynn Mcgrath Sep 2009

Defending The Military Food Supply: Acquisition, Preparation, And Protection Of Food At U.S. Military Installations, Andrew S. Mara, Lynn Mcgrath

Defense and Technology Papers

This paper examines current measures in place to defend the military food supply and provides a series of recommendations that will enhance food defense and provide ancillary benefits to the military.


Iraqi Security Forces After U.S. Troop Withdrawal: An Iraqi Perspective, Najim Abed Al-Jabouri Aug 2009

Iraqi Security Forces After U.S. Troop Withdrawal: An Iraqi Perspective, Najim Abed Al-Jabouri

Strategic Forums

As U.S. Armed Forces draw down in Iraq, there is increasing concern about the possibility of resurgent ethnic and sectarian tensions. Many Iraqis believe that the United States may be making a grave mistake by not fully using its remaining leverage to insulate the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) from the politi- cal influence of the incumbent Iraqi sectarian political parties. U.S. efforts to rebuild the ISF have focused on much needed training and equipment, but have neglected the greatest challenge facing the forces’ ability to maintain security upon U.S. withdrawal: an ISF politi- cized by ethno-sectarian parties. These ties pose …


Joint Force Quarterly 54 (3rd Quarter, July 2009), National Defense University Press Jul 2009

Joint Force Quarterly 54 (3rd Quarter, July 2009), National Defense University Press

Joint Force Quarterly ARCHIVES

No abstract provided.


Managing Strategic Competition With China, Phillip C. Saunders Jul 2009

Managing Strategic Competition With China, Phillip C. Saunders

Strategic Forums

Officials in the Obama administration have highlighted the need for a “positive, cooperative, and comprehensive relationship” with China that can help the United States address an array of global challenges. Administration officials have not adopted the “responsible stakeholder” language that characterized recent U.S. China policy, but their overall approach appears compatible with that concept. Initial policy statements have focused on expanding U.S.-China cooperation, with particular emphasis on addressing the global economic crisis and climate change.


Military Perspectives On Cyber Power, Larry K. Wentz, Charles L. Barry, Stuart Starr Jul 2009

Military Perspectives On Cyber Power, Larry K. Wentz, Charles L. Barry, Stuart Starr

Books

CTNSP convened several workshops to address challenges in cyberspace, cyberpower, cyberstrategy, and institutional factors. Several representatives from the military Services participated extensively in those workshops. During those workshops, a variety of cyber issues emerged about the roles of the Services in the areas of roles and missions and the creation of needed intellectual capital. Subsequently, each of the Services identified volunteers who graciously generated white papers to illuminate the cyber debate.


Civilian Surge: Key To Complex Operations, Hans Binnendijk, Patrick M. Cronin Jul 2009

Civilian Surge: Key To Complex Operations, Hans Binnendijk, Patrick M. Cronin

Books

The United States today manifestly lacks adequate civilian capacity to conduct complex operations—those operations that require close civil-military planning and cooperation in the field. This book is intended to fill that gap. Its main conclusion is that current efforts to build a civilian response capacity for complex operations are unfinished and that the Obama administration needs to dedicate additional attention and resources to complete the task.


Are We Prepared? Four Wmd Crises That Could Transform U.S. Security, Center For The Study Of Weapons Of Mass Destruction Jun 2009

Are We Prepared? Four Wmd Crises That Could Transform U.S. Security, Center For The Study Of Weapons Of Mass Destruction

Books and Book Chapters

This report, written by the staff of the National Defense University Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the fall of 2008 and the early winter of 2009, was conceived initially as a transition paper for the new administration following the 2008 American Presidential election.

This report presents four weapons of mass destruction (WMD)-related scenarios that could plausibly occur and radically alter American domestic and national security agendas. Moreover, these scenarios, for which the United States is underprepared, portray challenges that the United States will not overcome shortly. Developing, institutionalizing, and supporting those policies, capabilities, and technologies …


Computer Science Research Funding: How Much Is Too Little?, Elihu Zimet, Stuart Starr, Clifford Lau, Anup Ghosh Jun 2009

Computer Science Research Funding: How Much Is Too Little?, Elihu Zimet, Stuart Starr, Clifford Lau, Anup Ghosh

Defense and Technology Papers

This papers summarizes and analyzes the findings of a study of the historical and planned level of Department of Defense (DOD) funding in computer science (CS) research from the 2001–2011 DOD records, and formulates key findings and recommendations.


Directed Energy Weapons – Are We There Yet?, Elihu Zimet, Christopher Mann May 2009

Directed Energy Weapons – Are We There Yet?, Elihu Zimet, Christopher Mann

Defense and Technology Papers

The purpose of this paper is to examine the barriers to deployment of directed energy weapons and suggest a strategy for an initial deployment that addresses these issues. This strategy will focus on current high-priority threats against which DEW would provide the best alternative for the military.


Breaking The Yardstick: The Dangers Of Market-Based Governance, Don J. Deyoung May 2009

Breaking The Yardstick: The Dangers Of Market-Based Governance, Don J. Deyoung

Defense Horizons

In the middle of the last century, America became a superpower. It happened, in part, because of a well-balanced technological partnership between the Federal Government and commercial sector. After winning a world war against fascism, this public-private alliance went on to cure infectious diseases, create instant global communications, land humans on the Moon, and prevail in a long Cold War against communism. This, and more, was accomplished without bankrupting the Nation’s economy. The partnership’s record of service to the American people and the world has been remarkable.


Joint Force Quarterly 53 (2nd Quarter, April 2009), National Defense University Press Apr 2009

Joint Force Quarterly 53 (2nd Quarter, April 2009), National Defense University Press

Joint Force Quarterly ARCHIVES

No abstract provided.


Social Software And National Security: An Initial ‘Net Assessment’, Mark D. Drapeau, Linton Wells Ii Apr 2009

Social Software And National Security: An Initial ‘Net Assessment’, Mark D. Drapeau, Linton Wells Ii

Defense and Technology Papers

This research paper as an initial net assessment of how social software interacts with government and security in the broadest sense.1 The analysis looks at both sides of what once might have been called a “blue-red” balance to investigate how social software is being used (or could be used) by not only the United States and its allies, but also by adversaries and other counterparties.


Hybrid Threats: Reconceptualizing The Evolving Character Of Modern Conflict, Frank Hoffman Apr 2009

Hybrid Threats: Reconceptualizing The Evolving Character Of Modern Conflict, Frank Hoffman

Strategic Forums

America’s ongoing battles in Afghanistan and Iraq have highlighted limitations in our understanding of the complexity of modern warfare. Furthermore, our cultural prism has retarded the institutionalization of capabilities needed to prevail in stabilization and counter-insurgency missions.


The United States And The Asia-Pacific Region: National Interests And Strategic Imperatives, James J. Przystup Apr 2009

The United States And The Asia-Pacific Region: National Interests And Strategic Imperatives, James J. Przystup

Strategic Forums

Notwithstanding the 2008–2009 financial crisis, East Asia today remains the home of the world’s most dynamic economies. In 1990, the region’s share of global gross domestic prod- uct (GDP) amounted to 26.5 percent; in 2006, that figure stood at 37.5 percent. In 2006, the GDP growth rate for Asia’s economies aver- aged 5.1 percent, compared to a world average of 3.9 percent.


Strengthening Technical Peer Review At The Army S&T Laboratories, John W. Lyons, Richard Chait Mar 2009

Strengthening Technical Peer Review At The Army S&T Laboratories, John W. Lyons, Richard Chait

Defense and Technology Papers

The paper recommends that the Army require peer review of the technical quality of its laboratories and proposes a set of norms that must be met. The principal recommendation is that reviews be performed by independent experts who visit the laboratory for two or more days, looking at the technical projects and the strength of the technical staff, equipment, and facilities.


A 21st-Century Concept Of Air And Military Operations, Robbin F. Laird Mar 2009

A 21st-Century Concept Of Air And Military Operations, Robbin F. Laird

Defense Horizons

The evolution of 21st-century air operations is unfolding under the impact of a new generation of fighter aircraft and a significant shift in the role of air operations in support of ground and maritime forces. So-called fifth-generation aircraft often are mistakenly viewed as simply the next iteration of airframes: fast, stealthy replacements of obsolescent legacy platforms. In fact, the capabilities of fifth-generation aircraft, and their integration into a network-centric joint force, will change the roles of manned fighter aircraft in air, ground, and maritime operations. These changes are so far-reaching that the Services face the challenge of crafting a new …


Operation Anaconda: Lessons For Joint Operations, Richard L. Kugler, Michael Baranick, Hans Binnendijk Mar 2009

Operation Anaconda: Lessons For Joint Operations, Richard L. Kugler, Michael Baranick, Hans Binnendijk

Defense and Technology Papers

This study is not an official history of Anaconda but an analysis of lessons that can be learned from that battle and applied to future joint operations. This study’s intent is not to criticize, but instead to offer observations for joint operations, multinational operations, and expeditionary warfare in austere settings.


Ukraine Against Herself: To Be Euro-Atlantic, Eurasian, Or Neutral?, Jeffrey Simon Feb 2009

Ukraine Against Herself: To Be Euro-Atlantic, Eurasian, Or Neutral?, Jeffrey Simon

Strategic Forums

Since independence, Ukrainians have been evenly split between those who desire to be part of the Euro-Atlantic (European Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization) community and those who gravitate toward Eurasia (Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States). During the 1990s, when the European Union and NATO were focused on Central Europe and Russia was politically down and economically weak, Ukraine was able to have it both ways.


Joint Force Quarterly 52 (1st Quarter, January 2009), National Defense University Press Jan 2009

Joint Force Quarterly 52 (1st Quarter, January 2009), National Defense University Press

Joint Force Quarterly ARCHIVES

No abstract provided.


From Sputnik To Minerva: Education And American National Security, Sean Kay Jan 2009

From Sputnik To Minerva: Education And American National Security, Sean Kay

Defense Horizons

This paper examines how external challenges have prompted national investments in education to enhance American national security. Rather than focusing primarily on traditional professional military education, this analysis examines how education has been used as a tool of American power. Four major moments of transformation in the international system are surveyed to illustrate a link between strategic educational capacity, defined as the application of attained knowledge and skills, and national power. The study then assesses how education is used as a power asset in the contemporary security environment. Today, an important educational capacity is emerging in the new Minerva program …


Army Science And Technology Investment In Interoperability, Charles L. Barry Jan 2009

Army Science And Technology Investment In Interoperability, Charles L. Barry

Defense and Technology Papers

This paper discusses the elements of assessing ‘bang for bucks’ with regard to S&T investment in interoperability. It intends to point to where interoperability investment offers the greatest return and to open our thinking to the possibility that universal interoperability of all systems is not a desirable or attainable goal, especially when allocating investments and accepting reasonable risk.


Transforming Nato: An Ndu Anthology, Hans Binnendijk, Gina Cordero Dec 2008

Transforming Nato: An Ndu Anthology, Hans Binnendijk, Gina Cordero

Books

Since September 11, 2001, the National Defense University has undertaken a series of studies on the Transformation of NATO for 21st Century missions. These studies focused on needed military capabilities, political transformation, new operational requirements, new missions, and NATO science and technology. Some of these studies made recommendations that were adopted as NATO policy while others may be ahead of their time. The purpose of this volume is to collect these studies under one cover and to stimulate further transformation.


Lessons Of Abu Ghraib: Understanding And Preventing Prisoner Abuse In Military Operations, Paul T. Bartone Nov 2008

Lessons Of Abu Ghraib: Understanding And Preventing Prisoner Abuse In Military Operations, Paul T. Bartone

Defense Horizons

The abuse of prisoners by U.S. Soldiers at Abu Ghraib had broad strategic consequences, leading many people around the world to question the legitimacy of U.S. goals and activities in Iraq. This paper draws on extensive unclassified reports from multiple investigations that followed Abu Ghraib, and applies key psychological as well as social-situational perspectives to develop a better grasp of the causative factors. From a psychological standpoint, most young adults are powerfully inclined to behave in accord with the social conventions and pressures around them. Especially in ambiguous circumstances, then, it is important that standards of behavior be clear and …


Joint Force Quarterly 51 (4th Quarter, October 2008), National Defense University Press Oct 2008

Joint Force Quarterly 51 (4th Quarter, October 2008), National Defense University Press

Joint Force Quarterly ARCHIVES

No abstract provided.


Nato’S Uncertain Future: Is Demography Destiny?, Jeffrey Simon Oct 2008

Nato’S Uncertain Future: Is Demography Destiny?, Jeffrey Simon

Strategic Forums

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is no stranger to controversy. Over the past 60 years, it has endured disputes over defense strategy, the role of nuclear weapons, the size and composition of its membership, and how best to respond to looming challenges beyond its immediate territory. Today, however, the Atlantic Alliance finds itself increasingly stressed by emerging socioeconomic and political changes among the Allies—changes that are fundamentally influenced by larger demographic shifts now occurring within its membership and that, taken together, will almost certainly hamper its collective ability to deploy operational forces and further strain the transatlantic relationship in …


Reform Of The National Security Science And Technology Enterprise, William Berry, Timothy Coffey, Don J. Deyoung, James Kadtke, Cheryl Loeb Oct 2008

Reform Of The National Security Science And Technology Enterprise, William Berry, Timothy Coffey, Don J. Deyoung, James Kadtke, Cheryl Loeb

Defense and Technology Papers

This paper addresses three major topics requiring new thinking in the National Security Science and Technology Enterprise. The first topic is how overarching priorities can be better determined and implemented to direct the vast national security enterprise toward conducting S&T that will address both traditional and new national security challenges. The second deals with the integration of the Congressional committees that oversee and fund S&T. And the third focuses on the competence, role, and impact of the Government’s national security S&E workforce.