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Stochastic Representation Of Tau Functions With An Application To The Korteweg-De Vries Equation, Michèle Thieullen, Alexis Vigot

Communications on Stochastic Analysis

No abstract provided.

International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 368 Preliminary Report: South China Sea Rifted Margin Testing Hypotheses For Lithosphere Thinning During Continental Breakup: Drilling At The South China Sea Rifted Margin, Zhimin Jian, Hans Christian Larsen, Carlos Alvarez Zarikian, Zhimin Jian, Hans Christian Larsen, Carlos A. Alvarez Zarikian, Stephen A. Bowden, Deniz Cukur, Kelsie A. Dadd, Weiwei Ding, Eric C. Ferré, Fabricio Ferreira, Aaron J. Gewecke, Enqing Huang, Shijun Jiang, Haiyan Jin, Robert M. Kurzawski, Yanping Li, Baohua Li, Jian Lin, Chuanlian Liu, Chang Liu, Geoffroy T.F. Mohn, Lachit Singh Ningthoujam, Nobuaki Osono, David W. Peate, Patricia Persaud, Ning Qiu, Sara Satolli, Julie C. Schindlbeck, Susanne M. Straub, Liyan Tian, Froukje M. Van Der Zwan

Faculty Publications

International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 368 is the second of two consecutive cruises that form the South China Sea Rifted Margin program. Expeditions 367 and 368 share the common key objectives of testing scientific hypotheses of breakup of the northern South China Sea (SCS) margin and comparing its rifting style and history to other nonvolcanic or magma-poor rifted margins. Four primary sites were selected for the overall program: one in the outer margin high (OMH) and three seaward of the OMH on distinct, margin-parallel basement ridges. These three ridges are informally labeled A, B, and C. They are located within …

The Neoproterozoic Hüttenberg Δ13C Anomaly: Genesis And Global Implications, Huan Cui, Alan J. Kaufman, Yongbo Peng, Xiao Ming Liu, Rebecca E. Plummer, Elizabeth I. Lee

Faculty Publications

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. The Neoproterozoic Hüttenberg Formation in northeastern Namibia records a remarkable δ13Ccarb positive excursion with a sustained plateau of values up to +12‰ (i.e., the Hüttenberg anomaly). High-resolution chemostratigraphic analyses of drill core samples spanning the upper Elandshoek and Hüttenberg formations reveal multiple new observations: (1) overall high but oscillatory δ13Ccarb values; (2) δ18Ocarb values ranging from −8‰ to −2‰; (3) significant enrichment of 13C in organic carbon and a broad co-variation between δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg; (4) a profound negative excursion in δ34Spyrite from +30‰ to −10‰; (5) an overall inverse δ13C–δ34S relationship; and (6) 87Sr/86Sr values …

A Method For Correcting A Moving Heat Source In Analyses With Coarse Temporal Discretization, Marian Partzsch, Michael Beitelschmidt, Michael M. Khonsari

Faculty Publications

The numerical simulation of a moving heat source from a fixed point observer is often done by discretely adjusting its position over the steps of a thermal transient analysis. The efficiency of these simulations is increased when using a coarse temporal discretization whilst maintaining the quality of results. One systematic error source is the rare update of a nonconstant moving heat source with regard to its magnitude and location. In this work, we present an analysis of the error and propose a correction approach based on conserving the specified heat from a continuous motion in analyses with large time-step sizes. …

Analytical Model To Detect Fault Permeability Alteration Induced By Fault Reactivation In Compartmentalized Reservoirs, Oscar M. Molina, Mehdi Zeidouni

Faculty Publications

Underground fluid injection induces changes in in situ stress condition of the target formation and local faults that can potentially lead to fault reactivation, which may result in the leakage of injected and/or native fluids into neighboring formations. In this paper, we introduce an analytical method to detect fault reactivation caused by fluid injection into deep faulted aquifers considering across-fault leakage. The fundamental assumption made in our model is that fault permeability will be altered upon fault slip. Therefore, we model fault reactivation as a sudden change in fault permeability at the onset of fault slip. The fault is modeled …

Temperature Transient Analysis For Bounded Oil Reservoir Under Depletion Drive, Yilin Mao, Mehdi Zeidouni

Faculty Publications

The significant pressure and temperature signals at wellbores associated with hydrocarbon production can be very useful for reservoir characterization and production analysis purposes. Temperature transient analysis is emerging partly due to the advancement of the downhole temperature monitoring system. Among different flow regimes encountered during the production of a vertical well, the long-lasting boundary dominated flow is crucial since most oil in conventional reservoirs are recovered during this period. The production induced temperature response behaves transient for boundary dominated pressure response and can be analyzed for reservoir property estimation. In this work, we derive a novel temperature transient analytical solution …

Toward A Rapid-Fabricated Triboelectric Device With A 1,3-Phosphorylated Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Polymer For Water Turbulence Energy Harvesting, Ye Wu, Hao Fu, Laibao Zhang, Yingcheng Lin, Orhan Kizilkaya, Jian Xu

Faculty Publications

Electricity generation from coal, nuclear reaction, and shale gas has brought environmental, safety, and health concerns. The electricity industry is constantly seeking sustainable, safe, and healthy way of electricity generation. The use of triboelectric device is promising for producing electricity from water energy. In this study, we report on the rapid fabrication of a 1,3-phosphorylated poly(vinyl alcohol) gel-based triboelectric device and direct harvesting of water turbulence energy using this device. The gel was prepared by the reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) with dipotassium phosphate. The synthesized gel was characterized by mass spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis/difference thermogravimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron …

Investigation Of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Delivery Accuracy On An Elekta Linear Accelerator, Addie Barron

LSU Master's Theses

Purpose: This work investigated the delivery accuracy of high-dose lung and spine stereotactic treatments delivered with the Elekta Infinity and Versa HD platforms. The accuracy of these platforms will be used for consideration in implementing a spine stereotactic radiosurgery (SSRS) program at Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center.

Methods: A geometric phantom was used to perform Winston-Lutz type tests that assessed the relevant degrees of freedom (gantry, collimator, and couch) of the delivery system. A lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and spine SRS treatment plan were generated for use in end-to-end testing. Delivery accuracy was tested using a novel diode …

Modeling Of The Veterinary Anesthetic Circuit, Corinne Viloria Duplantis

LSU Master's Theses

Anesthesia is used to sedate both humans and animals for surgery. In veterinary practice, breathing systems are often used to supply anesthetic gas to the patient. Occasionally, a large amount of pressure can build up in the breathing circuit. This high pressure, if unnoticed, can lead to fatal injury to the lungs of the veterinary patient. The maximum allowable pressure in the anesthetic circuit for small animals is 25 cmH₂O or 2450 Pa. As such, it is necessary to monitor oxygen flow rate (ranging from 0.1-4 LPM), pressure, oxygen rate, anesthetic composition, among other variables during an operation. …

Ultrafast And Nonlinear Spectroscopy Of Nanomaterials, Rami Anthony Khoury

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Ultrafast and nonlinear spectroscopies are implemented in the investigation of excited-state dynamics and structural properties of materials and nanomaterials. In the first study, the excited-state dynamics of size-dependent colloidal TiO₂-Au nanocomposites are investigated using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. The dynamics corresponding to the plasmon depletion band are characterized by electron-phonon and phonon-phonon coupling lifetimes that are observed to be independent of the gold nanocluster shell thickness. The excited-state dynamics corresponding to the interband transition of gold is also spectrally overlapped with the interfacial electron transfer lifetime, which is shown to decrease as the nanocluster shell thickness increases. In …

Electrocatalytic Properties Of Ni-Fe Basedalloys Toward Oxygen Evolution Reaction, Xiaodan Cui

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In this dissertation, laser-based manufacturing was applied to develop NiFe-based alloys, with focus on their electrochemical characteristics toward oxygen evolution reaction during water electrocatalysis. The targeted electrocatalysts were designed by combining catalysis principles of absorption energy, electronic effect and geometry effect. Firstly, a one-step laser-based manufacturing method was applied to prepare a thin layer of NiFe-based electrodes with varied Ni to Fe ratios to replace high-cost noble metals as the electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Since each Ni has 0.6 d-vacancy and each Fe atom has 2.2 d-vacancies. The alloying of Ni-Fe allows electrons flowing from Ni to Fe, …

Ethics, Aesthetics, And The Representation Of Intellectual Disability In The Realist Narrative, Elizabeth Wells

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In this dissertation, I argue for a renewed approach to realist texts that rely on conventional perspective and minor characters in their representation of intellectually disabled characters. While disability studies' concepts like narrative prosthesis and the normate have done essential work in arguing for the need for disability's representation from the perspective of the disabled, these ideologies have also negatively influenced the critical reception of texts that do not respond to this need in an immediate or obvious way. By offering new readings of novels with disabled characters whose representations have been frequently questioned, my aim is to complicate the …

Skin Glands Of An Aquatic Salamander Vary In Size And Distribution And Release Antimicrobial Secretions Effective Against Chytrid Fungal Pathogens, Kenzie E. Pereira, Brian I. Crother, David M. Sever, Clifford L. Fontenot, John A. Pojman, Damien B. Wilburn, Sarah K. Woodley

Faculty Publications

© 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd. Amphibian skin is unique among vertebrate classes, containing a large number of multicellular exocrine glands that vary among species and have diverse functions. The secretions of skin glands contain a rich array of bioactive compounds including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Such compounds are important for amphibian innate immune responses and may protect some species from chytridiomycosis, a lethal skin disease caused by the fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). While the bioactivity of skin secretions against Bd has been assessed for many amphibian taxa, similar studies are lacking for …

Advanced College Credit Pathways: Six Undergraduates Reflect On Their Journeys As Writers, Candence Malhiet Robillard

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This study explored the writing habits and behaviors of six undergraduate students who earned advanced college credit from the International Baccalaureate diploma, Advanced Placement exam scores, or through dual enrollment partnerships with accredited colleges. Using narrative and case study methods, the study investigated the relationship between high school advanced credit composition courses and the requirements of undergraduate writing. At the time of the study the participants had already completed a minimum of three semesters of study on a college campus.Participants met a total of three times over the course of one semester. Inreflecting on their experiences and in sharing their …

Conditional Decoupling Of Quantum Information, Mario Berta, Fernando G.S.L. Brandão, Christian Majenz, Mark M. Wilde

Faculty Publications

Insights from quantum information theory show that correlation measures based on quantum entropy are fundamental tools that reveal the entanglement structure of multipartite states. In that spirit, Groisman, Popescu, and Winter [Phys. Rev. A 72, 032317 (2005)PLRAAN1050-294710.1103/PhysRevA.72.032317] showed that the quantum mutual information I(A;B) quantifies the minimal rate of noise needed to erase the correlations in a bipartite state of quantum systems AB. Here, we investigate correlations in tripartite systems ABE. In particular, we are interested in the minimal rate of noise needed to apply to the systems AE in order to erase the correlations between A and B given …

Automated Merging Control Algorithm: A Cooperative Approach For Connected Automated Vehicles In Platoons, Sogand Karbalaieali

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Transportation systems are being transformed by advanced vehicular connectivity and automation. Human-driven vehicles are being replaced by Connected Automated Vehicles (CAV). The US Department of Transportation’s (DOT) Intelligent Transportation System Joint Program Office (ITS JPO) promotes automated vehicle research which encourages the development and deployment of automated vehicles by infrastructure-based solutions. Advancements in traffic design and operation can offer solutions to the challenges that CAVs face. An example of these challenges is merging on highways where traffic operation could be enhanced by the use of Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communication between the onramp and the mainline vehicles and roadside units …

The Csbg - Lsu Gateway: Web Based Hosted Gateway For Computational System Biology Application Tools From Louisiana State University, Eroma Abeysinghe, Michal Brylinski, Marcus Christie, Suresh Marru, Marlon Pierce

Faculty Publications

© 2018 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Science gateways are identified as an effective way to publish and distribute software for research communities without the burden of learning HPC (High Performance Computer) systems. In the past, researchers were expected to have in-depth knowledge about using HPC systems for computations along with their respective science field in order to do effective research. Science gateways eliminate the need to learn HPC systems and allows the research communities to focus more on their science and let the gateway handle communicating with HPCs. In this poster we are presenting the science gateway project of …

Erepo-Orp: Exploring The Opportunity Space To Combat Orphan Diseases With Existing Drugs, Michal Brylinski, Misagh Naderi, Rajiv Gandhi Govindaraj, Jeffrey Lemoine

Faculty Publications

© 2017 About 7000 rare, or orphan, diseases affect more than 350 million people worldwide. Although these conditions collectively pose significant health care problems, drug companies seldom develop drugs for orphan diseases due to extremely limited individual markets. Consequently, developing new treatments for often life-threatening orphan diseases is primarily contingent on financial incentives from governments, special research grants, and private philanthropy. Computer-aided drug repositioning is a cheaper and faster alternative to traditional drug discovery offering a promising venue for orphan drug research. Here, we present eRepo-ORP, a comprehensive resource constructed by a large-scale repositioning of existing drugs to orphan diseases …

The Role Of Dredge-Up In Double White Dwarf Mergers, Jan E. Staff, Brandon Wiggins, Dominic Marcello, Patrick M. Motl, Wesley Even, Chris L. Fryer, Cody Raskin, Geoffrey C. Clayton, Juhan Frank

Faculty Publications

We present the results of an investigation of the dredge-up and mixing during the merger of two white dwarfs (WDs) with different chemical compositions by conducting hydrodynamic simulations of binary mergers for three representative mass ratios. In all the simulations, the total mass of the two WDs is ≲1.0 M o. Mergers involving a CO and a He WD have been suggested as a possible formation channel for R Coronae Borealis (RCB)-type stars, and we are interested in testing if such mergers lead to conditions and outcomes in agreement with observations. Even if the conditions during the merger and subsequent …

L-Citrulline Supplementation: Impact On Cardiometabolic Health, Timothy D. Allerton, David N. Proctor, Jacqueline M. Stephens, Tammy R. Dugas, Guillaume Spielmann, Brian A. Irving

Faculty Publications

© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Diminished bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), the gaseous signaling molecule involved in the regulation of numerous vital biological functions, contributes to the development and progression of multiple age-and lifestyle-related diseases. While L-arginine is the precursor for the synthesis of NO by endothelial-nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), oral L-arginine supplementation is largely ineffective at increasing NO synthesis and/or bioavailability for a variety of reasons. L-citrulline, found in high concentrations in watermelon, is a neutral alpha-amino acid formed by enzymes in the mitochondria that also serves as a substrate for recycling L-arginine. Unlike L-arginine, …

Controlling Attosecond Transient Absorption With Tunable, Non-Commensurate Light Fields, Nathan Harkema, Jens E. Bækhøj, Chen Ting Liao, Mette B. Gaarde, Kenneth J. Schafer, Arvinder Sandhu

Faculty Publications

We demonstrate a transient absorption scheme that uses a fixed-spectrum attosecond pulse train in conjunction with a tunable probe laser to access a wide range of nonlinear light-atom interactions. We exhibit control over the time-dependent Autler–Townes splitting of the 1s4p absorption line in helium, and study its evolution from a resonant doublet to a light-induced sideband with changing probe wavelength. The non-commensurate probe also allows for the background-free study of two-infrared-photon emission processes in a collinear geometry. Using this capability, we observe two different emission pathways with non-trivial delay dependencies, one prompt and the other delayed. We identify the nonlinear …

Future Research Directions In Pneumonia, Charles S. Dela Cruz, Richard G. Wunderink, David C. Christiani, Stephania A. Cormier, Kristina Crothers, Claire M. Doerschuk, Scott E. Evans, Daniel R. Goldstein, Purvesh Khatri, Lester Kobzik, Jay K. Kolls, Bruce D. Levy, Mark L. Metersky, Michael S. Niederman, Roomi Nusrat, Carlos J. Orihuela, Paula Peyrani, Alice S. Prince, Julio A. Ramírez, Karen M. Ridge, Sanjay Sethi, Benjamin T. Suratt, Jacob I. Sznajder, Ephraim L. Tsalik, Allan J. Walkey, Sachin Yende, Neil R. Aggarwal, Elisabet V. Caler, Joseph P. Mizgerd

Faculty Publications

Copyright © 2018 by the American Thoracic Society. Pneumonia is a complex pulmonary disease in need of new clinical approaches. Although triggered by a pathogen, pneumonia often results from dysregulations of host defense that likely precede infection. The coordinated activities of immune resistance and tissue resilience then dictate whether and how pneumonia progresses or resolves. Inadequate or inappropriate host responses lead to more severe outcomes such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and to organ dysfunction beyond the lungs and over extended time frames after pathogen clearance, some of which increase the risk for subsequent pneumonia. Improved understanding of such host …

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure In Seaside Sparrows (Ammodramus Maritimus) Following The 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Anna A. Perez-Umphrey, Christine M. Bergeon Burns, Philip C. Stouffer, Stefan Woltmann, Sabrina S. Taylor

Faculty Publications

The seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus) is an abundant and permanent resident of coastal salt marshes impacted by the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Such terrestrial species are often overlooked in the aftermath of marine spills, despite the potential for long-term oil exposure. We sampled the livers of seaside sparrows residing in oiled and unoiled sites from 2011 to 2014 and quantified expression of cytochrome p450 1A (CYP1A), a gene involved in the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In August 2011, CYP1A expression was markedly higher in birds from an oiled site compared to an unoiled site, but differences …

Multimessenger Observations Of A Flaring Blazar Coincident With High-Energy Neutrino Icecube-170922a, M. G. Aartsen, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, M. Ahrens, I. Al Samarai, D. Altmann, K. Andeen, T. Anderson, I. Ansseau, G. Anton, C. Argüelles, J. Auffenberg, S. Axani, H. Bagherpour, X. Bai, J. P. Barron, S. W. Barwick, V. Baum, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, K. H. Becker, S. Benzvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Z. Besson, G. Binder, D. Bindig, E. Blaufuss, S. Blot, C. Bohm

Faculty Publications

Previous detections of individual astrophysical sources of neutrinos are limited to the Sun and the supernova 1987A, whereas the origins of the diffuse flux of high-energy cosmic neutrinos remain unidentified. On 22 September 2017, we detected a high-energy neutrino, IceCube-170922A, with an energy of e290 tera-electron volts. Its arrival direction was consistent with the location of a known g-ray blazar, TXS 0506+056, observed to be in a flaring state. An extensive multiwavelength campaign followed, ranging from radio frequencies to g-rays. These observations characterize the variability and energetics of the blazar and include the detection of TXS 0506+056 in very-high-energy g-rays. …

Rapunzel Has Insomnia: Stories, Mary Buchanan Sellers

LSU Master's Theses

Rapunzel Has Insomnia is part story collection, part fairy tale vignette, and part personal memoir, dealing with themes of mental illness and inheritance, the complexity of mother daughter relationships, and childhood trauma. Similar to the structure of a novelin-- stories, Rap unzel ’s connective tissue is made up of memoir, specifically dealing with the aftereffects of my mother’s Bipolar One disorder and subsequent psychiatric commitments throughout my childhood and young adult years. The other more peripheral narratives are magicalrealist in nature, which are made up of fabulist fiction stories. Both of these narratives are then tied to an over arching …

Full Characterization Of A Molecular Cooper Minimum Using High-Harmonic Spectroscopy, Timothy D. Scarborough, Timothy T. Gorman, François Mauger, Péter Sándor, Sanjay Khatri, Mette B. Gaarde, Kenneth J. Schafer, Pierre Agostini, Louis F. Dimauro

Faculty Publications

High-harmonic generation was used to probe the spectral intensity and phase of the recombination-dipole matrix element of methyl chloride (CH3Cl), revealing a Cooper minimum (CM) analogous to the 3p CM previously reported in argon. The CM structure altered the spectral response and group delay (GD) of the emitted harmonics, and was revealed only through careful removal of all additional contributors to the GD. In characterizing the GD dispersion, also known as the "attochirp", we additionally present the most complete validation to date of the commonly used strong-field approximation for calculating the GD, demonstrating the correct intensity scaling and extending its …

Re-Forming Educational Reform: An Oral History Of Three Louisiana Teachers, Ashley L. Seatter

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of educational reforms from 1983- 2014 through conducting oral histories with three Louisiana teachers. My research, as a postmodern and cultural feminist, was to interview and create a dialogue with three teachers; to find the intersection between school, reform and the meaning these give to their teaching life. I chose to interview teachers who are currently or close to retirement, who taught in a Louisiana accredited school system.

My focus was to investigate the lives of teachers, including their thoughts on educational reform changes during their tenure of teaching. Much …

Testing Microscopically Derived Descriptions Of Nuclear Collectivity: Coulomb Excitation Of 22Mg, J. Henderson, G. Hackman, P. Ruotsalainen, S. R. Stroberg, K. D. Launey, J. D. Holt, F. A. Ali, N. Bernier, M. A. Bentley, M. Bowry, R. Caballero-Folch, L. J. Evitts, R. Frederick, A. B. Garnsworthy, P. E. Garrett, B. Jigmeddorj, A. I. Kilic, J. Lassen, J. Measures, D. Muecher, B. Olaizola, E. O'Sullivan, O. Paetkau, J. Park, J. Smallcombe, C. E. Svensson, R. Wadsworth, C. Y. Wu

Faculty Publications

Many-body nuclear theory utilizing microscopic or chiral potentials has developed to the point that collectivity might be studied within a microscopic or ab initio framework without the use of effective charges; for example with the proper evolution of the E2 operator, or alternatively, through the use of an appropriate and manageable subset of particle–hole excitations. We present a precise determination of E2 strength in 22Mg and its mirror 22Ne by Coulomb excitation, allowing for rigorous comparisons with theory. No-core symplectic shell-model calculations were performed and agree with the new B(E2) values while in-medium similarity-renormalization-group calculations consistently underpredict the absolute strength, …

Annotated Bibliography Of The Global Literature On The Secondary Transportation Of Raw And Comminuted Forest Products (2000-2015), Anil Koirala, Anil Raj Kizha, Cornelis F. De Hoop, Brian E. Roth, Han Sup Han, Patrick Hiesl, Dalia Abbas, Shuva Gautam, Srijana Baral, Steve Bick, Kamalakanta Sahoo

Faculty Publications

Secondary transportation of raw and comminuted forest products is a major component in forest harvesting operations in terms of economics, public perception, and safety. Consequently, there is a substantial amount of literature on this topic. The existing literature has dealt with many of the technical aspects of transportation with a majority of them focusing on improving supply chain issues; however, there are only few specific to secondary transportation issues in general. This annotated bibliography will help practitioners, researchers, and stakeholders gain a better understanding of the existing literature from 2000 to 2015. To this end, we began by classifying the …

Sub-Shot-Noise-Limited Phase Estimation Via Su(1,1) Interferometer With Thermal States, Xiaoping Ma, Chenglong You, Sushovit Adhikari, Elisha S. Matekole, Ryan T. Glasser, Hwang Lee, Jonathan P. Dowling

Faculty Publications

We theoretically study the phase sensitivity of an SU(1,1) interferometer with a thermal state and a squeezed vacuum state as inputs and parity detection as the measurement. We find that the phase sensitivity can beat the shot-noise limit and approaches the Heisenberg limit, with increasing input photon number, in an ideal situation. We also consider the e ect of various noises, including photon loss, dark counts, and thermal photon noise. Our results show that the phase sensitivity is below the shot-noise limit with photon loss and dark counts, but cannot beat the shot-noise limit in the presence of thermal noise.