Digital Commons Network^™

Multi-Dimensional Scaling Of Web-Scraping Results From The A.A Zalizniak Grammatical Dictionary And The Russian National Corpus. Creating A Corpus Fragment Of All Possible Word-Forms Of Modified Russian Sound Verbs Using Web-Scraping Methodology. Compilation Of A Summary Table For The Participle Forms, Irina V. Ivliyeva, Perry Koob

Research Data

English Abstract:

This study investigates the development of multi-dimensional morphological profiles of Russian verbs of sounds, namely their participles, by integrating web-scraping methodologies and advanced digital visualization tools that is convenient and effective for a linguistic researcher.

The study demonstrates the potential of combining computational techniques such as web-scraping and digital visualization to enrich the understanding of complex, multi-source lexicographic phenomena.  The main task at this stage of the research was to collect, compile (combine results), analyze and present a summary index of all participle forms of sound verbs, recorded in electronic versions of  A.A. Zalizniak Grammatical Dictionary of the …

Liquid-Phase Chemical Melting Deposition For Anchored Nanoparticle–Nanofiber Architectures, Hiep Pham, Kiernan O'Boyle, Gracie Boyer, Jonghyun Park

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

We report chemical melting deposition (CMD), a manufacturing strategy designed to overcome the low mass loading and weak interfacial bonding inherent to vapor-based synthesis. Unlike conventional vapor routes, CMD leverages a transient liquid-phase transfer (TLPT) mechanism driven by the differential thermal degradation of carrier fibers to transfer and anchor nanoparticles directly onto target fibers. This process thermodynamically drives the wetting and interfacial fusion of nanoparticles, establishing a liquid-phase contact pathway that enables markedly higher active material loading. To validate the structural resilience of this fused architecture against extreme volumetric stress, we utilized lead oxide (PbO) as a model system, which …

Optimizing Copper Slag As A Sustainable Precursor For Iron Phosphate Cement: Hydration Mechanism, Phase Transformation, And Environmental Safety, Wei Wang, Hongyan Ma, Xiunan Cai, Dan Luo, Zhicheng Xu, Zhongqiu Luo, Xintao Zhou

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Iron-rich copper slag (CS) has significant potential as a precursor for the synthesis of sustainable acid-base cement (AB). However, the roles and transformation behaviors of the diverse iron phases in CS during hydration remain unclear. In this study, the preparation conditions, early hydration behavior, transformation processes of iron components, and environmental safety of CS-based iron phosphate cement (CS-IPC) were systematically investigated. Under optimized conditions, with a CS/ADP mass ratio of 3.0 and a grinding time of 1.5 h, CS-IPC exhibited an initial setting time of 27.6 min and a flowability of approximately 159 mm. After curing for 3 and 28 …

Explicit Hydration Of The Beryllium Trifluoride Anion With One To Three Water Molecules: Bef3–(H2o)N=1–3, Kayleigh R. Autry, Gregory S. Tschumper

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

This work investigates the micro hydration of the beryllium trifluoride anion (BeF₃^–) with up to three water molecules (BeF₃^–(H₂O)_n where n = 1–3). Full geometry optimizations and harmonic vibrational frequencies were computed on various BeF₃^–(H₂O)_n stationary points using density functional theory methods (B3LYP-D3BJ, B3LYP, ωB97XD, and M06-2X) as well as the CCSD(T) and MP2 ab initio methods with a triple-ζ correlation-consistent basis set augmented with diffuse functions on all non-hydrogen atoms (haTZ). One BeF₃^–(H₂O)₁, five BeF₃^{– …}

Genetic Analysis Of Triplicated Genes Affecting Sex-Specific Skeletal Deficits In Down Syndrome Model Mice, Kourtney Sloan, Kristina M. Piner, Pathum Randunu Nawarathna Kandedura Arachchige, Charles R. Goodlett, Yann Herault, Gayla R. Olbricht, Joseph M. Wallace, Randall J. Roper

Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Down syndrome (DS) is caused by the triplication of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), resulting in skeletal insufficiency (low bone mineral density) and altered bone development. DS mouse models recapitulate these deficits, including sexual dimorphism in long bone alterations. Historically, Ts65Dn mice provided much of the insight behind DS-related skeletal deficits with ∼100 trisomic orthologous genes, but there are concerns about the genetic fidelity in this model due to the included triplication of genes not homologous to Hsa21. A new DS model, Ts66Yah, subtracted the non-Hsa21 homologous trisomic genes from Ts65Dn but has not been evaluated for long bone deficits. Comparing …

Multi-Population Sufficient Dimension Reduction, Xuerong Meggie Wen, Yuexiao Dong, Li Xing Zhu

Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Research & Creative Works

A novel dimension-reduction method is introduced for multi-population data. The approach conducts a joint analysis that exploits information shared across populations while accommodating population-specific effects. Unlike partial dimension reduction methods, which identify related directions across all populations, or conditional analyses conducted independently within each population, the proposed two-step procedure leverages cross-population information to enhance estimation accuracy. The methodology is demonstrated through simulations and two real-data applications.

A Low-Rank Solver For The Stokes–Darcy Model With Random Hydraulic Conductivity And Beavers–Joseph Condition, Yujun Zhu, Yulan Ning, Zhipeng Yang, Xiaoming He, Ju Ming

Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper proposes, analyzes, and demonstrates an efficient low-rank solver for the stochastic Stokes-Darcy interface model with a random hydraulic conductivity both in the porous media domain and on the interface. We consider three interface conditions with randomness, including the Beavers–Joseph interface condition with the random hydraulic conductivity, on the interface between the free flow and the porous media flow. Our solver employs a novel generalized low-rank approximation of the large-scale stiffness matrices, which can significantly cut down the computational costs and memory requirements associated with matrix inversion without losing accuracy. Therefore, by adopting a suitable data compression ratio, the …

Erratum For "Soil Freezing Characteristic Surface For Partially Frozen Soils", Antai Dong, Xiong Zhang, Ming Xiao

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The following corrections should be made to "Soil Freezing Characteristic Surface for Partially Frozen Soils" by Antai Dong, Xiong Zhang, and Ming Xiao, https://doi.org/10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG -13924: In the third sentence of the Abstract, the value for suction when completely dried is incorrect. It should be 106 kPa. The label at the end of the suction axes in Figs. 1(a) and 2 is similarly inaccurate. Corrected versions of Figs. 1 and 2 are provided herein. To preserve the published version of record, these details have been corrected only in this erratum. (Figure Presented)

A Critical Review And Methodological Recommendations For Life Cycle Assessment Of Electrochemical Co₂ Mineralization, Dennis Dadzie, Kwame Awuah-Offei

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Purpose: While researchers have relied on life cycle assessments (LCAs) to make claims about the environmental benefits of electrochemical CO₂ mineralization, no systematic review literature exists that synthesizes what we know about the LCA of electrochemical mineralization. This review aims to synthesize established knowledge on the LCAs of electrochemical CO₂ mineralization studies, identify research gaps and discuss challenges, and suggest guidelines for applying the ISO 14040/14044 LCA methodology in this sector. Methods: This paper undertook a comprehensive review of LCA studies on CO₂ mineralization with emphasis on electrochemical mineralization. We utilized relevant keywords based on the theme to search in …

Selective Extraction Of Nickel And Cobalt From Limonitic Laterite Via Optimized Sulfation Roasting–Water Leaching And Solvent Extraction, Maryam Osali, Farid Ahani, Mohammad Reza Aboutalebi, Mandana Adeli, Javad Moghaddam, Saeid Karimi, Janaka Jayamini Wijenayake, Lana Alagha

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Limonitic laterites typically contain low Ni and Co contents and significant impurities, making the development of technical and economically feasible processes challenging. To address this challenge, this study investigates and evaluates an integrated hydrometallurgical process comprising sulfation roasting, water leaching, and solvent extraction (SX) for the selective recovery of Ni and Co from limonite-type laterite. Response Surface Methodology coupled with a Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD) was employed as a statistical experimental design tool to efficiently optimize the sulfation roasting conditions. Under the optimal sulfation roasting conditions (temperature 703 °C), selective leaching efficiencies of 87.2% for Ni and 96.6% for Co …

Using Machine-Learning-Based Process Map To Guide Evaluation Of Inconel 625 Mechanical Properties In Laser Foil Printing, Yu Hsiang Wang, Sung Heng Wu, Hung Chu Chiang, Pen Ning Yu, Chia Hung Hung, Ming C. Leu

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Inconel 625 is widely studied in powder-based additive manufacturing, but its processing characteristics and mechanical performance in foil-feedstock laser foil printing (LFP) remain largely unexplored. In this study, a gradient boosting regression (GBR)-based process map was developed for LFP of Inconel 625 using 32 single-track experiments. The GBR model achieved R² values of 0.859 and 0.793 and mean absolute errors of 22.25 μm and 19.83 μm for melt-pool depth and width, respectively, outperforming second- and third-order polynomial regressions in capturing nonlinear melt-pool responses and distinguishing lack-of-fusion, conduction, and keyhole regimes. Three conduction-mode conditions with target depth-to-foil thickness ratios (D/T) …

Effect Of Environmental Conditions On Fracture Of Composite Materials And Thin Films, Victor Birman

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Environmental conditions, i.e., temperature and moisture, affect mechanical properties of materials, including composites. In this paper, we concentrate on one of the aspects of the effect of environment on fracture in a composite lamina. The paper demonstrates an analytical approach to account for the effect of the changes in environment on the strain energy release rate of composite materials and thin films. These analytically determined strain energy release rates should be compared to fracture toughness to predict the susceptibility of the material to fracture. Numerical examples are presented for several polymeric and metal matrix composites using available experimental data for …

Atom Probe Tomography Investigation Of Gas And Solid Fission Product Superlattice In Neutron Irradiated U-10 Wt.% Mo Fuel, Maalavan Arivu, Andrew Hoffman, Anish Ranjan, Assel Aitkaliyeva, Yaqiao Wu, Brandon Miller, Mukesh Bachhav, Dennis Keiser, Jian Gan, Haiming Wen

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Body-centered cubic structured γ U-Mo fuels have been developed for high performance research reactors. The formation of Xe gas bubble superlattice (GBS) in irradiated U-Mo fuels reduces the volumetric swelling of the fuels. In this study, atom probe tomography (APT) was used to measure the characteristics of the Xe GBS, including chemical composition, number density, and volume fraction of the gas bubbles, as well as the characteristics of the solid fission products, in neutron irradiated U-10 wt.% Mo fuel. It was found that in the bubbles (∼2 nm in diameter) that form the GBS are enriched with Xe with depletion …

Effect Of Composition On Grain-Boundary Chemistry And Fracture Behavior In High-Entropy Carbides, Caleb Schenck, Marium Mostafiz Mou, Elizabeth Pritchett, Fu Yun Tsai, Josephine Hartmann, Michael Lastovich, Sam Daigle, Kayla Yano, Matthew J. Olszta, Sanjit Bhowick, Elizabeth Kautz, Gregory E. Hilmas, William G. Fahrenholtz, Donald W. Brenner

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

High-entropy carbides (HECs) are often treated as a single material class defined by configurational entropy; however, their properties are governed by composition-specific defects and grain-boundary chemistry. This study demonstrates that substituting a single element can qualitatively change grain-boundary structure and fracture behavior in HEC ceramics. Two HECs, (Cr,Hf,Ta,Ti,Zr)C (HEC-Cr) and (Hf,Ta,Ti,W,Zr)C (HEC-W), were examined via electron microscopy, atom probe tomography, and molecular dynamics simulations. Simulations predict preferential segregation of Cr, W, and Zr to grain boundaries. Experiments confirmed Cr enrichment at grain boundaries and the formation of W-rich nanograins along boundary networks. Mechanical testing revealed that these compositional differences translated …

Evaluating The Integration Of Bio-Based Waste Into Cement Production: A Pathway To Sustainable Building, Anja Terzić, Suzana Filipović, Adriana Peleš Tadić, Jelena Živojinović, Ivana N. Jelić, Nina Obradović, William G. Fahrenholtz

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Rapid urbanization has increased the demand for building materials, depleting natural resources used in cement production and prompting the use of alternative and waste materials. This research verifies that eggshell powder waste can fully replace limestone in clinker synthesis. Five clinkers were produced using eggshell powder, aluminum sources (bentonite, zeolite, fly ash, and kaolinitic–illitic clay), Fe-slag, and quartz sand, with mechanical preprocessing (10–30 min) before sintering at 1300 °C. Experimental tests assessed the effects of mix design and mechanical activation on clinkerization, phase formation, temperature, and mechanical properties. XRD, FTIR, and SEM/EDS confirmed consistent phase compositions and primary cement minerals. …

Computer Vision And Machine Learning Approaches For Defect Detection In 3d-Printed Cementitious Materials: A Systematic Review, Muhammad Ali Musarat, Ruben Paul Borg, Jingjie Wei, Carl James Debono, Kamal Khayat

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

3D printing is evolving at a fast pace in both the manufacturing and construction sectors. These advancements can greatly benefit these industries. However, the 3D printing of concrete structures presents some challenges due to defects in the 3D concrete printed elements. Hence, this study systematically reviews Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven techniques, such as Computer Vision and Machine Learning, to identify surface defects that can occur in 3D-printed cementitious material structures. The adopted methodology was the PRISMA statement with the aim of reporting the systematic review and meta-analysis. Two well-known databases, Web of Science and Scopus, were utilised for data extraction of …

Evaluation Of Radar-Derived Polarimetric Precipitation Estimates For Extreme Rain Events Using A Dense Network Of Rain Gauges, Bong Chul Seo, Witold F. Krajewski, James A. Smith, Alexander V. Ryzhkov

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The study evaluates radar-based quantitative precipitation estimations (QPEs) for 10 extreme rain events that occurred between 2013 and 2019 in the Kansas City metropolitan area, United States. These precipitation estimates were derived at hourly and approximately 0.5-km scales using two polarimetric QPE algorithms}one based on specific attenuation (A) and the other on specific differential phase (KDP)} for the study area covered by two overlapping radars in Topeka, Kansas, and Kansas City, Missouri. The polarimetric QPE assessment for extreme rain events was motivated by improved flood forecasting and precipitation frequency analysis. The analysis utilizes ground reference observations from a dense network …

In-Operando Imaging For Mechanistic Insights And Process Optimization In The Biofuel-Driven Combustion Synthesis Of Cement And Precursor Phases, Shubham Agrawal, Jeffrey J. Long, Aditya Kumar, Narayanan Neithalath

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Biofuel-based combustion synthesis (BCS) is a promising low-carbon pathway for decarbonizing cement production, providing an alternative to the fossil-fuel-driven clinkering process typically conducted at ∼1450 °C. Understanding microscale combustion mechanisms is essential to efficiently transfer biofuel-generated heat to cement precursors for targeted phase formation. Unlike previous studies focusing on macro-scale parameters such as fuel content/type, porosity, and holding temperature, this work provides mechanistic insights into microscale combustion behavior, linking microstructural phenomena with macro-scale processing conditions to guide parameter optimization. In-operando microscale imaging was employed to examine combustion wave propagation, spatio-temporal temperature evolution, and microstructural transformations within reactive pellets. Two combustion …

Strong And Ductile Additively Manufactured Ti-6al-4v Through Yttrium Inoculation, Saeid Alipour, Ji Young Kim, Min Seok Kim, Arezoo Emdadi, Ju Li

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The unique microstructural features and thermal cycles in alloys produced by additive manufacturing (AM) techniques have led to the emergence of a new paradigm in the design and development of alloys for performance-critical applications. Despite the inherent microstructural features of AMed parts, optimizing the porosity-microstructure while acquiring desired mechanical performance has been crucial yet challenging. Hence, in many legacy alloys, achieving a strength-ductility synergy in the as-built condition without applying post-heat treatment or hybrid processes is considered an arduous task. In this research, we aimed to tailor the microstructure of the legacy Ti-6Al-4V alloy in the as-built condition by implementing …

Evaluation Of Iron-Phosphate Glass–Ceramic Waste Form For Electrorefiner Salt Waste Simulant Dechlorinated With Phosphoric Acid, Harmony Werth, Paige Murray, Lucas Greiner, Jade Beland, Charmayne Lonergan, Brian Riley, Krista Carlson

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The importance of glass and glass–ceramic nuclear waste forms has been reaffirmed in recent years by the growing interest in nuclear power as a reliable energy source. Determination of processing methods for the disposal of halide-containing wastes will be essential for the advancement of nuclear technologies such as non-aqueous fuel reprocessing. Phosphate-based dechlorination and subsequent vitrification of radioactive salt waste into an iron-phosphate waste form have been identified as a potential processing scheme for electrochemical processing waste. The impact of H₃PO₄-based dechlorination of complex salt mixtures on the vitrification process and structure of the final iron-phosphate …

Enameling Coating Of Pipes: Thermal Proprieties And Corrosion Tests, Signo Reis, Genda Chen, Mike Koenigstein, Liang Fan

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Enamel coating on pipelines can be done in several ways such as the wet process, plasma spray, and electrostatic process. Wet process requires little capital expenses and provides an acceptable finish for industrial applications particularly when the part to be coated is small. Electrostatic process of enamel powder is most promising to coating large pipelines in field conditions. The enamel coating applied by the electrostatic process is very consistent and smooth since each particle is glass only. However, the powder is very fragile until fired and the charge retention is lowered in high humidity conditions. Coupons cut from a full-size …

Validity Of The Schrage Equation In Prediction Of Evaporation Rate Of Liquid N-Dodecane In High-Pressure Nitrogen Gas: A Molecular Dynamics Study, Wazih Tausif, Jordan Hartfield, Md Amin Haque, Zhi Liang

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Evaporation of liquid fuel in a high-pressure air is a process that critically influences fuel–air mixing in advanced propulsion systems. In this work, we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the validity and accuracy of the Schrage equation in quantifying the evaporation and condensation rates of n-dodecane (a diesel surrogate) in air (approximated as N2 gas) with gas pressure varying from 0 atm to above the critical pressure of n-dodecane. The MD simulation results show that the evaporation coefficient (αe) is higher than the condensation coefficient (αc) at the evaporating n-dodecane surface and is lower than αc at the …

A Federated Learning Framework For Data-Sovereign Predictive Maintenance In Distributed Smart Manufacturing, Md Sazol Ahmmed, Sriram Praneeth Isanaka, Frank Liou

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Featured Application: The proposed federated learning framework can be applied in distributed smart manufacturing environments where multiple factories or production facilities collaboratively develop predictive maintenance models without sharing sensitive operational data. This approach is particularly useful for industrial networks involving geographically distributed plants, contract manufacturing partners, and multi-site production systems where data sovereignty and avoidance of raw data sharing are critical. Predictive maintenance enables early detection of machine failures and reduces unexpected production downtime. However, conventional approaches typically rely on centralized data collection and model training which introduce challenges related to data sovereignty, communication overhead and data ownership. To address …

Machine Vision For In Situ Measurement And Control Of Wire Stickout In Lwded Process, Braden Mclain, Remy Mathenia, Todd Sparks, Frank Liou

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This work presents a machine-vision–based measurement and control framework for laser wire directed energy deposition (LWDED) processes. A visible-light camera system is used to capture meltpool images, from which a novel vision algorithm extracts the wire–meltpool interface location. By utilizing a camera that is rigidly mounted to the deposition head, the vision algorithm provides a relative measurement of the distance between the nozzle tip and the workpiece, also referred to as wire stickout. A proportional-derivative (PD) control strategy is implemented using the measured stickout as feedback to adjust deposition feedrate. Results show that the control system successfully compensates for improper …

Greek Basileus "King" As A Possible Borrowing From Semitic Mšl "To Rule’", Gerald Leonard Cohen

Arts, Languages and Philosophy Faculty Research & Creative Works

No abstract provided.

Smart-Charge: Stable Matching Algorithm For Electric Vehicle Charging In Subscription-Based Models, Arindam Khanda, Anurag Satpathy, Sajal K. Das

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

The transition from internal combustion engine (ICE) to electric vehicles (EVs) introduces several challenges, including limited charging infrastructure, unpredictable charging wait times, and inefficient selection of charging points (CPs). To address these issues, we propose SMART-CHARGE, a framework that efficiently assigns EVs to CPs through an edge-level coordination mechanism within each service region, enforced by roadside units (RSUs). Operating under a novel subscription-based charging model, SMART-CHARGE enforces predefined charging time limits via service-level agreements (SLAs). The EV-CP assignment problem is formulated as a one-to-many matching game that captures EV user preferences. To construct bounded yet efficient EV coalitions at each …

Safepass: Efficient Emergency Vehicle Passage With Minimal Disruption To Traffic Flow, Osho Osho, Suchetana Chakraborty, Sajal K. Das

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

Emergency vehicle passage in congested urban networks poses a dual challenge: ensuring rapid response while minimizing disruption to surrounding traffic. This study addresses this challenge in the context of Connected Autonomous Emergency Vehicles (CA-EVs), proposing SafePass , a lightweight distributed framework for seamless CA-EV passage through decentralized, cooperative maneuvering of surrounding Connected Autonomous Non-Emergency Vehicles (CA-NEVs). At its core, SafePass employs the Target Lane Potential (TLP), a novel utility-based metric combining lane-choice utility with probabilistic gap acceptance, augmented by a cascade-aware penalty that suppresses upstream shockwaves triggered by gap-creation maneuvers. Evaluated in Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) using synthetic traffic …

Bifunctional Tin Telluride Electrocatalysts For Oxygen Evolution And Reduction Reactions, Harish Singh, Amideddin Nouralishahi, Kurt Lagemann, Manashi Nath

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

SnTe octahedral microcrystals have been investigated for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution (OER) and reduction (ORR) reactions. SnTe exhibits remarkable activity for the OER with overpotentials of 340 mV (alkaline) and 365 mV (neutral). It also shows an excellent ORR onset potential of 0.83 V in alkaline pH, with high current density and long-term stability.

Probing Composition Effects On The Intrinsic Energetics Of Proton Transfer In Binary (Hcl)M(H2o)N Clusters, Max R. Tucker, Sarah N. Arradondo, Olivia M. Longsworth, George C. Shields, Gregory S. Tschumper

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

This work examines the effects on intrinsic energetics as the composition of finite (HCl)_m(H₂O)n cluster families containing at least one water molecule is changed at the molecular level, where m ≥ 2 and m + n = 4 − 6, and the associated (Cl⁻)_x(H₃O⁺)_x(HCl)_m−x(H₂O)_n−x clusters resulting from the dissociation of x HCl fragments via proton transfer (PT). They are collectively labeled m:n, and xPT indicates the degree of dissociation, from 0PT (no dissociation) up to 3PT. More than 1000 unique minima …

Advances In The Design Of Bio-Organic Resistive Switching Memory, Muhammad Awais, Yi Sheng Wong, Feng Zhao, Kuan Yew Cheong

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Bio-organic materials have garnered significant attention as sustainable candidates for non-volatile resistive switching memory (RSM) because of their specialized chemical, structural, and environmental advantages. This review presents a design-centered perspective on bio-organic RSM by outlining the key device components required for effective device engineering, including electrode materials, memristive thin films, intermediate layers, substrates, and electrical measurement strategies. Each component is discussed in detail with respect to the material properties and operational parameters that influence overall device performance, such as functional groups, interfacial interactions, and processing conditions. The review further analyses the critical roles of electrode pairing, interfacial chemistry, additive incorporation, …