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Echinochloa Polystachya Management In Louisiana Rice, Roy Matthew Griffin Jan 2006

Echinochloa Polystachya Management In Louisiana Rice, Roy Matthew Griffin

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

E. polystachya introduced at stand densities (SD) of 10,000 through 70,000 stolon segments/ha produced 5.4 to 6 stolons/introduced segment; however, 130,000 through 520,000 SD produced 1.4 to 2.1 stolons per introduced segment indicating increased intra- and inter-specific competition. Stolon production was greater than 160,000 plants/ha with 30,000 through 520,000 SD. The 520,000 SD produced a total stolon length of 318 km/ha and no difference was observed for the 260,000 SD. Total node production was 290,000 nodes/ha with an average of 29 nodes/introduced segment in the 10,000 SD and 5.4 to 9.8 nodes/introduced segment with 70,000 or greater SD indicating greater …

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Depolymerization And Decolorization Of Chitosan By Ozone Treatment, Seung-Wook Seo Jan 2006

Depolymerization And Decolorization Of Chitosan By Ozone Treatment, Seung-Wook Seo

LSU Master's Theses

Currently, depolymerization and decolorization of chitosan are achieved by chemical or enzymatic methods which are time consuming and expensive. Ozone has been shown to be able to degrade macromolecules and remove pigments due to its high oxidation potential. In this study, the effects of ozone treatment on depolymerization and decolorization of chitosan were investigated. Crawfish chitosan was ozonated in water and acetic acid solution for 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes at room temperature with 12wt% gas. For the determination of viscosity–average Molecular weight of chitosan, an ubbelohde viscometer was used to measure the intrinsic viscosity, and the Mark-Houwink …

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Application Of Short-Term Sediment Dynamics And Particle-Bound Phosphorus Fractionation Methods (Sedex) To Estimate The Benthic Nutrient Loading Potential In Upper Newport Estuary, California, Hilary Amanda Collis Jan 2006

Application Of Short-Term Sediment Dynamics And Particle-Bound Phosphorus Fractionation Methods (Sedex) To Estimate The Benthic Nutrient Loading Potential In Upper Newport Estuary, California, Hilary Amanda Collis

LSU Master's Theses

Estuaries act as sources, sinks, and biogeochemical transformation sites for natural and anthropogenically-derived nutrients. Sediment loading from watersheds provides an important source of particulate nutrients to estuaries often neglected when constructing nutrient budgets. Deposition and resuspension of these sediments are known to impact biogeochemical cycles in estuarine environments. Phosphorus (P) exists in many forms in aquatic environments, and increased P loading to coastal environments increases primary productivity potentially leading to eutrophication. Magnitude and variability of sediment deposition, resuspension, and sediment-bound P concentrations were evaluated in Upper Newport Bay (UNB), California. During 2004, seven push cores were collected from the intertidal …

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Development Of Analytical Techniques For The Analysis Of Submicron Particles And Protein Aggregates, Yohannes H. Rezenom Jan 2006

Development Of Analytical Techniques For The Analysis Of Submicron Particles And Protein Aggregates, Yohannes H. Rezenom

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The goal of the research presented in this dissertation is to develop analytical techniques for the analysis of heterogeneous mixtures of submicron particles and protein aggregates. In Chapter 2, a simple and reproducible technique for constructing perfectly aligned gaps in fused-silica capillaries has been developed for postcolumn reagent addition with capillary electrophoresis (CE) to take advantage of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. This technique uses laser ablation with a Nd:YAG laser to create gaps of 14.0 ¡Ó 2.2 ƒÝm. These structures have been used for reagent addition for postcolumn derivatization with LIF detection and have been tested for the separation of …

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Analysis Of Bioengineered Concrete For Use In A Submerged Reef Type Breakwater, Tyler Ray Ortego Jan 2006

Analysis Of Bioengineered Concrete For Use In A Submerged Reef Type Breakwater, Tyler Ray Ortego

LSU Master's Theses

The oysterbreak is a method of growing an oyster reef into a wave attenuating device. A study was conducted to determine an optimal material for the oysterbreak. As oysters grow on the oysterbreak, wave energy in the lee of the structure is reduced. It was predicted that more rapid oyster growth would lead to a more rapid reduction of wave energy. Louisiana is losing coastal marshes at an alarming rate. Wave action from storms erodes sediments from Louisiana's shorelines and barrier islands. Structures such as the oysterbreak may be used to protect Louisiana’s fragile shorelines. A material for the oysterbreak …

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Simulating Protein Evolution Via Thermodynamic Models, Yanlong Xu Jan 2006

Simulating Protein Evolution Via Thermodynamic Models, Yanlong Xu

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Natural proteins are results of evolution and they need to maintain certain thermodynamic stabilities in order to carry out their biological functions. By simulating protein evolution based on thermodynamic rules, we could reconstruct the evolution trajectory and analyze the evolutionary dynamics of a protein population, and further understand the protein sequence-structure-function relationship. In this study, we have used both a simplified lattice model and a high-resolution atomic model to simulate protein evolution processes. With the lattice model, we have investigated general theoretical questions about how protein structural designability would affect protein evolution, particularly how it would affect protein recombination and …

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Gamete And Cell Technologies For Use In Biological Resource Banking, Liesl Nel-Themaat Jan 2006

Gamete And Cell Technologies For Use In Biological Resource Banking, Liesl Nel-Themaat

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Biological resource banking is becoming important for endangered species conservation. A series of experiments were conducted to address issues concerning collection and utilization of biomaterials from Gulf Coast Native (GCN) sheep (model species) (Ovis aries) and Eland antelope (Taurotragus oryx). In the first experiment, two ejaculates were collected 10 minutes apart from each of five rams three times a week for three weeks to maximize output and minimize handling time. Semen volume, concentration and total number of spermatozoa were significantly greater in first ejaculates, whereas pre-cooled, cooled and post-thaw motility, as well as sperm survival, were greater in second ejaculates. …

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Grammatical Morphology Of Children Reared In Poverty: Implications For Specific Language Impairment, Sonja L. Pruitt Jan 2006

Grammatical Morphology Of Children Reared In Poverty: Implications For Specific Language Impairment, Sonja L. Pruitt

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In the current study, the past tense systems of children reared in poverty were examined. Guiding the study was Rice and Wexler’s (1996) Extended Optional Infinitive (EOI) account, which makes a number of predictions about the past tense systems of children with specific language impairment (SLI). The goal of the current study was to determine if these predictions apply to other children with weak language systems, such as those reared in poverty. The participants included 15 six-year-olds from low-income backgrounds (LSES), 15 age-matched peers from middle-income backgrounds (AM), and 15 language-matched peers from middle-income backgrounds (LM). All were African American …

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Biology And Chemical Ecology Of The Sugarcane Beetle And Integrated Pest Management Of Sweet Potato Soil Insects In Louisiana, Tara Parker Smith Jan 2006

Biology And Chemical Ecology Of The Sugarcane Beetle And Integrated Pest Management Of Sweet Potato Soil Insects In Louisiana, Tara Parker Smith

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Host plant preference and chemical ecology of the sugarcane beetle, Euetheola humilis were evaluated in greenhouse and laboratory studies. Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas, was significantly preferred over all other plant species evaluated in a host plant preference test. Corn, Zea mays, and sugarcane, Saccharum spp., were the next most chosen plant species in the study. In olfactometer experiments, sugarcane beetles responded significantly more to beetle injured and mechanically injured roots vs. uninjured roots. Male and female beetles were also significantly more attracted to female conspecifics. Differences were not detected between sweet potato cultivars in olfactometer trials. Cultivar preference studies suggested …

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Efficacy Of Nutrition Education Lessons Targeting A Group Of Low-Income Elderly, Gabriela M. Viteri Jan 2006

Efficacy Of Nutrition Education Lessons Targeting A Group Of Low-Income Elderly, Gabriela M. Viteri

LSU Master's Theses

Nutrition education has the potential not only to increase nutrition knowledge and, potentially, healthy behaviors, among the elderly, but also to reduce the need for health and social services. The nutrition component described herein is part of an overall wellness program that focuses on increasing physical activity and healthy dietary behaviors among participants. We completed a four month nutrition intervention in a group of 33 low income elderly at the Leo Butler Center (LBC) (n=20) and Catholic Presbyterian Apartments (CPA) (n=13) in the fall of 2005 in Baton Rouge, LA. The Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) was used as the theoretical …

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Differential Expression And Detection Of Transcripts In Sweetpotato (Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lam.) Using Cdna Microarrays, Cecilia E. Mcgregor Jan 2006

Differential Expression And Detection Of Transcripts In Sweetpotato (Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lam.) Using Cdna Microarrays, Cecilia E. Mcgregor

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Microarray protocols were developed for sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) and then used to study issues of importance in sweetpotato physiology and production. The effect of replication number and image analysis software was compared with results obtained by quantitative real-time PCR. The results indicated that reliable results could be obtained using six replicates and UCSF Spot image analysis software. These methodologies were employed to elucidate aspects of sweetpotato development, physiology and response to virus infection. Storage root formation is the most economically important process in sweetpotato development. Gene expression levels were compared between fibrous and storage roots of the cultivar …

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Do Overweight Inactive Parents Raise Overweight Inactive Children? Examination Of The Influence Of The Home Environment On Weight Status Of Children Over Time, Emily York-Crowe Jan 2006

Do Overweight Inactive Parents Raise Overweight Inactive Children? Examination Of The Influence Of The Home Environment On Weight Status Of Children Over Time, Emily York-Crowe

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The primary aim of this study was to test whether body mass index (BMI), psychosocial, and behavioral parental variables were associated with similar variables in children at baseline, and whether these variables also served as significant predictors of overweight status in children after two years. While there have been several cross-sectional studies examining the impact of parental behaviors and characteristics on similar variables in children, and several longitudinal studies predicting weight status, BMI percentile, and risk factors of disease in children over time, there is a paucity of research that has identified (cross-sectionally) and then tested (longitudinally) significant parental variables …

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Use Of Polyhydroxyalkanoates For Denitrification In Recirculating Aquaculture Systems, Maria Teresa Gutierrez-Wing Jan 2006

Use Of Polyhydroxyalkanoates For Denitrification In Recirculating Aquaculture Systems, Maria Teresa Gutierrez-Wing

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Increasing demand of aquacultural products is driving the industry toward more intensive culture practices. Aquacultural operations are constrained by limitations on the availability high quality waters and regulatory pressures on the discharges. Recirculating systems can address these issues by reducing the amount of water required in the operation. Closed systems are especially suited where biosecurity is important. In closed systems, nitrate accumulates, limiting the time the water can be reused. In marine inland systems, water reuse reduces the cost of salt for make up water. To increase the water reuse time, some form of nitrate removal process must be incorporated …

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Syntheses And Biological Evaluation Of Water Soluble Carboranylporphyrins For Application In Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, Vijay Gottumukkala Jan 2006

Syntheses And Biological Evaluation Of Water Soluble Carboranylporphyrins For Application In Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, Vijay Gottumukkala

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The goal of the research presented in this dissertation is to develop novel water soluble carboranylporphyrins that can deliver therapeutic dosage of boron specifically to tumors for application in boron neutron capture therapy. In order to accomplish this goal novel water soluble tetra(nido-carboranyl)porphyrin and the octa(nido-carboranyl)porphyrin with high boron contents are synthesized by the condensation of the carborane substituted benzaldehyde with the pyrrole under acidic conditions. These porphyrins are made water soluble by the deboronation of the closo-carboranes to afford the corresponding amphiphilic nido-carborane cages. The low cytotoxicity, high cellular uptake and intracellular localization of these carboranylporphyrins in tumor cells …

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Residue Coevolution: Modeling And Interpretation, Zhengyuan Wang Jan 2006

Residue Coevolution: Modeling And Interpretation, Zhengyuan Wang

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Coevolution between amino acid residues and its context-dependence are important for exploring protein structure and function, and critical for understanding protein structural and functional evolution. Coevolution has long been ignored because of its complexity and the lack of computing power. In the research presented here, I developed an efficient coevolution analysis methodology based on likelihood comparisons of statistical models. Likelihood ratios and Bayes factors, calculated using the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm, were employed as the statistics. Two types of models, 2-state and 3-state, were developed to allow for the context-dependence of coevolution. Computer programs implementing this methodology were coded …

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Electrodeposition Of Cocu Nanostructures, Yutong Li Jan 2006

Electrodeposition Of Cocu Nanostructures, Yutong Li

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Electrodeposition is a key component in the microelectronic industry because it has the following advantages: low cost, easy operation and the capability to deposit into irregular geometries such as recessed and curved areas. In this dissertation, CoCu alloys were investigated to fabricate multilayers, microdevices and microposts. All of these multilayer structures were composed of nanometric copper and cobalt-rich layers in order to obtain magnetoresistance, a phenomenon where the resistance of multilayer structures decreases with increases of external magnetic field. An investigation was carried out in order to evaluate appropriate plating conditions during multilayered thin film deposition, with the aim to …

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Studies Of Pathogenesis-Related Proteins In The Strawberry Plant: Partial Purification Of A Chitinase-Containing Protein Complex And Analysis Of An Osmotin-Like Protein Gene, Yuhua Zhang Jan 2006

Studies Of Pathogenesis-Related Proteins In The Strawberry Plant: Partial Purification Of A Chitinase-Containing Protein Complex And Analysis Of An Osmotin-Like Protein Gene, Yuhua Zhang

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Plant chitinases and osmotin-like proteins (OLPs) are both pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, which are implicated in plant responses to pathogen attacks and environmental stresses. In this dissertation, a chitinase-containing protein complex was purified to near homogeneity from strawberry leaf extracts. This protein complex contained at least five different chitinase molecules as revealed by activity gel assays. A previous study showed that winter rye leaves contain seven protein complexes, which consist of various combinations of a chitinase, two glucanase-like proteins (GLPs) and a thaumatin-like protein (TLP). Western blot analysis of the strawberry chitinase complex, however, did not detect the presence of any …

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Association Genetics For Agronomic Traits In Rice And Cloning Of Als Herbicide Resistant Genes From Coreopsis Tinctoria Nutt, Nengyi Zhang Jan 2006

Association Genetics For Agronomic Traits In Rice And Cloning Of Als Herbicide Resistant Genes From Coreopsis Tinctoria Nutt, Nengyi Zhang

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

We have evaluated the potential of discriminant analysis (DA) to detect candidate markers associated with twelve economically important traits in a large population of unrelated U.S. and Asian inbred lines of rice. Associated marker alleles detected by DA mapped within the same genetic intervals when compared with previous traditional QTL mapping experiments that evaluated progeny derived from various controlled crosses. New markers identified by DA suggest that the procedure can also uncover relevant genetic regions not possible by standard genetic tests. With the same dataset, we also compared different modern regression approaches for selecting molecular markers associated with the twelve …

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The Multiple Dimensions Of The Interfirm Network: The Critical Sources Of Product Innovation, Thongchai Srivardhana Jan 2006

The Multiple Dimensions Of The Interfirm Network: The Critical Sources Of Product Innovation, Thongchai Srivardhana

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation examines the impacts of interfirm variables on both invention and commercialization activities, following Greve’s (2003) suggestion that innovation research will be enriched if more studies integrate invention and commercialization activities to understand the entire innovation development process. Utilizing two established theoretical perspectives—organizational learning and institutional theory—six sets of hypotheses are developed containing the following interfirm variables: 1) direct and indirect ties, 2) strength of direct ties, 3) structural holes, 4) prominence of direct partners, 5) exploration and exploitation partners, and 6) horizontal and vertical networks. The dissertation also predicts that these interfirm variables would contribute to either invention …

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The Relationship Between Mania And Feeding/Mealtime Behavior Problems Among Persons With Intellectual Disability, Rinita Laud Jan 2006

The Relationship Between Mania And Feeding/Mealtime Behavior Problems Among Persons With Intellectual Disability, Rinita Laud

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This study represents the first to assess whether a relationship between mania and feeding/mealtime behavior problems exists in individuals with ID. Participants were compared across three groups (manic, non-manic psychiatrically impaired, and controls) on subscales and items of the Screening Tool for fEeding Problems (STEP). An attempt was made to assess for differences in problematic feeding behavior. Individuals in the manic group exhibited clinically significant symptoms of mania (n = 18), those in the non-manic psychiatrically impaired group exhibited symptoms of psychopathology other than mania (n = 18), and those in the control group did not exhibit symptoms of mania …

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Molecular Analysis Of Vibrio Vulnificus Phase Variants And Characterization Of A New Biofilm-Proficient Rugose Phenotype, Brenda L. Grau Jan 2006

Molecular Analysis Of Vibrio Vulnificus Phase Variants And Characterization Of A New Biofilm-Proficient Rugose Phenotype, Brenda L. Grau

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Vibrio vulnificus is a marine bacterium capable of causing severe and fatal illness in susceptible people. The primary virulence factor is a capsular polysaccharide (CPS) that allows the bacteria to evade the host immune system. Two phenotypic forms were previously known to exist, opaque (virulent) and translucent (avirulent), and had been shown to undergo spontaneous phase variation, each switching to the other phenotype. Provided here is the first report of a third phenotype, rugose. The rugose variant is dry and wrinkled compared to the smooth colony morphology of the opaque and translucent forms. Both opaque and translucent strains produce rugose …

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Evaluation On Antioxidant Activities Of The Soybean Oils And Gums, Xianglong Yuan Jan 2006

Evaluation On Antioxidant Activities Of The Soybean Oils And Gums, Xianglong Yuan

LSU Master's Theses

In this study crude soy oil was extracted from the soy flour by hexane solvent. The crude oil was refined using a refining procedure similar to the one in edible oil industries, which included degumming, neutralizing, and bleaching. As the result, the eight groups of the oils and the gums were obtained. The compositions of fatty acids and tocopherols in the eight groups of samples were analyzed using GC-FID and HPLC, respectively. The antioxidant activities of the samples were analyzed by two chemical models, cholesterol and DHA. The results showed that ã- and ä-tocopherols may not be the main antioxidants …

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The Business Dynamics In Telecommunication Market Consolidation, George Amstad Jan 2006

The Business Dynamics In Telecommunication Market Consolidation, George Amstad

LSU Master's Theses

The Swiss telecommunication market is quite different from the markets in surrounding European countries. The Swiss Market is characterized by a very small number of competitors and relatively high and stable prices. The model in this thesis explains shows how the limited competition enables the mobile telecommunication service providers to keep prices up. This is due to a oligopoly market situation linked to complicated laws that discourage new competitors to join the Swiss market. Later in 2006, the Swiss federal council will pass the new televisor law, which will make it significantly easier to join the Swiss market. This will …

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Investigation Of The Structure In Electrodeposited Nanostructured Co/Cu Alloys, Multilayers, And Cofe/Cu Multilayered Nanowires, Erick Jamal Lawson Jan 2006

Investigation Of The Structure In Electrodeposited Nanostructured Co/Cu Alloys, Multilayers, And Cofe/Cu Multilayered Nanowires, Erick Jamal Lawson

LSU Master's Theses

Since the discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in electrodeposited nanostructured magnetic multilayers and multilayered nanowires, there has been interest throughout the scientific world in the fabrication and characterization of these materials. Magnetic multilayers in the form of thin films can be used as magnetoresistive sensors in the magnetic data storage industry. Arrays of nanowires have the potential for applications in perpendicular ultra-high density data storage and biosensors. Wire-shaped magnetic multilayered nanowires have been shown to exhibit GMR in the so called “current perpendicular-to plane” configuration (CPP-GMR). GMR of multilayers and multilayered nanowires have been investigated in several systems that include …

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Ultra-Violet Lithography Of Thick Photoresist For The Applications In Biomems And Micro Optics, Ren Yang Jan 2006

Ultra-Violet Lithography Of Thick Photoresist For The Applications In Biomems And Micro Optics, Ren Yang

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

UV lithography of thick photoresist is widely used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and micro-optoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS). SU-8 is a typical negative tone thick photoresist for micro systems, and can be used for both structural material and pattern transfer. This dissertation presents an effort to comprehensively study these important subjects. The first part, and the most fundamental part of this dissertation concentrated on the numerical analysis and experimental study of the wavelength dependent absorbance of SU-8 and the diffraction effects on the sidewall profiles of the microstructures made using UV lithography of SU-8. This study has laid the foundation for all …

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Distribution Dynamics Of Complex Systems, Young-Pyo Jeon Jan 2006

Distribution Dynamics Of Complex Systems, Young-Pyo Jeon

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

A complex system is defined as a system with many interdependent parts having emergent self-organization; analyzing and designing such complex systems is a new challenge. A common observable structure of many complex systems is the network, which is connections among nodes, and thus inherently difficult to describe. The goal of this research is to introduce an effective methodology to describe complex systems, and thus we will construct a population balance (distribution kinetics) model based on the association-dissociation process to describe the evolution of complex systems. Networks are commonly observed structures in complex systems with interdependent parts that self-organize. How networks …

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Dendrochronological Analysis Of Productivity And Hydrology In Two Louisiana Swamps, John Blake Amos Jan 2006

Dendrochronological Analysis Of Productivity And Hydrology In Two Louisiana Swamps, John Blake Amos

LSU Master's Theses

Modified river flows and land subsidence have subjected many coastal swamp forests in the delta of the Mississippi River to greatly altered flooding, sediment, and nutrient regimes. These areas have become inundated to greater depth, duration, and frequency and either are connected to the river and receive drastically increased sediment and nutrients (riverine swamps) or have become disconnected from riverine flooding (stagnant swamps) and receive little or no sediment and nutrient input. To better understand how these changes are affecting ecosystems, dendrochronological techniques for baldcypress (Taxodium distichum L. Rich.) were used at three sites in each of two contrasting swamps …

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The Effects Of Perceptions On Consumer Acceptance Of Genetically Modified (Gm) Foods, Jae-Hwan Han Jan 2006

The Effects Of Perceptions On Consumer Acceptance Of Genetically Modified (Gm) Foods, Jae-Hwan Han

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This study investigates the effects of risk/benefit beliefs on consumer purchase intentions for genetically modified (GM) foods. A random, national, mail survey is conducted. Three main problems are addressed in the study. The first problem addressed is to analyze the relationship between consumers risk/ benefit beliefs regarding GM foods, and their willingness to buy GM crop and meat products. The second problem deals with linkages between a consumer’s risk/benefit beliefs about GM foods and willingness to pay (WTP) for GM foods with a benefit disclosure. The third problem addressed is to test a causal relationship between knowledge and trust toward …

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A Novel Yogurt Product With Lactobacillus Acidophilus, Senthil Ganesh Jan 2006

A Novel Yogurt Product With Lactobacillus Acidophilus, Senthil Ganesh

LSU Master's Theses

Health benefits of Lactobacillus acidophilus include providing immune support for infections or cancer, providing a healthy replacement of good bacteria in the intestinal tract following antibiotic therapy, reducing occurrence of diarrhea in humans, aiding in lowering cholesterol and improving the symptoms of lactose intolerance. Consumer demand exists for new dairy products. There are several types of yogurt like stir curd, set curd and drinkable yogurt and they all need to be refrigerated. Moreover there are very few dairy products that can be stored at room temperature and not many dairy foods are finger foods. A novel yogurt product like a …

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The Effects Of Micronutrients On Pullets And Broilers, Danielle Armantine Lauzon Jan 2006

The Effects Of Micronutrients On Pullets And Broilers, Danielle Armantine Lauzon

LSU Master's Theses

Two experiments were conducted to determine the availability of various vitamin E (E) sources (absorbed to verxite or adsorbed to silica) in broilers. In Experiment 1, at 100 and 300 IU supplemental E, an average of 94 and 44% of E intake from verxite and silica, respectively, was excreted in the feces, but at 30 IU E, 49 and 45% of E intake was excreted in the feces. In Experiment 2 at 30 IU, 52 and 43% of E intake from verxite and silica was excreted (source, P < 0.02). Based on these results, E adsorbed to silica is more available. Two experiments were conducted to determine the relative bioavailability of organic versus inorganic sources of either Mn or Zn. In Experiment 1, Mn as MnSO4 or a Mn amino acid complex (Availa-Mn) were compared. In Experiment 2, ZnSO4 or a Zn amino acid complex (Availa-Zn) were compared. The results indicate that Availa-Mn is a more available source of Mn than MnSO4, but Availa-Zn is not as available as a source of Zn as ZnSO4. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of organic sources of Zn, Mn, and Cu on White Leghorn pullet performance. Treatment diets consisted of a control diet with 66 ppm Zn as ZnSO4 or a combination of ZnSO4 and Availa-Zn, 66ppm Mn as MnSO4 or a combination of MnSO4 and Availa-Mn, and 10 ppm Cu as CuSO4 or a combination of CuSO4 and a Cu amino acid complex (Availa-Cu). Diets are inorganic sources (IO), organic Zn (OZ), organic Zn and Mn (OZM), or organic Zn, Mn, and Cu (OZMC). Addition of OZM increased (P < 0.08) intestinal tensile strength and increased (P < 0.06) grams of ash per bone compared with OZMC. Pullets fed OZ had a higher (P < 0.08) bone concentration of all minerals than pullets fed OZM. Total tibia Mn was decreased (P < 0.06) by OZMC, but total tibia Cu was increased (P < 0.08) by OZ addition over IO or OZM.

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